1. Madison’s attempts at US Neutrality• CausesCauses of War of 1812

• Impressment • War Hawks • Tecumseh

• Defend American neutrality

2. 2nd War of Independence: vs. Great Britain• Mr. Madison’s War---War of 1812• Misc. Information and lst’s

• War strategy• Francis Scott Key = “National Anthem”• British burn White House• War heroes

• William Henry Harrison• Andrew Jackson

• Battle of New Orleans--1815Madnotes1

3. Outcomes:• War----a stalemate

• Treaty of Ghent• Hartford Convention • War’s Legacy

• US defends it’s neutrality • Respect from Europe

4. President James Monroe, 1817 to 1825• Era of Good Feelings• Monroe Doctrine

Madnotes2

• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army

but too small•Attended Princeton University

and became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and

Bill of Rights.•Secretary of State during

Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817

•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of

1812.

madwar

President James Madison

Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all Embargo, which forbade American trade with all

foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or

French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.by Macon’s Bill No. 2.

Macon’s Bill No. 2Macon’s Bill No. 21810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but 1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but

offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly

changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Dupe of Napoleon

November, 1810: Madison announces nonimportation against

Britain Results in political ties with France

Major foreign policy mistakeNapoleon

•August, 1810: in response, Napoleon (lying) announced

decrees (stop impressing US ships) had been repealed

Presidential Election of 1812

NEXT

War breaks out again between the United States and

Britain in 1812.

England closed ports under French control to

foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships &

impressed Americans.

Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that

entered British ports.

impressmentFrance and Great Britain are at France and Great Britain are at warwar

Both sides were impressing US ships. An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing

them into your navy

War Hawks

New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?

•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence

madwar

Henry ClayKentucky

John C. CalhounSouth Carolina

Tecumseh Tecumseh (Shawnee warrior) & the

Prophet (brother) formed union of tribes east of Mississippi to fight white intrusion Supplied by the British led Indian cultural renewal

1809: General William H. Harrison appointed as governor of Indiana Territory by President Jefferson.

President Jefferson instructed Harrison to convince Tecumseh to stop attacking American settlements.

Tecumseh

“We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors

and our women? Rum, trinkets (jewelry) and death”

Tecumseh reflected bitterly on the white man’s treatment of his people.

“One of those uncommon geniuses

who spring up occasionally to produce

revolutions and overturn the

established ordered of things.

If it were not for the vicinity of the U.S., he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire

that would rival in glory that of Mexico.”

Tecumseh vs Harrison

William Henry Harrison

PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT

•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas

•Defend our self interest

madwar

President James Madison

Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality

of the US.

Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy

of keeping the US out of war and neutral?

“Mr. Madison’s War” Why Britain, not France?

Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British

Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.

“Mr. Madison’s War” June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war

with England. Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London

repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war New England opposed to war but Southern/western

states supported the war US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in

1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada The British easily repulsed the Americans

Map war1812

•US unprepared for war.

•Failed invasion into Canada.

•Blockade hurt US economy…

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle

Naval Battles The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most

important naval battle of the war After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on

Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

highlights

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

highlights

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

New orleans

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

New orleans

The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a

“stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Peace commissioners in Ghent

devised the following terms of peace A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered

territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar

boundary between Canada and the United States

Treaty was ratified by the Senate

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:

•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy

•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade

around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the

war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform:

•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress

•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states

could be admitted and war could be declared.

The War’s Legacy U.S. gained the respect of other nations

U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a part of the British Empire

The Federalist party came to an end as a national force

Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be

used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated

from Europe

The War’s Legacy Native Americans in the West were forced to

surrender large areas of land and move west. More U.S. factories were built

War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would eventually

become Presidents. Growth of American nationalism

Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of Good Feelings”

Respect from the Europeans

The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,

“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat

with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell

the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they

have always proved.