Macromolecules Standard I h: Students know most

macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

Mono = one Poly = many

Monomers are single units (like bricks) Polymers are long chains of monomers (like a

wall)

Macromolecules in cells are created from

ANSWERS: A) groups of cells B) toxic substances C) small molecules D) one element

Macromolecules are also known as

ANSWERS: A) Polymers B) Monomers C) micromoleculesD) Nucleotides

Summary

Macromolecule

Monomer Polymer Uses/Examples

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Ex:glucosestarch (plants) storageglycogen (animals) storagecellulose (plants) structurechitin (insects,fungi) structure

Monomers = monosaccharidesPolymers = polysaccharides

Uses: Main energy source for cells, Structure

Lipids

Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats•Animal fat

•Solid @ room temp•Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails•All single bonds

•Plant fat•Liquid @ room temp•Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails•1 or more double bonds

Monomers = glycerol + fatty acidsPolymers = LipidsUses: Energy storage, chemical messengers, cell membrane Ex: Saturated & Unsaturated Fats, Phospholipids, hormones

Phospholipids Sterols•Make up cell membrane•Glycerol w/ 2 fatty acid tails + phosphate•“Head” likes water (hydrophilic)•“Tails” hate water (hydrophobic)

•Cholesterol, hormones (testosterone, estrogen)•Complex ring structure

Nucleic Acids

DNA RNA

Monomers = Nucleotides (3 parts: sugar, phosphate, base)Polymers = Nucleic AcidsUses: Store & Transmit genetic info Ex: DNA & RNA•Deoxyribonucleic acid•Double-stranded•Contains blueprint for you!•Made of nucleotides• Sugar

(deoxyribose)• Phosphate• Base (A, T, G, or

C)

•Ribonucleic acid•Single-stranded•Copy of blueprint used to build proteins•Made of nucleotides• Sugar (ribose)• Phosphate• Base (A, U, G, or C)

ProteinsMonomers = Amino acids (Held together by peptide bonds)Polymers = ProteinsUses: Responsible for EVERYTHING about you! (Gene expression) Ex: Enzymes

Peptide bond

This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes).

ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane.

ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch.

ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell.

ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

Enzymes

Standard 1b

Enzymes Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up

chemical reactions made by living organisms.

Enzymes are proteins (long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds)

They fold into specific 3D shapes determined by the amino acid sequence (coded in DNA)

An enzyme has an active site where the substrate attaches/binds.

The enzyme must be the perfect shape or it won’t work!

The reaction produces a product or products.

There are many different enzymes located inthe cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?

A. Different enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of the cytoplasm.B. Most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions.C. An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed.D. Enzymes are transported to specific substrates (reactants) by ribosomes.

Function

Enzymes speed up reactions by: A. lining up

molecules so they can react (matchmaker!)

B. putting pressure on bonds to break up molecules (homewrecker!)

Reaction Energy

By lining up the molecules involved, enzymes lower the activation energy necessary for the reaction to happen.

Result Enzymes are not used up during the reaction. One enzyme can cause millions of reactions.

Enzymes can be denatured (change shape) and stop working.

Factors affecting Enzyme activity Temperature

pH (acid & base)

Substrate concentration Few molecules =

slow reaction

Many molecules = fast reaction

What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature?

A. Tomatoes need sunlight to ripen.B. Humidity accelerates the ripening process.C. Low temperatures reduce the action ofripening enzymes. D. Enzymes produced by bacteria inhibit ripening.

Some snake venoms are harmful because they contain enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused by such a snakebite could best be slowed by

A. applying ice to the bite area.B. drinking large amounts of water.C. inducing vomiting.D. increasing blood flow to the area.