SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

MACROMOLECULES

4 MAIN TYPES:

Some Important Things to Remember…

Monomer

Polymer

Polymerization

Anabolic Reaction

Catabolic Reaction

Condensation

Hydrolysis Reaction

CARBOHYDRATES

A.k.a. sugars and starches Organic compound

o Composed of _______ water molecule (H2O) for each _____ carbon atomo Formula _______o Since water attached to carbons, name of “carbohydrate” was proposed

General formula ______________ Three Main Classes:

o ___________________o ___________________o ___________________

Monosaccharides

Single, smallest carbohydrates (mono = _____, saccharide = ________) Contain ___________ carbons, but commonly have 6 __________________ à glucose, fructose, galactose

o Same _______________ formula but different _____________ formula (a.k.a. _______________)

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

Examples

Fructose glucose galactose

Products of the following chemical reactions:o ________________o ________________o _______________________________

Function:o ____________________o __________________________

Disaccharides

Di=________ Two _______________________________ (simple sugars) bond to form a disaccharide Occurs via _______________________ reaction

Example: the formation of maltose

Polymers

For Energy Storage

Starch: Amylose and Amylopectin

(plants)

Glycogen(animals)

For Structure

Cellulose(Plants)

Reactions:Build: Dehydration synthesis or condensation

Break: Hydrolysis

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

Other common reactions

glucose + fructose à ______________ + ______________

glucose + galactose à ______________ + ______________

Note: disaccharides must be broken down to their ______________________ units before they ca be used by _____________

o This reaction is called “____________________” because a water molecule is used

Polysaccharides

_______________ carbohydrates Many ____________________ bonded together in a ____________________ Common Polysaccharides

o _______________ Energy storage in __________ Long chain of glucose subunits _______________ branching

o _______________ Energy storage in _____________________ (in liver and muscles) Chain of glucose; ____________ branching than starch

o _______________ Most ______________ organic molecules on earth Long chains of glucose without branching, but with _____________ ________________ polysaccharide – makes up _____________ à protects

contents of cell and provides structure for entire plant Provides lots of ____________________

But…only few bacteria have the ________________ to break it down into glucose and therefore ________________ energy

Animals such as ___________, ___________, and ___________, do. We don’t. Therefore it is eliminated as waste (fibre).

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

LIPIDS

Includes ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, Does not dissolve in ___________ (lipids are ___________,, water is polar) Made up of mainly ___________ Function in living organisms:

o Long term _______________________ storageo ___________o ___________ of internal organso ___________ as messengerso Primary __________________ component in cell membrane

Fat contains more ________ bonds than carbs; therefore has ____________ chemical energy

Atoms and Structure

C, H, and O (and P for phospholipids) Some –OH groups Fatty Acids have ____________________ group on one end Most lipids are _________________, especially fatty acids due to long ___________________

section

Monomers

________________ and __________________ o Glycerol à 3 –OH groupso Fatty acids à 1 –COOH group with long hydrocarbon sections

Basic structure of fatty acids:

Fatty acid = hydrocarbon chain but with an ________ attached to it rather than a Hydrogen

Reaction Summary

ester linkage to build: dehyderation/condensation reaction

linkage occurs between –OH and –COOH on fatty acid

to break: hydrolysis

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

Basic structure of fats: Triglyceride

1 molecule of ___________________ attached to 3 ______________________ Fatty acid = hydrocarbon chain but with an ______ attached to it rather than a Hydrogen

Formation of Triglyceride

à

Triglyceride

Lipids all have same glycerol, but 3 fatty acids may be differento Could be identical, short, long, _____________ or _________________

Saturated Fat

Hydrocarbon chain contains _____ double bondso i.e. every carbon (except the one bonded to oxygen) is bonded to _____ other atoms

___________ at room temperature E.g. __________________ (butter, lard)

Unsaturated Fat

Some of the carbons have ____________________ between them There are spaces for more _________________; therefore called unsaturated Usually ____________ at room temperature E.g. ________________________

Phospholipids

Main component of ____________________o (will see in greater detail later)

General structureo ____________________o ____________________o ____________________

Results in:o ____________________ (hydrophilic)o ____________________ (hydrophobic)

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

PROTEINS

Importance of Proteins

proteins are ___________________________ of all cell structures they perform most of the tasks in a cell they are extremely diverse due to the number of ________________________ (20) and the

combinations made with themo Their diversity is due to the diversity of the _____________ that code for them

Monomers

Atoms:o C, H, O, N, S (some)

Monomers:o ________ different __________________ (8 essential)o Same general structure

only differ in _____________ R group determines characteristics and different reactions

Roles

Communication Hormones

AntibodiesCell Structure(hair, bone,

fibrils)

EnzymeCatalysts

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

Linkages:

______________________ between amino acids is formed during dehydration synthesis

Reactions :

Build: Dehydration synthesis or condensation Break: Hydrolysis

Polymers:

Called __________________________ End up: straight à _________________ protein

globular à _________________ protein Shape determined by 4 levels of structure

Primary Structure

This is the unique sequence of amino acids (peptides) in the chain

Secondary Structure

the chain ___________ and ____________ as more amino acids are joined on; o α helix – H bonds form on the _________ strand o β pleated sheet –H bond form between ______________ strands

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

Tertiary Structure

interactions between ______ groups (polar repulsions from water, acid attracted to basic)

o H bonds form between polar R groupso sulphur containing R groups form

______________________ o ionic bonds form between acidic and

basic R groups

Quarternary Structure

when 2 or more __________________ join to make a functional protein

o e.g. _______________ (4) The _____________________ of a protein

allows for its _______________ and _____________________ as a messenger (hormone), surface receptor, building block, or enzyme

Protein Functions

_____________________________o Hold cells and organisms togethero Found in ___________________________________ etc

_____________________________o ______________

Chemicals produced by glands and sent into blood stream to cause a response in an organ

E.g. _______________ – regulates blood glucose levels

o ______________ Biological ____________________ E.g. ________________ – in saliva; breaks down starch while you chew

Denaturation

If proteins is exposed too harsh temperatures o Extreme pH conditionso or harsh chemicals…

Protein will ____________ and change shapeo Loses ability to perform normal function

protein enzymes function best within a _______________ of temperature, ______ and salt concentration

can be reversed if primary bonds remain intact e.g. slight heating cannot be reversed if _________________ are _____________

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Found in all _________________ Molecules in which information is ___________ and passed from generation to generation

o Via _________________

Structure

Two types of nucleic acidso __________________________o __________________________

DNA is a ________________________ and long RNA is a _______________________; three types so length can vary

Monomers

Nucleic acids made of long chains of ______________________ Has 3 main parts

o ______________________o __________________________________ (ribose or deoxyribose)o ________________________

Nitrogenous baseso Pyramidine rings

______________ (U) ______________ (C) ______________ (T)

o Purine rings ______________ (A) ______________ (G)

o Base pairings Purine pairs with pyrimidine

A --- T C --- G

Polymers

DNA’s nucleotides join to form a long chain RNA’s nucleotides form one straight chain that folds upon itself to form ___________________

SBI 4U DATE: _________________________

Polymers - Nucleic Acids

DNAo Deoxyribonucleic acido Stores ____________________________ of cellso DNA’s nucleotides form two sides of a long

‘_______________’ that coilso Each side runs __________________; A and T, C and G

RNAo Ribonucleic acido ___________ codes for ____________ which contains

instructions for making _______________o Typically single stranded

nucleotides form one straight chain that folds upon itself to form ______________________

___________: single side copy of info on DNA strand

___________: carrier molecule for amino acids ___________: part of the structure of ribosomes

DNA vs. RNA SUMMARY

PROPERTY DNA RNA

Strand

Sugar

Phosphate

Bases

Function

OVERVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL POLYMERS

Type of Organic Molecule Polymer Monomer Unit

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids