Main Idea NotesMain Idea NotesMain IdeaMain Idea - the idea that - the idea that most of the passage covers; most of the passage covers; the basic point that the the basic point that the author wants to convey to author wants to convey to the reader.the reader.

Main Idea NotesMain Idea NotesSSupporting Detailsupporting Details - - The The sentences that explain, sentences that explain, describe, or support the describe, or support the main idea. main idea.

Main Idea NotesMain Idea NotesWhen looking for the main idea of a When looking for the main idea of a

passage, ask yourself these passage, ask yourself these questions:questions:· Why did the author write this · Why did the author write this passage? What is the point passage? What is the point he/she is trying to make? he/she is trying to make? · What is the passage mostly · What is the passage mostly about? What idea is conveyed about? What idea is conveyed in in the passage?the passage?

Main Idea NotesMain Idea NotesOne important thing to One important thing to remember is remember is that a that a main ideamain idea

and a and a topictopic are not the are not the same same thing. thing. The The main ideamain idea is a specific point is a specific point

the author is making, while the author is making, while the the topictopic is the general idea is the general idea of the passage.of the passage.

Author’s Purpose Author’s Purpose NotesNotesTo Determine Author’s To Determine Author’s Purpose & Attitude:Purpose & Attitude:-look for hidden meanings-look for hidden meanings-think about the words used-think about the words used-think about the author's -think about the author's life life and eventsand events

Author’s Purpose NotesAuthor’s Purpose NotesQuestions to ask Questions to ask yourself about the yourself about the author's attitude:author's attitude: 1. What is the author's 1. What is the author's purpose purpose in writing? (to in writing? (to entertain, entertain, inform, express, inform, express, or or persuade)persuade)2. Has the author 2. Has the author presented all presented all sides of an sides of an argument?argument?

Author’s Purpose NotesAuthor’s Purpose NotesQuestions to ask yourself Questions to ask yourself about the author's about the author's attitude:attitude: 3. If so, is the article 3. If so, is the article balanced balanced toward all points toward all points of view or of view or biased toward biased toward one point of one point of view?view? 4. Are there enough facts 4. Are there enough facts to to support each side?support each side?

Author’s Purpose NotesAuthor’s Purpose NotesQuestions to ask yourself Questions to ask yourself

about the about the author's author's attitude:attitude: 5. Can you trust what 5. Can you trust what the the author says? Does author says? Does the the author use words author use words that that have have a lot of a lot of emotion?emotion?

Author’s Purpose Author’s Purpose NotesNotesHints to help you determine the Hints to help you determine the

purpose of a passage:purpose of a passage:1. 1. EntertainEntertain - Does the - Does the writing writing make you laugh? Tell make you laugh? Tell you you stories? Keep stories? Keep you you interested?interested?2. 2. Inform - Inform - Does the writing Does the writing give give you information? Does it you information? Does it answer answer questions that you questions that you have?have?

Author’s Purpose Author’s Purpose NotesNotesHints to help you determine the Hints to help you determine the

purpose of a passage:purpose of a passage:3. 3. Express - Express - Does the writing Does the writing

share a belief or opinion share a belief or opinion with with you? Does it use feeling you? Does it use feeling words? words? Does it use the word Does it use the word "I"?"I"?

Author’s Purpose Author’s Purpose NotesNotesHints to help you determine the Hints to help you determine the

purpose of a passage:purpose of a passage:4. 4. Persuade - Persuade - Does the Does the writing try writing try to make you think to make you think a certain way a certain way about a topic? about a topic? Does it ask you Does it ask you to change your to change your mind, support an mind, support an idea, buy idea, buy something, or act in a something, or act in a certain certain way? way?

Summarization NotesSummarization Notes-A -A summarysummary is a shorter is a shorter way to way to tell the events or tell the events or details of a details of a passage. passage. -Only the -Only the most important most important

detailsdetails are conveyed in are conveyed in a a summary. summary.

Summarization Summarization NotesNotes

-A summary allows -A summary allows the the reader to see reader to see what the what the passage is passage is about.about.

Explaining Persuasive Explaining Persuasive TextText

What is Persuasion?What is Persuasion?When you When you persuadepersuade someone, you convince someone, you convince them to agree with your side them to agree with your side of an issue. As you prepare a of an issue. As you prepare a persuasive argument (when persuasive argument (when you write), keep these things you write), keep these things in mind: in mind:

1. Know your audience 1. Know your audience

Identify exactly who your Identify exactly who your audience will be, what audience will be, what they already know about they already know about the topic, and what you the topic, and what you want their response to want their response to your argument to be.your argument to be.

2. Know how to reach 2. Know how to reach themthem

Can your audience best be Can your audience best be reached through a written or reached through a written or audiovisual presentation? Will audiovisual presentation? Will you have better results you have better results through supplying facts and through supplying facts and figures or through an figures or through an emotional appeal? Should your emotional appeal? Should your tone be formal or personal?tone be formal or personal?

3. Know your stuff 3. Know your stuff Do your homework. Have Do your homework. Have all the information you all the information you need, organize it in the need, organize it in the most convincing fashion most convincing fashion you can, provide plenty of you can, provide plenty of support, and polish it support, and polish it before you present it.before you present it.

4. Know your opposition4. Know your oppositionThere really are two sides, or There really are two sides, or more, to every story, so more, to every story, so acknowledge counter-acknowledge counter-arguments. This helps build arguments. This helps build trust between you and your trust between you and your audience and allows you to audience and allows you to weaken your opponents' weaken your opponents' positions by anticipating positions by anticipating them.them.

5. Be respectful5. Be respectful

It's important to be respectful It's important to be respectful even when disagreeing with an even when disagreeing with an opponent. You should never use opponent. You should never use words like "stupid," "crazy," words like "stupid," "crazy," "dumb," or "ridiculous." Using "dumb," or "ridiculous." Using disrespectful words weakens disrespectful words weakens your credibility and adds nothing your credibility and adds nothing to your argument. You end up to your argument. You end up looking like the "stupid" one.looking like the "stupid" one.

6. Don't state the 6. Don't state the obviousobvious Never conclude an argument Never conclude an argument

with something like "This is my with something like "This is my opinion on ___________." Of opinion on ___________." Of course that's your opinion; course that's your opinion; otherwise you wouldn't write it! otherwise you wouldn't write it! As with all types of essays (not As with all types of essays (not just persuasive), every sentence just persuasive), every sentence should add something important should add something important to your paper. Such empty to your paper. Such empty sentences are unnecessary and sentences are unnecessary and weak. What do such sentences weak. What do such sentences contribute? contribute?

Persuasive Persuasive TechniquesTechniques

PropagandaPropaganda is the systematic is the systematic spread of information that spread of information that reflects or supportsreflects or supports a certain a certain viewpoint or bias. viewpoint or bias. Governments will often use Governments will often use propaganda during a propaganda during a warwar to to rallyrally citizens to citizens to opposeoppose the the enemy.enemy.

Name CallingName Calling - The name- - The name-calling technique is used when calling technique is used when a person, or an idea, is called a person, or an idea, is called something something negativenegative. . The The objectobject of using this of using this technique is to get the technique is to get the audience to audience to rejectreject the person the person or idea based on this or idea based on this negativenegative symbol. symbol.

Name CallingName Calling – – It keeps the audience from It keeps the audience from looking at available looking at available evidenceevidence. . Calling someone a "terrorist" is Calling someone a "terrorist" is an example of name callingan example of name calling

Glittering GeneralityGlittering Generality - - Glittering generalities is the Glittering generalities is the oppositeopposite of name calling. of name calling. It involves using It involves using positivepositive words words like like good, proper, right, good, proper, right, democracy, and patriotismdemocracy, and patriotism to to get the audience to get the audience to approveapprove a a person or idea. person or idea. It also keeps the audience It also keeps the audience from examining from examining evidenceevidence..

TransferTransfer - - The transfer The transfer technique is used when the technique is used when the authorityauthority or or prestigeprestige of of something generally respected something generally respected is is transferredtransferred to something the to something the propagandist propagandist wantswants the the audience to audience to acceptaccept..

TransferTransfer – – For example, many people For example, many people respect doctors. If the respect doctors. If the propagandist succeeds in propagandist succeeds in getting a doctor to approve a getting a doctor to approve a product, he or she is product, he or she is transferring the doctor's transferring the doctor's authority to that product. authority to that product. Therefore, the audience would Therefore, the audience would acceptaccept a product that may a product that may otherwise be otherwise be rejectedrejected..

Loaded WordsLoaded Words - - Loaded Loaded words and phrases are those words and phrases are those which have strong which have strong emotional emotional overtonesovertones or or connotationsconnotations. . They are used to They are used to trigger an trigger an emotionemotion in the reader. in the reader.

Loaded WordsLoaded Words – – Words like “weeds” and Words like “weeds” and “oppression” are loaded with “oppression” are loaded with negative associationsnegative associations. The . The following sentence is used to following sentence is used to make the reader feel make the reader feel dislikedislike toward the toward the lawbreakerslawbreakers: : “These lawbreakers are weeds “These lawbreakers are weeds that need to be pulled out of that need to be pulled out of our society!”our society!”

Peer PressurePeer Pressure - - Peer Peer pressure happens when a pressure happens when a friend or social peer tries to friend or social peer tries to convinceconvince you to do something you to do something based on your based on your relationshiprelationship with them. with them. The friend may The friend may threatenthreaten to to end the friendship if you do end the friendship if you do not not agreeagree..

StereotypingStereotyping - - Stereotyping Stereotyping is taking a is taking a qualityquality of one of one individualindividual and applying it to and applying it to every every individual in the individual in the groupgroup. . Let's say you have a tall friend Let's say you have a tall friend who is great at basketball. If who is great at basketball. If you decide that all tall people you decide that all tall people are good basketball players are good basketball players based on your one friend, you based on your one friend, you are stereotyping.are stereotyping.

StereotypingStereotyping – – Be on the watch for Be on the watch for stereotypes stereotypes authors authors might might use on use on purposepurpose or without or without even knowing it.even knowing it.

TestimonialTestimonial - - The The testimonial technique testimonial technique involves using a third involves using a third party party endorserendorser to to speakspeak on behalf of an idea or a on behalf of an idea or a cause. cause.

TestimonialTestimonial – – The testimonial device often The testimonial device often involves phrases beginning involves phrases beginning with "my doctor said," "Tiger with "my doctor said," "Tiger Woods said," "the Chicago Woods said," "the Chicago Tribune said," etc.Tribune said," etc. Testimonials are often used Testimonials are often used in ways that are in ways that are unfair and unfair and misleadingmisleading. .

TestimonialTestimonial – – The most common misuse of The most common misuse of the testimonial involves citing the testimonial involves citing individualsindividuals who are who are not not qualified qualified to make judgments to make judgments about a particular about a particular issueissue. . For example, a Hollywood star For example, a Hollywood star may not be qualified to speak may not be qualified to speak on the merits of a political on the merits of a political candidate.candidate.

EuphemismsEuphemisms – – A A euphemism is a euphemism is a mildmild, , indirect, or indirect, or vaguevague term that term that is is substitutedsubstituted for one for one considered harsh, blunt, or considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. offensive. It is used to It is used to pacifypacify or calm or calm an an audienceaudience..

EuphemismsEuphemisms – – "Defense Department" is "Defense Department" is a euphemism for a euphemism for “War “War Department.”Department.” “Visually “Visually challenged" is a challenged" is a euphemism for euphemism for "blind.“"blind.“

BandwagonBandwagon - - The The bandwagon technique bandwagon technique basically says, "basically says, "EveryoneEveryone else is doing it, so you else is doing it, so you shouldshould too." too." Since few of us want to be Since few of us want to be left behindleft behind, this technique , this technique can be quite can be quite successfulsuccessful..

Fact and Fact and OpinionOpinion

Fact and OpinionFact and OpinionTo be a good reader, you To be a good reader, you should be able to tell the should be able to tell the difference between a difference between a factfact and an and an opinionopinion. .

Fact and OpinionFact and OpinionFiguring out facts from Figuring out facts from opinions is something you opinions is something you do already. do already.

You may do it without You may do it without even knowing it. even knowing it.

FactFact A fact is a statement that A fact is a statement that

you can check or prove with you can check or prove with evidence (proof). evidence (proof).

This evidence may be in This evidence may be in what someone says, what someone says, something you see, or something you see, or something written in a book something written in a book or text. or text.

FactFact In other words, a fact is In other words, a fact is

something that can be something that can be proven. proven.

Facts are usually found in Facts are usually found in newspapers, textbooks, newspapers, textbooks, and news shows on and news shows on television.television.

Examples of Facts:Examples of Facts: Ronald Reagan was the 40th Ronald Reagan was the 40th

president of the United president of the United States. States.

The sun is 93 million miles The sun is 93 million miles away from Earth. away from Earth.

The restaurant's hours are The restaurant's hours are nine to five.nine to five.

Examples of Facts:Examples of Facts: **Heather thinks that the **Heather thinks that the

best team in the NBA is the best team in the NBA is the Dallas Mavericks. Dallas Mavericks.

OpinionOpinion An opinion is a An opinion is a

statement that cannot be statement that cannot be proven true or false. proven true or false.

Opinions are what people Opinions are what people believe, feel, or decide believe, feel, or decide about something. about something.

OpinionOpinion An opinion cannot be An opinion cannot be

proven right or wrong. proven right or wrong. Opinions are usually Opinions are usually

found in editorials, letters found in editorials, letters to the editor, and in to the editor, and in debates.debates.

Examples of Examples of OpinionsOpinions

Ronald Reagan was one of Ronald Reagan was one of the best presidents the the best presidents the United States has ever had. United States has ever had.

That movie was cool! That movie was cool! Computers are confusing. Computers are confusing. Blue is the prettiest color. Blue is the prettiest color.

Examples of Examples of OpinionsOpinions

The book was great. The book was great. People should not use cell People should not use cell

phones when driving. phones when driving. **Dallas has the best **Dallas has the best

team in the NBA.team in the NBA.

**Some people get confused about **Some people get confused about these types of statements. these types of statements.

You could ask Heather if she likes You could ask Heather if she likes the Mavericks, and she could tell the Mavericks, and she could tell you it's a fact that she likes you it's a fact that she likes them. them.

You could prove that she likes the You could prove that she likes the Mavericks just by asking her. Mavericks just by asking her.

In other words, it is a fact In other words, it is a fact that Heather has an opinion that Heather has an opinion about the Mavericks. about the Mavericks.

If she said, "Dallas has the If she said, "Dallas has the best team in the NBA," it best team in the NBA," it would be an opinion.would be an opinion.

Directions Directions and Proceduresand Procedures

Informational Informational TextText

Directions:Directions:

A list of the sequence of steps A list of the sequence of steps needed in order to complete a needed in order to complete a task.task.

What are some examples of What are some examples of tasks that require a set of tasks that require a set of directions?directions?

Following Instructions:Following Instructions: This requires attention to This requires attention to

detail!!detail!! For Example:For Example:

How much of something? = How much of something? = MeasurementsMeasurements: 2 cups, 2 tsp: 2 cups, 2 tsp

How long? = How long? = TimeTime: days, : days, hours, minutes, secondshours, minutes, seconds

What Order?What Order?

Doing things in a certain Doing things in a certain order can be very order can be very important. Knowing when important. Knowing when to do something will help to do something will help you use the directions you use the directions successfully.successfully.

What not to do?What not to do?

Directions often times tell Directions often times tell us what not to do. us what not to do. Following these are also Following these are also really important.really important.

Read all information Read all information carefully and slowly.carefully and slowly.

Tips for Following Tips for Following DirectionsDirections

Consult directions for materials needed Consult directions for materials needed before beginning the task.before beginning the task.

First familiarize yourself with the First familiarize yourself with the sequence of steps in the directions.sequence of steps in the directions.

Look over any diagrams and labels Look over any diagrams and labels before getting started.before getting started.

Tips for Following Tips for Following DirectionsDirections

Look over any diagrams Look over any diagrams and labels before getting and labels before getting started.started.

Follow each step in order Follow each step in order without skipping any of the without skipping any of the steps.steps.

Tips for Following Tips for Following DirectionsDirections

Save all directions in a Save all directions in a designated place for later designated place for later reference.reference.

Ask for help if you have Ask for help if you have questions or are confused by questions or are confused by any part of the directions.any part of the directions.

Functional TextFunctional Text

Forms and Forms and ApplicationsApplications

When filling out forms and When filling out forms and applications:applications:

1)1) You should always read the You should always read the entire form very carefully.entire form very carefully.

2)2) Check to make sure you have Check to make sure you have written the proper information in written the proper information in the proper location.the proper location.

3)3) Make sure your writing is legible.Make sure your writing is legible.

Common Information on Common Information on ApplicationsApplications

NameNameAddressAddressContact InformationContact InformationBirth DateBirth DatePrevious ExperiencePrevious ExperienceReferencesReferences

Different Types of FormsDifferent Types of FormsWarrantyWarranty – A Guarantee to the – A Guarantee to the

purchaser by a company purchaser by a company stating stating that the product is that the product is reliable and free reliable and free from defects from defects and that the seller will, and that the seller will, without without charge, repair or replace charge, repair or replace the the product within a given time product within a given time limit limit and under certain conditions.and under certain conditions.

Different Types of FormsDifferent Types of Forms

ContractContract – An agreement – An agreement between two or more between two or more

parties, especially one parties, especially one that is written and that is written and enforceable by law.enforceable by law.

Author’s Author’s Technique Technique

NotesNotes

Informational Informational Text Text

Author’s Technique Author’s Technique NotesNotes--A challenging but A challenging but important task important task for the for the reader is to figure out reader is to figure out the author's opinion, the author's opinion, purpose, purpose, and attitude. and attitude. -Since the author may not -Since the author may not directly directly state his or her state his or her purpose, the purpose, the reader must reader must look for hidden look for hidden meanings.meanings.

Author’s Technique Author’s Technique NotesNotes --The reader must look for The reader must look for

underlying underlying assumptions and assumptions and recognize bias, emotional recognize bias, emotional

language, or language, or propaganda that propaganda that the the author uses to make his author uses to make his or or her point.her point.

Author’s Technique Author’s Technique NotesNotes Questions to ask Questions to ask yourself about the yourself about the author's techniques: author's techniques: 1. What is the 1. What is the author's author's purpose in writing? purpose in writing? (to (to persuade, persuade, entertain, entertain, inform, direct)inform, direct)

Author’s Technique Author’s Technique NotesNotes 2. Has the author 2. Has the author presented presented all all sides of an argument? sides of an argument?

3. If so, is the article 3. If so, is the article balanced balanced toward toward all positions or all positions or

biased toward one?biased toward one?

Author’s Technique Author’s Technique NotesNotes 4. Is there enough 4. Is there enough evidence to evidence to support each side? support each side?

5. Is the evidence 5. Is the evidence reliable and reliable and convincing?convincing?

Author’s Technique Author’s Technique NotesNotes 6. Does the author use 6. Does the author use words words that convey that convey emotion? emotion?

7. Does the article 7. Does the article seem to seem to present propaganda? present propaganda?

Organizational Organizational Features NotesFeatures Notes

Informational Informational TextText

Organizational Features Organizational Features NotesNotes--Images are often accompanied by Images are often accompanied by

captionscaptions. . -A caption is a short description of -A caption is a short description of an an illustration. illustration. -It gives additional information -It gives additional information about a about a topic, describes the topic, describes the subject of the subject of the picture, and shows picture, and shows

how it relates how it relates to the article. to the article.

SourcesSources --The places where you find The places where you find information information -It is very important to name (or -It is very important to name (or

citecite) the sources you use ) the sources you use when when you write a report you write a report --PlagiarismPlagiarism is when you copy is when you copy someone else's work or use their someone else's work or use their

ideas without giving them ideas without giving them credit. credit. - use quotation marks if you used - use quotation marks if you used

someone else's exact words. someone else's exact words.

Citing SourcesCiting Sources --FootnotesFootnotes list sources or list sources or additional additional information in the information in the

order the writer used them order the writer used them in in the report. the report. --Credit picturesCredit pictures with a note with a note right right under the picture.under the picture.

Works Cited PageWorks Cited Page (also called a (also called a BibliographyBibliography) ) · at the end of your report. · at the end of your report. · in alphabetical order by the · in alphabetical order by the

author's last name. author's last name. · include the author, title, type · include the author, title, type of of source, and date. source, and date.

HeadingsHeadings -give the reader clues about what -give the reader clues about what he he or she will find in the text or she will find in the text below it.below it.-If the reader is trying to locate a -If the reader is trying to locate a

specific fact, he or she can look specific fact, he or she can look at at the headings to figure out the headings to figure out where to where to find the information. find the information. -He or she does not have to read -He or she does not have to read the the entire article to find the entire article to find the information information he or she needs!he or she needs!

HeadingsHeadings -If a writer is covering a lot of -If a writer is covering a lot of information, headings can be information, headings can be helpful in organizing that helpful in organizing that information.information.-Think of headings as "titles" and -Think of headings as "titles" and

subheadings as "mini-titles."subheadings as "mini-titles."

Organizational Features Organizational Features

GlossaryGlossary- an alphabetical list of - an alphabetical list of special words and their special words and their

definitions; definitions; usually found at the usually found at the back of a back of a textbook or other textbook or other nonfiction book. nonfiction book. IndexIndex - a list of all the - a list of all the key wordskey words in in the book and their page the book and their page numbers; numbers; in alphabetical order in alphabetical order and usually and usually found at the back of found at the back of the book. the book.

Organizational Organizational Features Features PrefacePreface -an introduction to a -an introduction to a book -to see what the book is book -to see what the book is going to be going to be about about -to find out how it will be -to find out how it will be organized. -usually written by organized. -usually written by the author, but the author, but not always. not always.

Organizational Features Organizational Features

AppendixAppendix - the extra information - the extra information that appears at the end of a that appears at the end of a

book to add to and explain the book to add to and explain the material in the chapters. material in the chapters. Bold printBold print - used for titles, - used for titles, headings, headings, and subheadings. and subheadings.

-used to point out, or call your -used to point out, or call your attention to, a particular word attention to, a particular word

or or main idea. main idea.

Organizational Organizational Features Features KeywordsKeywords - words that you - words that you use to use to look up a topic in an look up a topic in an index, index, library catalogue, or library catalogue, or Internet Internet search engine. search engine. -must be specific and clearly -must be specific and clearly

relate relate to the topic. to the topic. -should not be too broad or -should not be too broad or generalgeneral

Interpreting Interpreting Graphic FeaturesGraphic Features

NotesNotes

Informational TextInformational Text

Tips for reading maps Tips for reading maps and graphsand graphs::1.1. Read the title of the map Read the title of the map or or graph first. graph first. -This will help you -This will help you understand understand what the map what the map or graph is or graph is displaying.displaying.

2.2. Read the text on or Read the text on or around around the map or graph (if the map or graph (if any). any). -This will help you -This will help you understand understand the type of the type of information that information that is on the is on the map or graph.map or graph. 3.3. Identify what type of map Identify what type of map or or graph you are looking at. graph you are looking at. -Get familiar with the -Get familiar with the different different types of maps types of maps and graphs.and graphs.

Types of MapsTypes of MapsPhysical maps - Physical maps - show the show the

Earth's land forms and Earth's land forms and bodies bodies of water. of water. -Uses lines, shading, -Uses lines, shading, tints, tints, spot spot elevations, and elevations, and different colors different colors to show to show elevation. elevation. -Shows the difference -Shows the difference between between mountains and mountains and lowlands.lowlands.

Types of MapsTypes of MapsPolitical mapsPolitical maps - show - show boundaries that divide cities, boundaries that divide cities,

states, and countries. states, and countries. -Some show the boundaries -Some show the boundaries by by printing the areas in printing the areas in different different colors. colors. -For example, world maps -For example, world maps usually show each country in usually show each country in

a different color.a different color.

Types of MapsTypes of MapsTopographic mapsTopographic maps - use lines to - use lines to

show the shape and elevation show the shape and elevation of of the land. the land.

Road mapRoad map - helps travelers go - helps travelers go from from one place to another. one place to another. -Some show only interstate -Some show only interstate highways, highways, while others show a while others show a detailed detailed network of roads, network of roads, including the including the back roads. back roads.

Types of GraphsTypes of GraphsBar graphs – Bar graphs – represent represent variables variables that are distinct that are distinct and and unconnected between unconnected between data data points points Line graphsLine graphs - represent - represent variables that have variables that have continuous continuous intervals that are intervals that are unbroken unbroken sequences (e.g., sequences (e.g., growth of a growth of a plant)plant)

Types of GraphsTypes of Graphs

Pie Chart - Pie Chart - an excellent an excellent way way to to show how the sizes show how the sizes of of the parts the parts compare to compare to each each other and the whole. other and the whole.