MAHAVIR SWAMI POLYTECHNIC, SURAT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PRACTICALS MANUAL

SEMESTER - III

SYBJECT-FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINES

SUBJECT CODE-3331903

SR NO UNIT NO PRACTICAL APROX HRS.

1 i Demonstrate various fluid properties. 2

2 ii Demonstrate and measure pressure using:

i. Various manometers.

ii. Various pressure gauges.

4

3 iii Verify bernouli‟s theorem. 2

4 iv Measure fluid flow by venturimeter and

nozzle.

4

5 v Measure fluid flow by orifice meter and „v‟

notch

2

6 vi Estimate Reynolds number using given test

rig

2

7 vii Determine major and minor head loss

through pipes

2

8 viii Perform testing of centrifugal pump as per

BIS

2

9 ix Performing testing of reciprocating pump as

per BIS

2

10 X Demonstrate use of different hydraulic and

pneumatic devices

2

11 xi A group of 5-6 students will take any one

hydraulic/pneumatic device for study/repair

purpose.they will:

a. Study the same and will prepare

required sketches.

b. Explain working

c. Identify faults if not working.

d. Repair minor faults.

(this exercise has to be identified and

given to the students in beginning of

term)

2

total 28

EXPERIMENT NO 1

AIM:- Demonstrate the fluid properties.

INTRODUCTION:-

Fluid mechanics is a branch of science which deals with behavior of fluid at rest or in

motion. Thus this science deals with static and dynamic kinematics.

PROPERTIES OF FLUID:-

DENSITY OR MASS DENSITY.

Density or mass density of fluid is defined as ratio of mass of fluid to its volume. Thus mass per unit

volume is called as density. The unit of mass density in SI unit is Kg per cubic meter.

P= Mass of fluid

Volume of fluid

The value of density of water is 1000Kg/m3

SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY.

Specific weight is a ratio weight of fluid per volume. Thus weight per unit volume is called Specific

Weight or Weight Density. It is denoted by symbol w.

W=p*g

Value of Specific Weight or Weight Density is 9.81*1000 Newton/m3 in si system.

SPECIFIC VOLUME:

Specific volume is defined as volume per unit mass.

It is expressed as m3/kg

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:-

Specific gravity is defined as ratio of weight density of a fluid to the weight density of a standard

fluid. For liquid standard fluid is water and for gas it is air.

VISCOSITY:-

Viscocity is defined as property of fluid wich offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid

over other adjacent layer of the fluid.

Mathematically,

Ʈ= µ du/dy

The unit of viscosity are NS/m2

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY:

It is defined as ratio of dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. Denoted by greek letter V.

V=Viscosity/density

]

EXPERIMENT NO:-2

AIM: To Determine and measure pressure using various manometers and various

pressure gauge.

MEASUREMENT AND PRESSURE:

The pressure of a fluid is measured by the following device:

1) Manometers 2) Mechanical gauges

1. Manometers: Manometers are defined as the device used for measuring the pressure at a

point in a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of the fluid.

They are classified as:

[a] Simple manometers, [b] Differential Manometers.

2. Mechanical Gauges: Mechanical Gauges are the defined as the devices used for measuring

the pressure by balancing the fluid column by the spring or dead weight. The commonly used

mechanical pressure gauges are:

[A] bourdon tube pressure gauge:

[B] Diaphragm pressure gauge:

[C] Dead-weigth pressure gauge:

Simple Manometers:

A simple manometer consists of a glass tube having one of its ends connected to a point where

pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to atmosphere. Common types of simple

manometers are

1. Piezometer

2. U-tube manometer.

Piezometer: it is the simplest form of manometer used for measuring gauge pressures. One end of this

manometer is connected to the point where pressure is open to atmosphere as shown in fig.

U-tube manometer: it consists of glass tube bent in U-shape, one end of which is connected to a

point at which pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to the atmosphere as shown

in fig-b.

[A] bourdon tube pressure gauge:It consisting of a C-shaped or coiled, flexible metal tube

attached to a gauge that records the degree to which the tube is straightened by the pressure of the

gas or liquid inside.

[B] Diaphragm pressure gauge:

It is similar to the bordon tube pressure gauge. But here there is a thin membrane

instead of bourdon tube which acts like a spring. This is connected with the liver mechanism.

When pressurized fluid enters, the diaphragm (membrane) deflects. This deflection is converted

by leaver mechanism and the needle shows the pressure reading on the die

.

[C] Dead weight pressure gauge:

It is the most accurate gauge and used to measure the accuracy of other pressure gauge. It

contains plunger which moves vertically in vertical cylinder. In one end of the cylinder,

pressurized fluid is entered and with other end, other gauge which is to be checked is

connected. Due to pressure of fluid, plunger tries to move up. To balance it, weight is kept.

Thus pressure can be obtained by,

P=w/A

Where , W= weight kept on plunger,

A = Area of plunger

EXPERIMENT NO :-3

Aim:-To Verify Bernoulli‟s Theorm.

OBJECTIVES:-To verify Bernoulli‟s theorm experiment.

APPARATUS:-Inlet supply tank with overfly arrangement outlet supply tank with means of varying

flow rate.

THEORY:-Consider frictionless flow long area duct the low construction of energy state for

incompressible irrigation and steady flow along stream line the total energy of remain the same of this

is called Bernoulli‟s equation the total energy of any section can be mathematical from as below.

Equation:-H(p/pg)+(v2/2g)+z

The total head of following fluid constant pressure head and elevation head. Hence between two

define points in tube the Bernoulli‟s equation can be written by

Where p ,v and z to the pressure and position of the liquid relative to same deformation

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:-

The experimental set up consist of h, z duct of smooth variable c/s area and divert section of 15mm at

the entrance. The piezometer pressure pattern location of cm along the long of conduit the dust is

connected with supply tank of it entrance and exist with means of varying the flow rate of collecting

tank it used to find the actual discharge.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:-

1]Note down the piezometer distance from the perfect dust.

2]Note down the c/s area of each the piezometer lapping point.

3]Open the supply value adjust rate of steady state.

4] Measure the water level in different piezometer.

5] Measure the number of water tank level in difference measuring tank.

6] P.E up to centre line conduct of measuring tank.

7] Repeat the procedure for different flow.

OBSERVATIOS:-

Area of collecting tank=

Head of water in supply tanks=

Time„t‟ for 10 cm rise=

Actual discharge=

Cross section areas of the taper at each of piezometer tapping points.

SR

NO.

TAPPING NO. DISTANCE FROM

END.IN CM

HEIGHT(CM) WIDTH(CM) AREA(CM)

1. 1 21 5.3 3.3 17.49

2. 2 26 3.6 3.3 11.88

3. 3 31 1.9 3.3 6.27

4. 4 35.6 1.0 3.3 3.3

5. 5 42 2.0 3.3 6.6

6. 6 48 3.3 3.3 10.89

7. 7 54 4.8 3.3 15.84

8. 8 60 6.2 3.3 20.46

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

TAP

NO.

WATER LEVEL IN

PIEZOMETER

TUBE

„H‟(P/pg)CM

VELOCITY

CM/SEC

VELOCITY

HEAD(v2/2g)

CM

POTENTIAL

HEAD(CM)

TOTAL

HEAD(CM)

CALCULATION:-

1) Actual discharge:

Qa=A tank + Hw/t

2)Velocity:- V=Qa/A

3)Velocity head=Vh=(v2/2g)

4)Total Head=

H=(p/ρg)+(v2/2g)+z

COMMENT:-

since the conduct is h. z the total energy at any section reference the datum line of the

conduct if sum of fluid weight density of fluid and goes due to gravity on can compare the value

-There should not be any air bubble in the piezometer.

-apparatus should be in leveled in fluid.

-Reading must be taken in steady flow condition.

-By closing the regulation value open the valve such the water level in the inlet supply tank reach

overflow condition at this stage that pressure head in each piezometer take equal adjust the piezometer

tube is equal.

Conclusion:-

After performing this experiment we have verify Bernoulli‟s therm.

For inured in compressible irrigation steady flow along time the total energy remain the same.

EXPERIMENT NO:-4(A)

Aim:- Flow Measurment By Venturimeter And Nozzle.

Objectives:-

To calibrate the Venturimeter i.e. to prepare a graph to find out discharge when

difference in limbs of manometer is known.

To determine the co-efficient of discharge for a given Venturimeter.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:-

The practical application of Bernoulli‟s theorem is found in this apparatus.It is also

used for actual flow(discharge)measurements of fluids.

PREREQUISITE THEORATICAL BACKGROUND:-

The Venturimeter is an apparatus for finding out the discharge of a liquid flowing in a

pipe. A Venturimeter, in its simplest from consist of the following three parts.

Convergent Cone

Throat

Divergent Cone

1)Convergent Cone:-It is a short pipe which pipe converges from a diameter from a

diameter “d1” to a smaller diameter “d2” it is also known as inlet of the Venturimeter.

The slope of the converging sides is in between 1 in 4 to 1 in 5.

2)Throat:-It is a small portion of circular pipe, in which diameter d2 is kept constant.

3)Divergent Cone:-It is a pipe, which diverges from a diameter d2 to a large diameter

d1.The length divergent cone be is about 3 to 4 times more than convergent cone.

The is accelerated in convergent cone, when flowing through the Venturimeter

As a result of acceleration, the velocity at throat increases and pressure decreses,if the

pressure head at the throat falls below 2.5 meters of water then there will be a tendency

of separation of the liquid flow. To avoid this, there is a ratio of the

Throat to the pipe.i.e. d2/d1. The most suitable value of this ratio is 1/3 to1/2.

The liquid while flowing through the Venturimeter is related in Divergent

cone, so velocity decreases and increases hence there is possibility for the stream of

liquid to break away from the walls of the meter due to boundary layer effects. To

avoid this and to reduce friction losses, the Divergent cone. The theoretical flow of

liquid through the Venturimeter is as follows.

Qth= A1 + A2 + (√2gh)

√(A1

2-A2

2)

WHERE,

Qth =Theoretical discharge

A1 = Area of inlet

A2 = Area of throat

H =Different of pressure head of water between inlet and

Outlet

Cd =Co-efficient of Discharge

PRECAUTION:-

1) There should not be air-bubbles in U-tube mercury

Manometer.

2) When taking the reading-h, U-tube mercury column

Should be stable.

PROCEDURE:-

1) Find out the c/s area of the measuring tank.

2) Open the valve at upstream end of the measuring tank.

3) Wait till mercury columns of manometer becomes stable.

4) Record the manometer reading.

5) Measure time required for 10 cm rise in collecting tank.

6) Repeat steps 2 to 5 by opening the valve to an increasing degree and record the

observation in the following format.

OBSERVATION:-

1) Diameter of pipe (d1) =

2) Diameter of throat (d2) =

3) Area of c/s of pipe (A1) =

4) Area of c/s of throat (a2) =

5) Area of measuring tank A =

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

CALCULATION:-

1) Manometer difference in terms of water column:-

H =Hhg s1- s2

s2

S1 = Specific Gravity of Mercury =13.6

S2 = Specific Gravity of Water = 1

2) Actual Discharge:-

Qa = A tank * Hw

t

HW = 10 cm

3) Theoretical Discharge:- Qth = A1 + A2 + (√2gh)

√ (A1

2 – A2

2)

4) Co-efficient of Discharge of Venturimeter:-

SR

NO.

MANOMETER

READING

MANOMETER DIFFE. TIME

„T‟

Qa Qth Cd= Qa

Qth

AVERAGE

Cd

H1 CM H2 CM Hhg CM

1.

2.

3.

4.

Cd = Qa

Qth

CONCLUSION:-

The co-efficient of Discharge of Venturimeter is….

EXPERIMENT NO:-4-B

AIM:- To Study Fluid Flow By Nozzle .

OBJECTIVE:-To Determine the co-efficient of velocity of co-efficient construction of nozzles. A

nozzle is type of orifice with rounded edges on upstream side.

APPARATUS:-Supply tank with overflow arrangement of fitting of orifice installed in the vertical

plan of the tank side scale apparatus with book gauge a sat of orifice.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:-

The experimental set up consist of a supply with overflow arrange and gauge level measurement at

the tank. There are also for fixing different orifice installed in the vertical plane at the tan side

arrangement is made such that water passage through this method opening water comes out the

opening in the from get.

A horizontal scale on which is mounted a vertical scale with a hook gauge is attached to the supply

tank is hook. Gauge is attached to as well vertically in direction its cross pending movement can be

read on horizontal and vertical solve respect a tank as used of water through the yet.

PROCEDURE:-

1)Note down the lead of centre of after as are of collecting tank and supply tank.

2) Attach or orifice and note down its diameter.

3) Measure the lead at centre level of orifice to as bottom.

4)Locate the tip of hook gauge between consist and tank of the inter h. z & v c scale respectively.

5)Measure discharge of water following through the orifice by collecting tank water in measuring tank

for time period.

OBSERVATION:-

1. Diameter of pipe (d1) =

2. Diameter of Nozzle (d2) =

3. Area of c/s of pipe (A1) =

4. Area of c/s of orifice (a2) =

5. Area of measuring tank A =

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

CALCULATION:-

1)Manometer difference in terms of water column:-

H = Hhg s1 – s2

S2

S1 =Specific gravity of Mercury = 13.6

S2 = Specific gravity of water = 1

2) Actual Discharge:-

Qa = A tank *

Hw

t

HW = 1O cm

3)Theoretical Discharge:-

Qth =

A

1 + A

2 + (√2gh

)

√ (A1

2 – A2

2)

5) Co-efficient of Discharge of Venturimeter:-

Cd = Qa

Q

th

APPLICATION:-

It is very useful an may hydraulic device like.

1) Hydraulic press

2) Hydraulic crane

3) Hydraulic lift

CONCLUSION:-The co-efficient of discharge of nozzle is =………………………….

SR.

NO.

MANOMETER

READING

MANOMETER

DIFFERENCE

S

TIME

„T‟

Qa Qth Cd = Qa

Qth

AVERAGE

Cd

1.

2.

3.

4.

\

EXPERIMENT NO:- 5(A)

AIM: To measure fluid flow by orifice meter.

OBJECTIVE: To established orifice meter by establishing the relationship between flow rate and

pressure difference and to find its co-efficient of dishcharge.

APPARATUS: shape edge circular orifice installed in a pipeline-tube, monometer, supply tank and

measure tank, stop watch.

CHEMICAL: water, mercury

THEORY: an orifice meter in available head meter in which area of flow is discharge by allowing the

flow through a small constriction there by covering the pressure energy. The pressure differential thus

creased is measure by a pressure measuring device. Orifice is a simple device to measure the flow in a

pipe by reducing the flow passage in one section. The pressure difference between 2 sections is

created. The measurement of pressure difference between 2 sections enables us to determine the

discharge, which is taking place in the pipe. Since the diameter of the passage at the orifice meter is

less than that of the pipe, the flowing stream converges to a minimum cross-section known as vena-

contracta. As the fluid flows through it the velocity of the flow of fluid reaches maximum value & the

pressure becomes minimum. A pressure tap is provided at this section. Another pressure tap is

provided at a distance of 0.9 to 01.1 times the diameter of pipe from orifice plate where the pressure is

maximum (velocity is equal to velocity of flow in the pipe). So connecting a manometer to these

pressure taps we get the pressure differences.. This pressure difference is resulted to voltmeter flow

rate discharge. Through the pipe by following equation.

Where A= area of orifice

A1=area of pipe

H=difference of head

G= acceleration due to gravity.

PROCEDURE:

(i) Diameter of pipe and orifice are noted down.

(ii) Air in the manometer pipe is removed after allowing war to pass through the pipe.

(iii) The inlet and outlet valves are brought to required position.

(iv) For a constant discharge the readings of the manometer are taken down.

(v) Collecting tank readings are taken down.

(vi) The above procedure is repeated for different values of discharge.

(vii) The graph of Qact V/s H is plotted value of Cd is computed.

OBSERVATION:-

1) Diameter of pipe (d) =

2) Diameter of orifice =

3) Cross section area of pipe =

4) Cross section area of orifice =

5) Area of collecting tank =

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

SR NO MANOMETER

READING

MANOMETER

DIFFERENCES

TIME

T

Qa Qth Cd=Qa/Qth Avg

Cd

H1 cm H2 cm Hhg cm

CALCULATION:-

1) Manometer difference in terms of water column:-

H= Hhg x (S1-S2)/S3

S1= specific gravity of mercury =13.6

S2= specific gravity of water =1

2) Actual discharge :-

Qa = (Atank X Hw)/ t

3) Theoretical discharge :-

Qth = A1 x A2 x √2gh

√(A12 – A2

2)

4) Co- efficient of discharge of venturimeter :-

Cd = Qa/Qth

CONCLUSION:- we can perform this practical and convert that orifice meter is device which is used

to measure how rate at fluid through a pipe by converting the pressure energy of fluid in to kinetic

energy.

Also determine co-efficient of discharge for a given orifice mete

EXPERIMENT NO:-5 (B)

AIM: - To measure fluid flow by v-notch.

OBJECTIVES:- to calibrate v-notch and to find co-efficient of discharge.

APPARATUS: Triangular notch, hook gauge, stop watch etc.

THEORY: A notch may be defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which flow of a liquid occurs.

The sheet of water discharged by a notch is called vein. Notches are used for measuring the flow of

water from a reservoir and are generally rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular in shape. The most

common shape is triangular, since it has the advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rates

compared with other shapes. The coefficient of contraction will be constant for all heads. A triangular

notch is called V-notch.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the notch under test at the end of approach channel in a vertical plane with the sharp-edge on the

upstream side.

2. Fill the channel with water up to the crust level and note the initial reading „h‟ on the height gauge.

3. Adjust the flow control valve to give the maximum possible discharge without flooding the notch.

Note the final height gauge readings given the head over the notch i.e. H.

4. Collect the water discharging from the notch in a measuring tank of known dimensions and measure

the rise of water level „h‟ in the measuring tank for certain period of time.

5. Conditions are allowed to steady state before the head and rise of water level are recorded.

6. Lower and water level in the approach channel in stages by adjusting the flow control valve and

record the series of the readings h2 and „h‟ at each stage.

OBSERVATION:-

1. For v-notch, angle =60o

2. Lease count of height gauge=0.01

3. Area of measuring gauge Atank=

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

SR

NO

HEAD OF NOTCH

TIME

T

Qa Qth Cd=Qa/Qth Avg

Cd

H1

cm

H2

cm

Hhg= H2-H1 cm

CALCULATION:-

1) Actual discharge :-

Qa = A1 x A2 x √2gh

√(A12 – A2

2)

2) Theoretical discharge:-

Qth =(8/15)x tan(θ/2)x √2g x H5/2

.

3) Co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter :-

Cd = Qa/Qth

CONCLUSION:- we can perform this practical and conduct that we have determine co-efficient of

discharge two for v-notch and also measure reading of hook guage two different point are have

absolve flow of water and calculate.

EXPERIMENT NO:-6

AIM:-ESTIMATE REYNOLDS NUMBER USING GIVEN TEST RIG.

DESCRIPTION:-

The apparatus consists of a glass tube with one having bell mouth entrance connected to a wear tank.

The tank is of sufficient capacity to store water. At the other end of the glass tube a gate valve is

provided to vary the rate of flow. A capillary tube is introduced centrally in the bell mouth. To this

tube dye is fed from small container placed at the top of tank through polythene tubing.

EXPERIMENTS TO BE CARRED OUT:-

To determine the Reynold‟s number and hence the type of flow either laminar or turbulent.

To study transition zone.

To determine upper and lower critical Reynold‟s number and velocities.

PROCEDURE:-

Open the gate valve so that flow will start.Then adjust the flow of dye through

capillary tube so that a fine color thread is observed indicat –ing laminar flow. Increase the

flow through glass tube and observe the color thread. If it is still straight the flow still remains

to be in laminar region and if waveness starts,it is the indication that the flow is not

laminar.note down the discharge at which colored thread starts moving in wavy from which

corresponds to “Higher Critical Reynold‟s Number” and higher critical velocity. Increase the

discharge still further. The filament starts breaking on indicating creating tarbulence.Further

increase in the discharge will cause the flow to be turbulent which is apparent from the

diffusion of the dye with the flowing water.

Now, start decreasing the discharge first diffusion will continue, further reduced,a

stage will be reached when the dye filament becomes straight,This corresponds to “Lower

Critical Reynold‟s Number”and “lower Critical velocity”.

If the experiment is repeated again it may be seen that the higher critical Reynold‟s number

(and the Higher critical velocity)is different for each run whereas the Lower Critical Reynold‟s

Number(and hence, the Lower critical velocity)is different for each run. As such it can be

concluded the “The Lower Critical Reynold‟s Number”(and hence ,the Lower Critical

Velocity) is the criterion for distinguishing whether the flow is laminar or not.

SPECIFICATION:-

Sump tank size =560mm(L) *360mm(B) *300(H).

Head tank size =390mm (L) *390mm(B) *500mm (H),material (MS).

OBSERVATION:-

Inlet Diameter of acrylic pipe = 20mm.

Kinetic Viscosity = µ =

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr.

No.

Water collected in

beaker in( litre)

Time

required for

water

collection

Discharge in

m3/s

Re=V*D

µ

Type of flow

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CALCULATION:-

Area of pipe = A=

A=∏/4 * d2

………………..m2

A= ………………… m2

Discharge=Q=

Q=(water collected in beaker)/(Time for water discharge)

Q=…………………….m3/s

Velocity=V=

V=Q/A m3/s

Reynold‟s no.=Re=

Re= V*D

µ

where

V=Velocity of flow in m/s.

D=diameter of pipe in m.

µ=Kinematic Viscosity

RESULT SHEET:-

Reynold‟s Apparatus:-

Observations:-

Pipe diameter=d=

Density of water=p=

Kinematic viscosity=µ=

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr.

No.

Water collected in

beaker in(litre)

Time required

for collection

of water(t) in

sec.

Discharge

(Q)m3/s

Velocity (V)

m/sec

Reynold‟s

No.

(Re)

1.

2.

Area of Pipe = A =(∏/4) *d2

A=………………….m2.

Discharge Q =

Q= WATER COLLECTED IN TANK *0.001

TIME REQUIRED FOR DISCHARGE

Q=…………………………m3/s

Velocity of flow in m/s=V=………………..Q/A m/s.

V=……………………….m/sec

Reynold‟s no. = Re=

Re= (V * d)/µ

Re=…………….

EXPERIMENT NO: 7

AIM: To determine friction head losses through pipes .

Objective:- determine friction head losses for pipe of different of some material.

APPARATUS:- C.O pipes of different size is 15mm dia 20mm,30mm dia. Measuring tank stop

watch, v-tube manometer.

THEORY:- Closed cordite refer to a channel that is completely enclosed by its solid. Boundry and

it‟s apply following.it is to be an open channel majority of the pipe is on ex. Of closed conduct that

losses occurs due to friction pipe a change in velocity of direction in order to find out the total.

Power requirement for the fluid in pipes and other conduct losses occurring in bends coupels. Have

also of liquid in closed conduct in direction proportional to the length of fluid so higher the velocity

loss and similarly longer the pipe higher head loss and similarly longer the head loss. It also depends

in included in eq.

Equation hf = 4flv2/2gd

Where hf= head loss due to friction

f=friction factor

l= length of the pipe gauges

d= dia of pipe

v= velocity of flow

g= acceleration of due to gravity

head different in term to water by,

equation

H= h/100 x( pm – pw)

Where, h = diff of head on term of mercury

Pm= density of mercury-13.8 gm/cm

Pw= density of water-1 gm/cm

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

Note down the dimention of as dia and length of pipe the pressure taping of collecting tank with the

help of regulating valve of adjust the flow rate of diff value.

Note the drop in pressure by note down the diff. In the level of two limbs of manometer for each flow

rate.

Repeat it for the entire pipe and not the reading.

OBSERVATION:-

Diameter of pipe d1 =

Length of pipe L=

Area of measuring tank At =

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

SAMPLE CALCULATION:-

1) Discharge (Q) Qa = (Atank * Hw)/t

2) Friction head loss in m of water:-

Hf = ( SAg – Sw/Sw) * Hhg

3) Velocity(v):-

V= Qa/A

4) Co-efficient of pipe (f):-

Equation hf = 4flv2/2gd

CONCLUSION :-

Closed conduct to channel that it is completely enclosed by its solid boundary is fully that an

open change in velocity direction head loss. Liquid in closed that head loss.

Sr

no

FRICTIONAL

HEAD IN mm of

hg

FRICTIONAL

HEAD IN mm of

hg

FRICTIO

NAL

HEAD IN

mm OF

WATER

TIME

“t”

FOR 10

cm

RISE

(SEC)

DISCHARGE

‟Q‟m3/sec

VELOCIY

m/sec

FRICTION

FACTOR

EXPERIMENT NO :-8

AIM:- to check the performance of given centrifugal pump.

APPARATUS:- centrifugal pump, D.C motor, rpm meter, vaccum gauge, pressure gauge, energy

meter, sump tank and measuring tank.

OBJECTIVES:- to determine the power consumption, output power of pump and pump efficiency.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:-

After performing this practical you will be able to identify the function of pumps and its

basic mechanical elements converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy through motor

which is coupled with the pump and the mechanical energy gained by the pump.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:-

Transport of fluid through close conduit is a common feature in chemical industries. It

may be necessary to move a fluid against gravity force i.e. into pressure vessel, or pump it out freom a

vessel under vacuum as in case of evaporators. In all these cases, there will be additional losses of

energy due to friction as the liquid flows through conduits, fitting and valves. To ensure fluid

movement, energy has to be supplied to fluid from an external source. The centrifugal pump are the

most wide used in chemical industries.

The capacity of the pump is define as the volume of the fluid handled per unit time. For

incompressible fluid it is given in litter per minute. For compressible fluids, the capacity is given at the

inlet temperature and pressure of fluid.

The total head is the energy is the added by the pump to unit mass of the following stream.

Total head = P2 - P1 + v21 - v1

2 + (Z2 – Z1)

ρg 2g

where point 1 is taken as any point before pump on the suction line point 2 is any point on the delivery

line.

Theoretical energy Eth = ρgQH

Efficiency is the ratio of actual energy measured by watt meter to the theoretical energy

calculated from the equation.

PRECAUTION:-

1. Initially measuring tank must be empty.

2. Energy meter must be know for the rotations per KWh

3. Proming must be done before starting pump.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Prime the C.F. pump

2. Open delivery valve and start the C.F pump

3. Measure time required for 10 cm rise in, collecting tank

4. Record the pressure by the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge.

5. Record energy meter reading for one min.

6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 different closing of the delivery cock.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

1. Measuring tank area=

2. Density of water =

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr no Position of

Delivery

clock

Pressure

gauge

reading

(Kg/m2)

Vacuum

gauge

reading

mm of Hg

Time

„t‟ for

10 cm

Rise

sec

Energy meter

reading(E) watt

Actual

discharge

Total

Head

H

(meter

of

watt)

Initial

(E0)

watt

Final

(E)

watt

Diff.

watt

CALCULATION:

1. Actual Discharge:

Qa = (Atank x Hw)/t

2. Total head developed:

H = 10 x ( pressure gauge + Vacuum gauge/760)

3. Theoretical energy:

Eth = ρg QH

4. Actal energy:

Ea = (E-E0) x 1000 x 60

5. Efficiency :

D = Eth/Ea

CONCLUSION:-After performing this practical you will be able to identify the function of pumps

and its basic mechanical elements converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy through

motor which is coupled with the pump and the mechanical energy gained by the pump.

EXPERIMENT NO: 9

AIM: To perform test on reciprocating pump.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the co-efficient of discharge percentage slope efficiency and

reciprocating pump.

THEORY:-

Reciprocating pumps are positive pumps. Initialy a small quantity of liquid is taken into a

chamber and is physically displaced and forced out by with pressure by moving mechanical

element.The moving mechanical element may be a gear system rotating in the housing, or piston

moving in cylinder with the help of external power source.Thus,if the chamber is alternatively filled

by drawing in the liquid to be pumped and emptied by forcing it out, the liquid from the sump can be

raised to the required height.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

- keep delivery valve plastically open start elastimeter.

- Measure the delivery pressure heat head.

-Measure the speed pump applies with tachometer.

- Note down time requires for 10cm length of water in measure tank the experiment for different

delivery valve.

SPECIFICATION:

Head =

Discharge =

Input power =

DATA:

- Diameter of piston

- Length of stoke

- Area of measuring tank

- Height difference between delivery guage

- Electric meter constant

- Speed

OBSERVATION:

1. Measure tank area (Atank)=

2. Density of water P =

OBSERVATION TABLE:

CALCULATION:

1. Theoritical capacity of pump:-

𝑄𝑡ℎ =2𝐿𝐴𝑁

60𝑚3/ sec

2. Total Head develop :-

H = hs + HD

H = 10 (pressure gauge + 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

760 )

3. Power output :-

Pout = pg𝑄𝑡ℎH

4. Power=(E𝐸0)*1000*60

5. Efficiency:

D = Pout / Pin

CONCLUSION:

We are able to know that reciprocation pump is positive displacement. Pump which has a cylinder is

alternating discharge depend almost entry on the speed of pump.

Sr no Position of

Delivery

clock

Pressure

gauge

reading

(Kg/m2)

Vacuum

gauge

reading

mm of Hg

Time

„t‟ for

10 cm

Rise

sec

Energy meter

reading(E) watt

Actual

discharge

Total

Head

H

(meter

of

watt)

Initial

(E0)

watt

Final

(E)

watt

Diff.

watt

EXPERIMENT NO: 10

Aim: Demonstrate Use Of Different Hydraulic And Pneumatic Device

INTRODUTION: Student should write a report any one hydraulic device from listed below as

introducing by the faculty member different student can be assigned to write a different device.

WORKING PRINCIPAL: It used to increase the liquid pressure by utilised energy quantity of liquid

us low pressure that available from pump.

Hydraulic device like hydraulic produce & like need high pressure.

Hydraulic intensity is placed between pump& hydraulic device.

CONSTRUCTION: The hydraulic interfere consist of fixed ram is secreting by sliding inside a

fixed& inlet 7 outlet valve.

WORKING: Let us insert sliding ram at the bottom of its stroke the inlet existed valve on the while

the low pressure liquid from the fixed track most position its completely fill up with low pressure

head.

PIA=PZP

PZ=A/0 X PI

Where,

A= area of cylinder fixed

a= area of cylinder

PI=pressure intency low pressure liquid in fixed cylinder

PZ= pressure of high pressure liquid in sliding

APPLICATION: it is very useful in many hydraulic device like to

1. Hydraulic press

2. Hydraulic crain

3. Hydraulic lifted etc……

CONCLUSION: We can study with this practice &we inserted the constantly working & application

& awareness to know in which such reaction hydraulic device are utilised & where can used it.

Pneumatic devices

INTRODUCTION:

Should write a report on ant one pneumatic device instructed by faculty member

different student can be assingned to write report or different devices.

Pneumatic power drive system consist of double acting calculus cylinder apps of a ideas

accurate for vane motor like rotary actuations compressor failure to flow contra.

The compressed air as used in pneumatic power drive to system a compressed air compressed

by compressive enters. In both pipe through FRI unit which is consist of the filter release and lubricant

after that air in cylinder through direction central value.

When compressed air enters into cylinder as shown in fig. and there will be. A act ways stole for the

return enter of piston.

During return stoke. Air on other side at piston goes to atmosphere that‟s control value and

solenoid.

Basic requirement for a pneumatic system are,

Compressor

Pipe line

Air actuator

Application

CONCLUSION:-

WE CAN STUDY TO THIS PRACTICAL and after study we understand the

constant working and application accuracy to flow in which situation we can use device.

EXPERIMENT NO : 11

(this exercise has to be identified and given to the students in beginning of term)

AIM: A group of 5-6 students will take any one hydraulic/pneumatic device for study/repair

purpose.they will:

a. Study the same and will prepare required sketches.

b. Explain working

c. Identify faults if not working.

d. Repair minor fault