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Macromolecules
Biology CP
MacromoleculesAre BIG molecules!• Building blocks of
cells• Small monomers
combine to form a polymer• All contain C, H, O
4 Types of Macromolecules• 1. Proteins• 2. Carbohydrates• 3. Lipids• 4. Nucleic Acids• *All are organic –
so all contain Carbon
Caloric Value• Energy is stored in the bonds• Proteins, carbs, lipids - different
structures so different caloric values• Lipids – highest caloric value• Proteins and Carbs – same value
Proteins• Functions - as enzymes, transport of
material, self-defense, body structure
Proteins• Monomer = amino acids• Contains C, H, O, and N• Are millions of different kinds
Lipid Base “Unit”• Does not have a
“true” monomer• Triglyceride = 3 fatty
acids + 1 glycerol• All lipids are
“hydrophobic” (nonpolar)
Lipids• Fats and oils – • Saturated - solid at
room temperature• Unsaturated – liquid• Lipid examples:
steroids, waxes, cholesterol
Lipids - Functions• Long term energy storage• Cushions internal organs• Insulation for body against temperature
extremes• Important in hormones and vitamins
Carbohydrates• monomer = monosaccharide or
“simple sugar” • Forms disaccharides and
polysaccharides = polymers• Forms long
chains
Carbohydrates• Important source of fiber for animals.
Most fiber is cellulose• Energy is released when bonds are
broken; is the main source of energy• Excess carbs are converted to fats
Starch and Glycogen
• Plants store energy as starch• Animals store energy as glycogen in
the liver and muscles
Order macromolecules are burned in the body
• Carbs first• Lipids second• Proteins third
Nucleic Acids• Monomer =
nucleotide • Polymer = DNA or
RNA• Store and
transmit the genetic material
Nucleotide (monomer) of DNA and RNA
• 5-carbon sugar + a phosphate + a nitrogenous base• Information in DNA is used to make
proteins
Which is DNA? Which is RNA?