Main Idea Main Idea: At the end of World War II, tensions
between the Soviet Union and the United States deepened, leading to
an era known as the Cold War. What do you think the Cold War
was?
Slide 3
Allies during the war, but not truly friends Soviets wanted
British and Americans to open a second European front earlier in
the war. U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union. Philosophical
Differences Philosophical differences between the Soviet Union and
the United States reached back to the 1920s. Soviet Union:
communism, totalitarian dictatorship United States: free-enterprise
capitalism, republic World War II Conflicts The Soviet Union
refused to let Eastern Europe hold elections as promised at Yalta.
The United States resisted Soviet expansion. Postwar Conflicts
Slide 4
Stalin wanted to retain political and economic control over
Eastern Europe. The Soviets managed to install Communist
governments throughout Eastern Europe. Stalin outlawed political
parties or newspapers that opposed the Communists. The Soviets
jailed or killed some political opponents. The Soviets rigged
elections to ensure the success of Communists. Yugoslavia was the
one Eastern European nation that was not under the direct control
of Stalin and the Soviet Union. Josip Broz Tito, a Communist,
refused to take orders from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union
relocated Germans living in Poland and other countries of Eastern
Europe.
Slide 5
In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta
to plan the postwar world. Although the conference seemed to go
well, several agreements reached at Yalta later played a role in
causing the Cold War.
Slide 6
The three leaders made the following agreements: Roosevelt and
Churchill agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by the
Soviets. Stalin agreed that the government would include members of
the prewar Polish government and that free elections would be held
as soon as possible.
Slide 7
They also agreed to issue the Declaration of Liberated Europe.
They decided to divide Germany into four zones, each of which would
be controlled by either Great Britain, the United States, the
Soviet Union, or France.
Slide 8
Why do you think the French were Only given a small parcel of
Germany?
Slide 9
Tensions began to rise between the United States and the Soviet
Union for several reasons: Stalin demanded that Germany pay war
reparations and was not content with the ideas Roosevelt had to
offer. The Soviets pressured the king of Romania into appointing a
Communist government.
Slide 10
The Soviets refused to allow more than three non-Communist
Poles to serve in the 18-member Polish government. There was no
indication that they intended to hold free elections in Poland. The
increasing hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States
led to an era of confrontation and competition known as the Cold
War. It lasted from about 1946 to 1990.
Slide 11
The Soviet Union and the United States had different goals: The
Soviets were concerned about security. They wanted to keep Germany
weak and make sure that the countries between Germany and the
Soviet Union were under Soviet control. The Soviets also were
concerned about encouraging communism in other nations; they were
suspicious of capitalist nations.
Slide 12
The United States was focused on economic problems: Many
American officials believed that the Depression had caused World
War II. By 1945, Roosevelt and his advisers were convinced that
economic growth, democracy, and free enterprise were the key to
peace.
Slide 13
Western Views of the Iron Curtain Soviet Views of the Iron
Curtain Winston Churchill attacked the Soviet Union for creating an
Iron Curtain. The term reflected Churchills belief that communism
had created a sharp division in Europe. Harry S Truman urged his
secretary of state to get tough with the Soviets. Stalin believed
that the Iron Curtain was necessary to protect the Soviet Union
from western attacks. Stalin used Churchills words to help persuade
his people that the United States and Great Britain were their
enemies. He also used this as an excuse to rebuild the
military.
Slide 14
Slide 15
ConferencesOutcomes Yalta Conference (Roosevelt)Polands
government recognized, free elections for Poland, Declaration of
Liberated Europe, Germany divided, German reparations set. Potsdam
Conference (Truman)German-Polish border established, German
reparations to the Soviets reconstructed.
Slide 16
Main Idea: Main Idea: Although President Truman took a firm
stand against Soviet aggression, Europe remained divided after the
war.
Slide 17
Eleven days after confronting the Soviets about Poland, FDR
died and Harry S. Truman became president. Truman did not want to
appease Stalin as Britain had appeased Hitler. He told Soviet
Foreign Minister Molotov that Stalin must hold free elections, as
he had promised at Yalta. This meeting marked an important shift in
Soviet- American relations.
Slide 18
In July 1945 Truman finally met Stalin at Potsdam. Truman was
convinced that the rest of Europe could only recover if Germanys
economy was allowed to revive. Meanwhile, Stalin wanted more
reparations from Germany.
Slide 19
Stalin did not like Trumans proposals for reparations. However,
American and British troops controlled Germanys industrial
heartland, and there was no way for the Soviets to get any
reparations except by cooperating. The Soviets refused to make any
stronger commitments to uphold the Declaration of Liberated
Europe.
Slide 20
The Communist countries of Eastern Europe Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakiacame to be called satellite
nations. With the Iron Curtain separating the Communist nations of
Eastern Europe from the West, the Cold War era was about to
begin.
Slide 21
Slide 22
Main Idea: Main Idea: The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any
nation resisting communism; the Marshall Plan aided European
countries in rebuilding.
Slide 23
Increasingly exasperated by the Soviets refusal to cooperate,
officials at the State Department asked the American Embassy in
Moscow to explain Soviet behavior. Diplomat George Kennan responded
with what became known as the Long Telegram. Kennan proposed a long
term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian
expansive tendenciesthe basic policy followed by the United States
throughout the Cold War.
Slide 24
After World War II, instead of withdrawing as promised, the
Soviet troops remained in northern Iran. Stalin then began
demanding access to Irans oil supplies; he also helped local
Communists establish a separate government in northern Iran. The
secretary of state sent Stalin a strong message demanding that they
withdraw from northern Iran. Coupled with the threat of the USS
Missouri sailing into the eastern Mediterranean, Stalin
withdrew.
Slide 25
In August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles
with Turkey. After Britain informed the United States that they
could no longer afford to help Greece, Truman gave a speech to
Congress outlining a policy that became known as the Truman
Doctrine.
Slide 26
In June 1947 Secretary of State George Marshall proposed the
European Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, which would give
European nations American aid to rebuild their economies. In
response to the Soviet attempt to undermine Germanys economy, the
United States, Great Britain, and France announced that they would
merge their zones in Germany.
Slide 27
Slide 28
Truman ordered the air force to fly supplies into Berlin
insteadknown as the Berlin airlift. By April 1949, an agreement had
been reached to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)a mutual defense alliance. For the first time in its history,
the United States had committed itself to maintaining peace in
Europe.
Slide 29
Slide 30
Main Idea: Main Idea: Attempts to keep South Korea free from
communism led the United States to military intervention.
Slide 31
After World War II, Communist forces led by Mao Zedong and the
Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek started fighting
again. The United States sent the Nationalist government $2 billion
in aid beginning in the mid-1940s, but they squandered the money
through poor military planning and corruption. The victorious
Communists established the Peoples Republic of China in October
1949.
Slide 32
In September 1949 the Soviet Union announced that it had
successfully tested the first atomic weapon. Then, in the early
1950s, the Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union signed a
treaty of friendship and alliance
Slide 33
At the end of World War II, General Douglas MacArthur had taken
charge of occupied Japan. Once the United States lost China as its
chief ally in Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the rapid
recovery of Japans industrial economy.
Slide 34
At the end of World War II, American and Soviet forces entered
Korea to disarm the Japanese troops stationed there. The Allies
divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude. Soviets controlled
the north, while American troops controlled the south.
Slide 35
On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded the south,
rapidly driving back the poorly equipped South Korean forces. With
the pledge of UN troops, Truman ordered General MacArthur to send
American troops from Japan to Korea. He pushed the North Koreans
north to the border with China.
Slide 36
China then drove the UN forces back across the 38th parallel
and MacArthur demanded approval to expand the war against China.
Truman declined, but MacArthur persisted, even criticizing the
president. Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination in April
1951.
Slide 37
Trumans concernthat an all-out war in Korea might lead to
nuclear warwas the main reason why he favored limited war. In
November 1951 peace negotiations began, but an armistice would not
be signed until July 1953.
Slide 38
The Korean War marked an important turning point in the Cold
War: the United States embarked on a major military buildup after
the war began. The Korean War also helped expand the Cold War to
Asia.
Slide 39
In 1954 the United States signed defense agreements with Japan,
South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Australia, forming the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Big Idea: Big Idea: Science and Technology Nuclear technology
enabled Eisenhower to change U.S. military policy, while new
missile technology marked the beginning of the space age. Main
Idea: Main Idea: Eisenhower fought the Cold War by increasing the
U.S. nuclear arsenal and using the threat of nuclear war to end
conflicts in Korea, Taiwan, and the Suez.
Slide 43
General Dwight D. Eisenhower won the presidential election in
1952 against the Democrat, Adlai Stevenson. Eisenhower was
convinced that the key to a victory in the Cold War was a strong
economy.
Slide 44
He used a policy called massive retaliation to prevent more
wars from happening. Eisenhowers willingness to threaten nuclear
war to maintain peace worried some people. Critics called this
brinkmanship and argued that it was too dangerous.
Slide 45
Eisenhower threatened Korea with a nuclear war, and in July
1953 negotiators signed an armistice. The battle line, very near
the 38th parallel, became the border between North Korea and South
Korea. American troops are still based in Korea, helping to defend
South Koreas border.
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Eisenhower once again threatened nuclear attack when China
tried to seize two small islands, as well as Taiwan, from the
Nationalists. China backed down soon afterward.
Slide 49
Because Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia,
Secretary of State Dulles withdrew aid from Egypt that would help
finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River. Egyptian
troops seized the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that had
controlled it. In October 1956 British and French troops invaded
Egypt.
Slide 50
The Soviet Union threatened rocket attacks on Britain and
France and offered to send troops to help Egypt. Under strong
pressure from the United States, the British and French called off
their invasion. Soon afterward, the Arab nations began accepting
Soviet aid, a diplomatic victory for the Soviets.
Slide 51
Main Idea: Main Idea: Eisenhower directed the Central
Intelligence Agency to use covert operations to limit the spread of
communism and Soviet influence.
Slide 52
To prevent uprisings in other countries, Eisenhower decided to
use covert operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA). Many of the CIAs operations took place in developing
nations. Many of these nations blamed European imperialism and
American capitalism for their problems.
Slide 53
One way to stop developing nations from moving into the
Communist camp was to provide them with financial aid. Two examples
of covert operations that achieved U.S. objectives took place in
Iran and Guatemala.
Slide 54
Covert operations did not always work, however. By 1965, Nikita
Khrushchev had emerged as the leader of the Soviet Union. The CIA
broadcast to Eastern Khrushchev's secret speech discrediting
Stalins policies. Many Eastern Europeans were frustrated with
Communist rule, and in June 1956 riots erupted. Khrushchev was not
prepared for an end to communism; the rebellion in Budapest was
crushed.
Slide 55
President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt emerged from the Suez
crises as a hero to the Arab people. By 1957, he had begun working
with Jordan and Syria to spread pan-Arabism. Eisenhower asked
Congress to authorize the use of military force whenever the
president thought it necessary to assist Middle East nations
resisting Communist aggressionalso known as the Eisenhower
Doctrine. In 1958 left-wing rebels, believed to be backed by Nasser
and the Soviet Union, seized power in Iraq. The United States
protected Beirut and British forces helped Jordan.
Slide 56
After the Hungarian uprising, Khrushchev reasserted Soviet
power and the superiority of communism. In 1957, after the launch
of Sputnik, Khrushchev boasted that capitalism would be buried. At
Eisenhowers invitation, Khrushchev visited the United States in
late 1959; they agreed to hold a summit in 1960.
Slide 57
Shortly before the summit was to begin, the Soviet Union shot
down an American U-2 spy plane. Khrushchev broke up the summit
after Eisenhower refused to apologize. As Eisenhower left office,
he warned Americans to be on guard against the influence of the
military-industrial complex in a democracy.
Slide 58
Long Range Causes: Both the United States and the Soviet Union
believe their economic and political systems are superior. Defeat
of Germany creates a power vacuum in Europe and leaves U.S. and
Soviet forces occupying parts of Europe. The U.S. wants to rebuild
Europes economy and support democratic governments to ensure peace
and security. The USSR wants Germany weak and believes nations on
its border should have Communist governments to ensure they remain
friendly.
Slide 59
Immediate Causes: At Yalta, Soviets promise to allow free
elections in Eastern Europe but instead gradually impose Communist
regimes. At Potsdam, Soviets want German reparations, but the U.S.
supports rebuilding Germanys economy. Soviet troops help Communists
in northern Iran, but U.S. pressure forces a withdrawal. George
Kennan sends the Long Telegram to U.S. officials, explaining that
the Soviets need to be contained. Soviets send aid to Communist
rebels in Greece and demand Turkey share control of the Dardanelles
with the USSR; Truman issues the Truman Doctrine and sends aid to
Greece and Turkey.
Slide 60
Effects in Europe: U.S. launches the Marshall Plan to rebuild
Europe. Germany is divided into two separate nations. The USSR
blockades Berlin; U.S. organizes the Berlin Airlift. The U.S.
creates NATO; the USSR creates the Warsaw Pact.
Slide 61
Global Effects: When China falls to communism, the U.S.
responds by helping Japan build up its economy and military. When
Communist North Korea invades South Korea, the U.S. organizes an
international force to stop the invasion.
Slide 62
Effects on the United States: Soviet spies are arrested. A new
Red Scare leads to laws restricting the Communist Party in the U.S.
and to investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee
and Senator Joseph McCarthy. Americans practice civil defense; some
build bomb shelters. President Eisenhower orders the development of
new rockets, bombers, and submarines that can carry nuclear
weapons. Eisenhower uses the CIA to covertly contain
communism.