Macromolecules1 (1)

8/4/2019 Macromolecules1 (1)

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MacromoleculesMacromolecules

copyright cmassengale


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Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBONare called organicorganic.

MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organicorganic

moleculesmolecules.



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Carbon (C)Carbon (C) CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in outershell.

CarbonCarbon can form covalent bondscovalent bondswith as many as 44 other atoms(elements).

Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)



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Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.

Made up of smaller building blockscalled MONOMERSMONOMERS.

Examples:Examples:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids

3. Proteins3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)copyright cmassengale


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Question:Question:

How AreHow Are


Formed?Formed?copyright cmassengale


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Answer:Answer: Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

Also called condensation reactioncondensation reaction

Forms polymerspolymers by combining

monomersmonomers by removing waterremoving water.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O



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Question:Question:

How areHow are

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesseparated orseparated or

digested?digested?



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Answer:Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

Separates monomersmonomers by addingaddingwaterwater

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O



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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates



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Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to largelargesugar moleculessugar molecules.

Examples:Examples:

A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharide

B.B. disaccharidedisaccharide

C.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide



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Monosaccharide: one sugar unitMonosaccharide: one sugar unit

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructoseGalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose



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Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unitExamples:Examples:

Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)

Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose



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Polysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsExamples:Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)

glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)





cellulosecellulose



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LipidsLipids



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LipidsLipids

General term for compounds which arenot soluble in waternot soluble in water. Lipids are soluble in hydrophobicare soluble in hydrophobic

solventssolvents.

Remember:Remember: stores the most energystores the most energy Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids

3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes

5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones

6. Tri l cerides6. Triglyceridescopyright cmassengale


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LipidsLipids

Six functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:1.1. Long termLong term energy storageenergy storage

2.2. Protection against heat lossProtection against heat loss

(insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock

4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss

5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranesMajor component of membranes

(phospholipids)(phospholipids)



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LipidsLipids

Triglycerides:Triglycerides:ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 33fatty acidsfatty acids.

HH-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O


=

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH

2-CH2-CH

2-CH2-C

H3

=



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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see

these on food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bondsno double bonds

(bad)(bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bondsdouble bonds

(good)(good)

O


=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH

2-CH2-CH

2-CH3

=

unsaturated



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ProteinsProteins



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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)

Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds(polypeptidespolypeptides).

Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)

2.2. Transport:Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin

3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles

5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails

6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactionscopyright cmassengale


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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein structure:Four levels of protein structure:

A.A.Primary StructurePrimary Structure

B.B. Secondary StructureSecondary StructureC.C. Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure

D.D.Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure



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Primary Structure

Amino acidsbonded togetherby peptide bonds (straightpeptide bonds (straightchains)chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)



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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

3-dimensional folding arrangement of aprimary structureprimary structure into coilscoils and pleatspleatsheld together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

Two examples:Two examples:

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bondscopyright cmassengale


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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure

Secondary structuresSecondary structures

bentbent and

foldedfolded

into a more complex 3-D arrangementmore complex 3-D arrangement oflinked polypeptides

Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridgesBonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges(S-S)(S-S)

Call a subunit.subunit.

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheetcopyright cmassengale


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Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure

Composed of 2 or moresubunits Globular in shape

Form in Aqueous environments Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)

subunitssubunits



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Variations in

Amino Acid SideChains


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NucleicNucleicAcidsAcids



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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

Two types:Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)double helix)

b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-singleb. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-singlestrand)strand)

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids are composed of long

chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked bydehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.



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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:phosphate groupphosphate group

pentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)

nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:adenine (A)adenine (A)

thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA only

uracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)

guanine (G)guanine (G)



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NucleotideNucleotide

O

O=P-OO

PhosphatePhosphateGroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base

(A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar

(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)copyright cmassengale


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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A



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S f thS f th


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Summary of theSummary of theMacromoleculesMacromolecules

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