macroevolutionsystematics 2013

8/13/2019 macroevolutionsystematics 2013

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Bio 2Plant and Animal Biology


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Evolution

Evolution as the

explanation

for lifes unityand diversity


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Darwinian Revolution

Two main Points

Descent with

Modification

Natural Selection


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Biological Species

A group of populations whose

members have the potential to

interbreed in nature and produce viable,fertile offspring


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Two Patterns ofEvolutionary Change

Anagenesis

Cladogenesis


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Allopatric Speciation


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Evidence of



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1. Small Population

2. Isolation

3. DifferentEnvironmental

Conditions


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Sympatric

Speciation Autopolyploidy Examples:

Maidenhair

FernBufo pewzowi

Cell

divisionerror2n=6 Tetraploid Cell

4n=12

2n

2n

New Species

(4n)Gametes produced

by Tetraploid


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Sympatric Speciation

Allopolyploidy

Examples:

Triticumaestivum

Gray Treefrog


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Hybrid Zone


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Hybrid Zone


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Hybrid Zone

Over time

Reinforcement

Strengthening of reproductive barriers Fusion

Weakening of reproductive barriers

Stability

Continued production of hybrid

individuals


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Adaptive Radiation

The emergence of

numerous species

from a common

ancestor introducedinto an environment,

presenting a

diversity of new

opportunities and

problems


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Adaptive Radiation(Silversword Alliance - Tarweed)


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Macroevolution:Evolutionary Change on a

Grand ScalePunctuated

Equilibrium

Gradualism

Time


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Gradualism

Also calledNeodarwinism

Small changes

over time

Supporter: Ernst

Mayr


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Gradualism

Populational - new traits becomeestablished in a population by

increasing their frequency from a small

fraction of the population to themajority


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Gradualism Phenotypic

New traits, even

those that are

strikingly

different from

ancestral ones

are produced in

small increments


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Gradualism

Phyletic - On a

geological time

scale, there are

intermediate formsconnecting the

phenotypes of

ancestors and

descendents


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Punctuated Equilibrium Supporters: Niles

Eldredge & StephenJ. Gould

Speciation occurs in

episodic eventslarge periods of timewith little changeand short periods of

time with largechanges
http://www.artscienceresearchlab.org/gould.htm


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Macroevolution through manySpeciation Events


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Macroevolution through manySpeciation Events

Evolutionary Novelties

Evolution of Genes that control

development Changes in Spatial Pattern

Changes in Rate and Timing


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Origin of Evolutionary

NoveltyMost novelties

are modified

versions of olderstructures

Exaptation -

preadaptation


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Evolution of Genes that ControlDevelopment

Julian Huxley - Modern

Synthesis

Gradual evolution canbe explained by small

genetic changes that

produce variation

which is acted uponby natural selection


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Evolution of Genes that ControlDevelopment

Julian Huxley - Modern

Synthesis

The evolution athigher taxonomic

levels and of greater

magnitude can be

explained by longperiods of time


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Evolution of Genes that controlDevelopment

Forms change

Natural Selection is

the force driving

change

How did it occur?


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Evo-devo How

does it occur?


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Evo-devo - Tool-kit

of master genes


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Changes in Spatial Pattern

Homeotic Genes

(Hox Genes)

position information


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Homeobox


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Changes in

expression

patterns of

four Hoxgenes over

time


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Changes in Rateand Timing

Allometric Growth

the variation inthe relative rates of

growth of various

parts of the body


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Heterochrony - evolutionary change in thetiming or rate of development

Changes in rate and timing


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Paedeomorphosis - retention of juvenile

features in an adult


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Paedeogenesis - sexual maturity in a larval

form


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Evolutionary Trends

Evolutionary

trends are

not goal

oriented


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The Tree of Life

Biological Diversity


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The Fossil Record


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The Fossil Record


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The Fossil Record

Sedimentary Rocks Hard Parts


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The Fossil Record

Minerals replacing

organic material

Organic Material


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The Fossil Record

Casts Trace Fossils


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The Fossil Record

Entire Organisms


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Dating Fossils

Absolute Dating (half-life)


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Relative

DatingPrecambrian

(Archaean)

Origin of Earth(4.6 bya)

Oldest known

rocks on

Earths surface(3.8 bya)


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History of the Earth

Precambrian

(Archaean)

OldestProkaryotes (3.5

bya)


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History of the Earth

Precambrian

(Archaean)

Oxygen (2.7bya)


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Precambrian(Proterozoic) Oldest

Eukaryotes

(2.1 bya)

Diversificationof Multicellular

Eukaryotes

(542-635 mya)


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Paleozoic Era - Cambrian Period(488 542 mya)

Cambrian

Explosion

- Origin of

mostmodern

animal

phyla

Paleozoic Era - Origin of


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Paleozoic Era Ordovician Period

(488 444 mya)

Origin of

land plants

First

arthropods

on land

First

jawless fish First Fungi

Paleozoic Era -


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Paleozoic Era Silurian Period

(444 416) First jawed fish

First vascular plants

Diversity of early vascular plants

Paleozoic Era -


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Paleozoic Era Devonian Period

(416 359 mya) Age of Fishes

First Amphibians

First Insects
http://d/Unit_4/Chapter_25/Instructor%20Resources/Image%20Library/1.htm


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Paleozoic Era -Carboniferous Period

(359 299 mya)

Vascular Forests

First Seed Plants Amphibians

Abundant

First Reptiles

Paleozoic Era -


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Paleozoic Era Permian Period

(299 251 mya) Radiation of

Reptiles

Origin of mammal-like Reptiles

Most modern orders

of insects

Largest Extinction

Mesozoic Era


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Gymnosperms

dominant

Radiation ofDinosaurs

First Mammals

and Birds

Mesozoic Era -Triassic Period

(251 199.6 mya)

Mesozoic Era -


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Dinosaurs Dominate

Gymnosperms Dominate

Mesozoic Era Jurassic Period

(199.6 145.5 mya)

M i E


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Flowering

PlantsAppear

Dinosaurs

Disappear

at End of

Period

Mesozoic Era -Cretaceous Period(145.5 65.5 mya)


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Cenozoic Era

(Age of Mammals) Quaternary Period (2.6 myaPresent)

Neogene Period (232.6 mya) Paleogene Period (65.5 - 23 mya)

Paleogene


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AdaptiveRadiation of

Mammals,

Birds, and

Insects

PaleogenePeriod -

PaleoceneEpoch

A i


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Angiosperm

Dominance

Most ModernMammal Orders

Paleogene Period

- Eocene Epoch


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First PrimatesPaleogenePeriod -

OligoceneEpoch

N P i d Mi


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Neogene Period - MioceneEpoch

Continued Radiation

of Mammals and

Flowering Plants Earliest direct

human ancestors


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Bipedal human

ancestors appear

Neogene Period- PlioceneEpoch

Qu t rn r P ri d


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Ice Ages

Homo genus

appears

Quaternary Period Pleistocene Epoch


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ContinentalDrift andPlate

Tectonics


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Plate Tectonics


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PlateTectonics


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Earths History

Pangaea (245 mya)

Pangaea began to

break up (180 mya)

Laurasia

Gondwana

Mass


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MassExtinctions Ordovician

(440)

Devonian (365)

Permian (245) Triassic (210)

Cretaceous

(65)


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K-TBoundary

Chicxulub Crater -

Caribbean Sea near

the YucatanPeninsula of Mexico

T f Lif


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Tree of Life

S t ti


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Systematics

The study of

biological

diversity in anevolutionary

context

Systematic


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SystematicTools

Molecular Comparisons

usually (rRNA or

mtDNA)

DNA-DNA

Hybridization

Restriction maps

DNA Sequence

analysis


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Phylogenetic Groupings

Monophyletic

ancestor and all its descendants


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Paraphyletic

ancestor with some but not all its

descendants


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Polyphyletic

two different ancestors


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Similarities

Homology

likeness attributed

to shared

ancestry


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Similarities

Analogy

likeness due to

similar ecological

roles and naturalselection due to

convergent

evolution


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Molecular Homoplasy

Analogous species that have similar

DNA sequences that evolved

independently in two species

Ontogeny Recapitulates


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Ontogeny RecapitulatesPhylogeny (Ernst Haeckel)

Ontogenyindividual

development

Recapitulatesrepeats

Phylogeny

evolutionary descent


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Classical Evolutionary


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Classical EvolutionarySystematics

George Gaylord Simpson

The Science of Phylogenetic


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The Science of PhylogeneticSystematics

Classical Evolutionary Systematics

most commonly used up until recently

based on shared homologousstructures

takes into account the amount of

adaptive evolutionary change(novelties)

Monophyletic and paraphyletic

groupings


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The Science of Systematics

Cladistics(PhylogeneticSystematics)

based on sharedhomologousstructures

only monophyletic

groupings Will Hennig

The Science of Phylogenetic


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The Science of PhylogeneticSystematics

Cladistic Assumptions

1. Monophyletic

2. Descent follows a bifurcatingpattern

3. Changes in characteristics occur

in lineages over time

Cl d


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Cladistics

Synapomorphies:Shared ancestral

characters

Plesiomorphies:

Shared Primitivecharacters

Apomorphies:

Shared derived

characters


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Phylograms


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Ultrametric

Trees


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Cl di i


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Cladistics

Cl di i


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Cladistics


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MolecularClock

Documents

macroevolutionsystematics 2013