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Magnetic Amplifier
for Power Flow
Control
A Novel Approach with Conventional Components
Marcus Young, P.E. Aleks Dimitrovski, PhD Power & Energy Systems Group Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Introduction
• Magnetic amplifier-based device for continuous power flow control
• Combination of familiar and proven concepts with new technology
• Power line (controlled circuit) decoupled from the power electronics (control circuit)
Inexpensive enough to allow system-wide deployment and
comprehensive power flow control
3 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Top 10 R&D 100 Award Winners
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Varian Associates, Inc.
NASA Glenn Research Center
Argonne National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
General Electric
87
87
88
98
112
113
119
137
164
166
Sandia National Laboratories
ORNL is a Leader in Transferring
Technology to Industry
4 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Project Team
ARPA-E • DOE project sponsor
ORNL • Project lead • Overall design • Power electronics • Prototype testing
SPX Transformer Solutions (Waukesha Electric) • Manufacturer • Large-scale testing
University of Tennessee - Knoxville • Power system analysis • Control strategies/schemes
TVA • Host utility
5 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Natural Power Flow
Uncontrolled power flows can cause problems such as:
• Overloading of lines and transformers
• Reduced security margins
• Power exchange contractual violations
• Increased fault levels beyond rating
230 kV
100 mi
3 X 150 MVA lines supply 250 MVA load
6 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Current Technologies Provide Only
Limited Power Flow Control Options
• Switching system elements on/off
– Alleviates congestion, but generally puts system in less secure condition
• Regulating transformers
• Switchable shunt/series reactive elements
– Simple, but coarse (step-change)
• Flexible AC Transmission System Devices (FACTS)
– Complicated & expensive (~$100-120 per kVA)
Line Reactors STATCOM
7 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Power Flow Control Using Magnetic
Amplifier
• Avoids lines being switched on/off due to congestion
• Adjusts power flow over a continuous range by varying the line reactance
• Provides finer granularity in terms of ΔP than switchable reactive elements since reactance can be adjusted continuously
• Target cost: $40 per kVA (ARPA-E objective)
AC power is completely decoupled from power electronics
8 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Theory of Operation
Ferromagnetic
B-H Curve
9 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Single-Core Symmetrical Connection
• Three-legged core
• Equal performance in both half-cycles
• Cancellation of the induced voltage in the dc circuit
10 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Example: Magnetic Amplifier Provides
Variable Reactance
on
Case 1
•Fixed reactance installed to
relieve congestion.
Case 2
•Fixed reactance remains in
circuit, but load distribution has
changed.
•Line 2 is now operating over
capacity.
on
11 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Example: Cont…
off
Case 3
•Fixed reactance is removed in
response to line 2 operating over
capacity.
•Line 1 is now operating over
capacity.
Case 4
•Variable reactance provides
adjustment needed to relieve line
congestion before and after
change in load distribution
12 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Prototype Testing at ORNL
Proof of Concept
• Small-scale demonstration
• DC circuit powered by 9-volt battery
480 Vac Prototype
• Built by SPX/Waukesha
• 3-phase, 200 ARMS
• Currently being testing at ORNL Distributed Energy Communications and Controls (DECC) Laboratory
• DC provided by power electronics
Proof of Concept
480 Vac Prototype at ORNL
13 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
DECC Laboratory is interfaced with the
ORNL owned & operated distribution system
DECC Lab
14 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Results to Date from Testing at ORNL
• Tested at various AC current operating levels
• Reactance of the 480 V prototype was adjusted from 0.03 to 0.18 Ohms
• Negligible Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
IRMS
15 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Next Phase: Large-Scale Testing
• 161 kV single-phase (1 unit)
– To be tested at SPX/Waukesha facilities
– Go/No Go decision based on performance
• 161 kV three-phase (2 additional single-phase units)
– To be tested at SPX/Waukesha facilities
• 161 kV Demonstration at TVA
– The original and two additional 161 kV units installed as a bank
– TVA live operation
16 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Power System Oscillation Damping
• Previous research indicates variable reactance can be used to damp electromechanical oscillations
• FACTS-type devices typically considered for this role
• Investigation currently underway by ORNL to determine how a magnetic amplifier-based power flow controller can be used to mitigate oscillations
Area 2
Area 1
Area 3
Area 6
Area 5
Area 4
17 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Summary
• Developed and Built Magnetic amplifier-based device for continuous power flow control
• Technology Incorporates a combination of familiar and proven concepts with new power electronics technology
• Power line (high power controlled circuit) decoupled from the power electronics (low power control circuit)
• Testing of a 3-phase/480V prototype is currently underway at ORNL
• Larger device (161 kV) to be tested at SPX/Waukesha
• Utility testing planned at TVA
ORNL’s approach is simple and inexpensive enough for wide-area
deployment for comprehensive AC power flow control and for
oscillatory damping which is being studied.
18 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy iPC-Grid Conference March 26, 2013
Thank You!
For further information, please contact:
Marcus Young
865-547-8052