Mainstreaming social inclusion seminar - 26 April 2004

Developing measures of spatial deprivation in Northern Ireland

Robert Beatty

Targeting needTargeting need

“New Targeting Social Need is about identifying people and areas in greatest need in our society and trying to ensure that government programmes are more effective in helping them.”

Subject - developing measures to inform spatial targeting.

Outline of talkOutline of talk

Part 1 – Description of the spatial measures of deprivation currently used in Northern Ireland

Part 2 – Dissemination of the information and examples of application of the measures

What is required?What is required?

Robust statistical indicatorsRelevant to ‘deprivation’ or ‘disadvantage’Available for all geographic areas

A little historyA little history

1970s – Areas of special social need1980s – Areas of relative social need1990s – Relative deprivation in Northern

Ireland (Robson)

Census of Population

1971 1981 1991 Ten-year cycle Can be using 12 year-old data

Using administrative dataUsing administrative data

Attraction in using administrative dataLow-cost, up-to-date, full coverageHistorical access problems (IT)Also allocating cases to geographic units

(Old) Administrative geography

Electoral Wards(566)

Av. population 3,000

Assembly Areas (Parliamentary

Constituencies)(18)

Local Government

Districts(26)

Size of target areasSize of target areas

Depends on the nature of policy intervention

Major industrial initiative – Local Authority level (Local Area Unit 1 [LAU 1])

Community based – Ward level (Local Area Unit 2 [LAU 2])

Most user interest at Ward level

Deprivation indicatorsDeprivation indicators

As direct as possible a measure of the domain deprivation

Major feature of the deprivation (not experienced by just a few people)

Up-to-date and updateableStatistically robustAvailable and applicable throughout

Northern Ireland

Using administrative dataUsing administrative data

Requirement to link administrative data sets to geographic areas

UK system ‘postcodes’Operated by Post OfficeEvery address has a postcodePostcode covers, on average, 15 households

(Old) Geography

Electoral Wards(566)

Assembly Areas (Parliamentary

Constituencies)(18)

Local Government

Districts(26)

Unit Postcodes ( about 40,000)

Research project 2000-2001Research project 2000-2001

Team from University of Oxford (Mike Noble)

Identify set of indicatorsCombine into measures of deprivationPublished summer 2001

Domains of deprivation

Income Geographical Access

Employment Social Environment

Health Housing

Education

Brought together in measure of multiple deprivation

Income Deprivation: Indicators

People in households receiving – Income Support Income Based Job Seekers Allowance Family Credit Disability Working Allowance (All from DSD, August 1999)

Income Deprivation: Measure

Four benefits non-overlapping System identifies number of people in

household of recipient Simple addition of people in such

households Expressed as percentage of area’s

population Measure is a percentage

Education Deprivation: Indicators

GSCE point score School-leavers not staying-on 17-20 year-olds not applying to HE Year 11 & 12 not in grammar school Absenteeism at secondary level School-leavers with no qualifications Adults with no qualifications

Education Deprivation: Measure

Person or household can experience more than one indicator

Measure created by combining indicators using factor analysis approach

Data reduction method “Weighted average approach”

Measure of multiple deprivation

Measures on 7 domains Desire to have a measure of overall, or

multiple, deprivation Common problem – how to give relative

importance to domains Weights subject to agreement

WeightingIncome Deprivation 25%Employment Deprivation 25%Health & Disability Deprivation 15%Education, Skills & Training 15%Geographical Access 10%Housing Deprivation 5%Social Environment 5%

Criteria - Priority Order- Robustness

Interpreting multiple Interpreting multiple deprivation rankingsdeprivation rankings

Domain Ladybrook Brookeborough

Multiple 171 172

Income 144 167

Employment 158 255

Health 119 181

Education 233 390

Access 516 27

Housing 424 46

Social Environ. 63 478

Pockets of DeprivationPockets of Deprivation

Used the geography of the 1991 CensusCensus Enumeration DistrictsTypical population about 450 peopleIdentify pockets of deprivationIncome domain and Employment domain

(Old) Geography

Electoral Wards(566)

Census EDs (3729)

Assembly Areas (Parliamentary

Constituencies)(18)

Local Government

Districts(26)

Unit Postcodes (c40,000) –search only

What information is available?What information is available?

Each ward scored and ranked on 7 domains of deprivation, plus a multiple measure

Enumeration District scores on the two most important, and robust, domains (pockets of deprivation)

A number of summary statistics at LGD level

Use of the measuresUse of the measures

Commended for use by all departments for spatial targeting

NISRA recommendation is to use the targeting tool most appropriate for the programme – need not be Noble

Spatial only one aspect of targeting

Targeting and monitoringTargeting and monitoring

Noble measures are the preferred tools for targeting

Composite measures not well-suited to monitoring change

For monitoring, use individual indicatorsNeighbourhood Statistics system (later)

Updating the measuresUpdating the measures

Published in 2001Data refer to mid 1999More up-to-date data available now2001 CensusNew research underwayPublication early 2005

In part two ….In part two ….

Applying the measuresDisseminating the informationLinkages to other statisticsExamples of applications

Spatial measures of deprivation

Part 2 – Dissemination and application

Robert Beatty

Information about deprivationInformation about deprivation

Internet main dissemination toolHard copy reportHard copy User guideSeries of presentations and seminars

Neighbourhood Information Neighbourhood Information System (NINIS)System (NINIS)

NISRA’s online Geographical Information System

Ward-level statistical informationIncludes deprivation outputsInteractive mapping facilitywww.ninis.nisra.gov.uk

Neighbourhood Information Neighbourhood Information System (NINIS)System (NINIS)

Demonstration

Application of the measuresApplication of the measures- comments- comments

No ‘master list’ of deprived wardsApplication appropriate to the policyPromoting the use of the domains

Applications of the measures - Applications of the measures - examplesexamples

International Fund for IrelandStamp Duty ReliefPEACE II allocations to LSPs

International Fund for IrelandInternational Fund for Ireland

Non-government body that targets deprivation with an emphasis on labour market

Used multiple deprivation measure and employment deprivation

Historically targeted about one-third of Northern Ireland, using wards

International Fund for IrelandInternational Fund for Ireland

Identified 175 most deprived wards on multiple deprivation measure and similarly on employment deprivation

Wards qualified on either / or basisTarget list of 197 wardsAugmented by small number of deprived

EDs in 34 non-designated wards

Stamp duty reliefStamp duty relief

Stamp duty charged on house purchases over £60,000 in UK

UK initiative to encourage deprived areas – no stamp duty up to £150,000

Applies to 10% worst wards throughout UKNI wards defined by the measure of

multiple deprivation

PEACE II allocationsPEACE II allocations

Resources from Priority 3 of the PEACE II Operational Programme

Requirement to allocate resources to 26 Local Strategy Partnerships (LSPs)

Guidelines state that resources should be allocated on the basis of a formula based on “population weighted by deprivation”

PEACE II allocationsPEACE II allocations

Allocations to LSPs based on: - 1/3 - ‘most deprived areas’ 1/3 - ‘number of deprived people’ 1/3 - population

Most deprived areasMost deprived areas

The most deprived 10% of EDs across Northern Ireland used for allocation.

Strabane has 16 EDs among the 10% most deprived, with 3.7% of the population

Use of EDs allows pockets of deprivation to contribute

Measured using a combination of Income and Employment domains

Most deprived areasMost deprived areas

LGD Deprived EDs

Population Population share (%)

Cookstown 6 2,100 1.1

Dungannon 4 1,400 0.8

Fermanagh 3 700 0.4

Limavady 3 1,800 1.0

Magherafelt - - -

Strabane 16 6.900 3.7

N Ireland 373 185,700 100

Defining deprived areasDefining deprived areasPercentage of EDs defined as deprived

Fermanagh’s share of population

Derry’s share of population

10 0.4 20.9

20 1.8 15.1

30 2.0 12.0

40 2.8 11.1

50 3.5 10.2

100 3.4 6.3

Scale of deprivationScale of deprivation

‘Most deprived areas’ approach can be criticised as excluding deprived people outside deprived areas

Scale of deprivation counts all ‘deprived’ people within an LGD - need count data to use this method

Can use income and employment domains Dungannon has 3.45% of income deprived people

in Northern Ireland Similar exercise for employment deprivation

Scale of deprivation - incomeScale of deprivation - income

LGD Number of income deprived

Share of income deprived (%)

Cookstown 10,900 2.4

Dungannon 16,100 3.5

Fermanagh 17,000 3.7

Limavady 9,700 2.1

Magherafelt 11,400 2.4

Strabane 15,400 3.3

N Ireland 466,500 100

Population sharePopulation share

Relatively straightforwardFermanagh has 3.39% of the Northern

Ireland population so gets 3.39% of the resources

Population sharesPopulation shares

LGD Population Population

share (%)

Cookstown 31,600 1.9

Dungannon 48,500 2.9

Fermanagh 57,600 3.4

Limavady 31,900 1.9

Magherafelt 39,300 2.3

Strabane 37,800 2.2

N Ireland 1,697,800 100

Example - LisburnExample - Lisburn

PEACE II had £74m to distribute£24.7 m on each of three basesDeprived areasDeprived people(Half using income deprived, half using

income deprived)Population

Example - LisburnExample - Lisburn Deprived areas – Lisburn has 5.6 % of population living

in the worst EDs in Northern Ireland, so receives £1.38m (5.6% of £24.7m)

Deprived people – Lisburn has 5.4% of income deprived persons, so receives £0.67m (5.4% of £12.35m)

Deprived people – Lisburn has 5.0% of employment deprived persons, so receives £0.62m (5.0% of £12.35m)

Population – Lisburn has 6.58% of NI population, so receives £1.62m (6.58% of £24.7m)

So Lisburn receives £4.3m in total

ConclusionConclusionWidespread dissemination of the researchUse of the internet as the main toolProactive organisation of seminarsPublication of guidanceWidely used by government and beyond

The EndThe End