Macromolecules

1

Organic Compounds

• Compounds that contain CARBON are called ________.

• ____________ are large organic molecules.

2

Carbon (C)

• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.

• Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with __, __, __ or __. • Example: CH4(methane)

3

Macromolecules

• Large organic molecules. • Also called ________. • Made up of smaller “building blocks” called __________.

• Examples: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 4

Question: How Are

Macromolecules Formed?

5

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis

• Also called “_______________”

• Forms polymers by combining monomers by “__________ water”.

6

HO H

HO HO H H

H2O

Question: How are

Macromolecules Separated or Digested?

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Answer: Hydrolysis

• Separates monomers by “__________ water”

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HO HO H H

HO H

H2O

Carbohydrates

Elements C : H : O 1 : 2 : 1

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Carbohydrates

• Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.

• Examples: A. __________ B. __________ C. __________

10

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide: _________

Examples: glucose (________)

deoxyribose

ribose

Fructose

Galactose

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glucose

Carbohydrates

Disaccharide: ____ sugar unit

Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose)

–Lactose (glucose+galactose)

–Maltose (glucose+glucose)

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glucose glucose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples: ______ (bread, potatoes)

______ (beef muscle)

______ (lettuce, corn)

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glucose glucose

glucose glucose

glucose glucose

glucose glucose

cellulose

Lipids Elements

C, H, O no ratios

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Lipids • General term for compounds which are

__________ in water. • Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. • Remember: “stores the ____ energy” • Examples: 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

15

Lipids

Six functions of lipids: 1. ________ energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (_________)

3. Protection against __________ 4. Protection against __________ 5. Chemical messengers (__________) 6. Major component of membranes (__________)

16

Lipids

Triglycerides: composed of __________ and __________

17

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH

Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on

food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: __ double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

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O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 saturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH unsaturated

Proteins

Elements C, H, O, N, S

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Proteins (Polypeptides) • __________ (20 different kinds of aa)

bonded together by peptide bonds (__________).

• Six functions of proteins: 1. ___________ : albumin (egg white) 2. ___________ : hemoglobin 3. ___________ : hormones 4. ___________ : muscles 5. ___________ : membranes, hair, nails 6. ___________ : cellular reactions

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Proteins (Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein structure:

A. __________ Structure

B. __________ Structure

C. __________ Structure

D. __________ Structure

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Primary Structure

__________ bonded together by peptide bonds (__________)

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aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Secondary Structure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into _____ and ____ held together by __________.

Two examples:

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Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen Bonds

Tertiary Structure • Secondary structures ____ and ______ into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)

• Call a “subunit”.

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Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

Quaternary Structure • Composed of 2 or more “__________” • __________ in shape • Form in Aqueous environments • Example: enzymes ( _______ )

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subunits

Nucleic Acids Elements

C, H, O, N, P

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Nucleic acids

• Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( __________________ ) b. Ribonucleic acid ( __________________ ) • Nucleic acids are composed of long

chains of ____________ linked by dehydration synthesis.

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Nucleic acids • Nucleotides include: __________________ __________________ __________________: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

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Nucleotide

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O

O=P-O

O

Phosphate

Group

N Nitrogenous base

(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1 C4

C3 C2

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Sugar

(deoxyribose)

DNA - double helix

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P

P

P

O

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

P O

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A