Major Earthquakes in Indo-Pak

Major Earthquakes

Atta-e-Mustafa (2015-MS-CES-01) 1 | P a g e

Table of Contents

1. Preamble ............................................................................................................................ 2

2. History of Earthquakes in Indo-Pak Subcontinent ....................................................... 3

3. Major Earthquake in Indo-Pak Subcontinent ............................................................... 4

3.1. Rann of Kutch earthquake 1819 ................................................................................ 4

3.2. Kangra earthquake 1905 .............................................................................................. 5

3.3. Gujarat earthquake 2001 ............................................................................................. 6

3.4. Balochistan earthquake 1935 ....................................................................................... 7

3.5. Uttarkashi earthquake 1991......................................................................................... 8

3.6. AssamTibet earthquake 1950..................................................................................... 9

3.7. Balochistan earthquake 1945 ..................................................................................... 10

3.8. Kashmir Earthquake 2005 ........................................................................................ 11

3.9. Pakistan earthquake 2011 .......................................................................................... 12

3.10. Pakistan earthquake 2013 ........................................................................................... 13

4. References ......................................................................................................................... 15

Major Earthquakes


MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDO-PAK SUBCONTINENT

1. Preamble

Plate tectonics cause many of the physical features that we see on earth today like volcanoes

and earthquakes, but also other geologic features like faults. A geologic fault is a fracture in

the earths crust causing loss of cohesion and accompanied by displacement along the fracture.

At the Earths surface, rock will break (brittle behavior) when put under large amounts of stress.

Deep within the earth, however, rocks flow plastically (ductile behavior). The force, or stress,

exerted on the rock may cause a change in shape or volume of the rock, called strain.

Because rocks can flow when they are deep within the earth, they are considered ductile.

They pass the point of ductile behavior closer to the earths surface, where the rocks behave

more brittle. When rocks pass from this ductile state to a brittle state, the rocks may break

along a surface called a fault. The sudden release of stored strain energy causes an

earthquake.[1]

Hence Earthquake can be defined as:

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release

of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic

activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a

period of time.[2]

The shaking during an earthquake is caused by seismic waves. Seismic waves are generated

when rock within the crust breaks, producing a tremendous amount of energy. The energy

released moves out in all directions as waves, much like ripples radiating outward when you

drop a pebble in a pond. The Earths crust near tectonic plate edges are forced to bend,

compress, and stretch due to the internal forces within the earth, causing earthquakes.

Fig-1: Movement during an earthquake

Major Earthquakes


2. History of Earthquakes in Indo-Pak Subcontinent

The most disappointing observation is that despite a written tradition extending beyond 1500

B.C. we know very little about Indian earthquakes earlier than 500 years before the present,

and records are close to complete only for earthquakes in the most recent 200 years. This

presents a problem for estimating recurrence intervals between significant earthquakes, the

holy grail of historic earthquake studies. Certainly no repetition of an earthquake has ever been

recognized in the written record of India and the Himalaya, although great earthquakes in the

Himalaya should do so at least once and possibly as much as three times each millennium. The

strain rate within the Indian plate is observed to be less than 3 ns/yr (Bilham and Gaur, 2000)

and the renewal time for earthquakes in the sub-continent may exceed many thousands of years,

rendering it unlikely that earthquakes will have repeated during the time of written records.

In contrast, trench investigations indicate that faults have been repeatedly active both

on the subcontinent (Sukhija et al., 1999; Rajendran, 2000) and within the Himalayan

plate boundary (Wesnousky et al., 1999). The excavation of active faults and

liquefaction features is likely to play an important role in extending the historical

earthquake record of Indian earthquakes in the next several decades. [3]

Fig-2: Map Showing Locations of Major, Significant Earthquakes and Tsunamis

Major Earthquakes


3. Major Earthquake in Indo-Pak Subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating earthquakes. The major reason for the

high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the Indian plate is driving intoAsia at a

rate of approximately 47 mm/year. The following are of major earthquakes in Indo-Pak.

3.1. Rann of Kutch earthquake 1819 [4]

Location

The 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake occurred on 16 June. The earthquake caused an area of

subsidence to that formed the Sindri Lake and a local zone of uplift to the north about 80 km

long, 6 km wide and 6 m high that dammed the Puram River. This natural dam was known as

the Allah Bund ("Dam of God") 23.0N 71.0E

Fig-3: Locations of Rann of Kutch earthquake 1819

Magnitude

It had an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 on the moment magnitude scale and a

maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.

Ground Acceleration

The maximum estimated acceleration is 0.7 g from collapse of very small structures near

Vondh and Bhachau.

Plates Movements/ Fault Lines

The Kutch District of modern-day Gujarat lies about 400 km from the plate boundary between

the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, but the current tectonics is still governed by the effects

of the continuing continental collision along this boundary.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1819_Rann_of_Kutch_earthquake&params=23.0_N_71.0_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_collision

Major Earthquakes


During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic, this area was affected by rifting with a

roughly west-east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening,

involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and development of new low-anglethrust

faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch. The focal

mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults.

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-

dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.

Damages

As many as 15670buildings were reported to have been demolished by the earthquake. At least

people are estimated to have been killed and 130,870 domestic animals were also lost. There

was also major damage to the network of hillside aqueducts that fed water to the affected area.

3.2. Kangra earthquake 1905 [7] [5]

Location

The 1905 Kangra earthquake occurred in the Kangra Valley and the Kangra region of Himachal

Pradesh in India on 4 April 1905. Its Epicentre lies 3.9 kilometers south of Pathyar (H.P.),

India 32.10o N, 76.40o E

Fig-4: Locations of Kangra earthquake 1905

Magnitude

The earthquake measured 7.8 on the surface wave magnitude scale.

Ground Acceleration

The peak ground acceleration for 10% probability in 50 years comes around 0.7 g.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

Major Earthquakes



The continued thrusting towards the south resulting from the collision of the Indian and

Eurasian plates produced the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and the Main Boundary Thrust

(MBT), besides uplifting the Himalaya. The present deformation front is at the foot of the

Siwalik hills of India and Nepal marked by Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF).

Damages

As many as 100,000 buildings were reported to have been demolished by the earthquake. At

least 20,000 people are estimated to have been killed and 53,000 domestic animals were also

lost. There was also major damage to the network of hillside aqueducts that fed water to the

affected area. The total cost of recovering from the effects of the earthquake were calculated

as 2.9 million (1905) rupees.

3.3. Gujarat earthquake 2001 [6] [8]

Location

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on 26 January, India's 52nd Republic Day. The picentre

was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District

of Gujarat, India 23.6N 69.8E.

Fig-5: Map Showing Locations Gujrat Earthquake (2001)

Magnitude

The earthquake reached 7.70 on the moment magnitude scale.

Ground Acceleration

The predicted maximum ground acceleration and ground velocity in the epicentral region of

the Gujarat earthquake are estimated to be 0.800.95g and 4055 cm/sec respectively.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chobari&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhachauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talukahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale

Major Earthquakes



The collision process of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate is still underway at a rate of

45 mm year1, induced an anticlockwise rotation of the plate.

Damages

The final death toll in Kutch was 12,300. Bhuj, situated only 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the

epicenter, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in Bhachau and Anjarwith

hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj & Bhachau. Over a million structures

were damaged or destroyed, including many historic buildings and tourist attractions. The

quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj

and partly destroyed the city's historic Swaminarayan temple and historic fort as well Prag

Mahal and Aina Mahal. In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of 5.6

million, as many as 50 multi-storied buildings collapsed and several hundred people were

killed. Total property damage was estimated at $5.5 billion and rising. In Kutch, the earthquake

destroyed about 60% of food and water supplies and around 258,000 houses 90% of the

district's housing stock.

3.4. Balochistan earthquake 1935 [9]

Location

The 1935 Balochistan earthquake occurred on 31 May 1935 at 3:02 am at Quetta, Balochistan,

British India (now part of Pakistan). The quake was centred 4.0 kilometres South West of Ali

Jaan, Balochistan, British India 29.5N 66.8E

Fig-6: Map Showing Locations Balochistan earthquake 1935

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhujhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhachauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjar,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Bhujhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioners_Province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Jaanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Jaanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1935_Balochistan_earthquake&params=29.5_N_66.8_E_

Major Earthquakes


Magnitude

The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7.

Ground Acceleration

The results of the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Quetta for the return period of 500

years indicate a PGA ground motion of 4.8 m/s2.


Quetta and its neighbouring towns lie in the most active seismic region of Pakistan atop the

Chaman and Chiltan faults.

Damages

Most of the reported casualties occurred in the city of Quetta. Initial communiqu drafts issued

by the Government estimated a total of 20,000 people buried under the rubble, 10,000 survivors

and 4,000 injured. The city was badly damaged and was immediately prepared to be sealed

under the military guard with medical advice. All the villages between Quetta and Kalat were

destroyed.

3.5. Uttarkashi earthquake 1991

The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake occurred on 20 October 1991 in the Uttarkashi and Gharwal

regions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It occurred within the main thrust system of the

Himalayas 30.780N 78.774E.

Magnitude

The earthquake measured 7.0 magnitude.

Fig-7: Map Showing Locations Uttarkashi earthquake 1991

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaman_Faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communiqu%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarkashihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1991_Uttarkashi_earthquake&params=30.780_N_78.774_E_type:event_region:IN-UL

Major Earthquakes


Ground Acceleration

The mean peak ground acceleration at Tehri for the epicenter estimated using the composite

source model is 494 98 cm/s2 for the E-W component and 970 327 cm/s2 for the N-S

component while for the epicenter are 542 83 cm/s2 and 778 273 cm/s2 respectively. [10]


Uttarkashi lies in the main Alpine Himalayan belt, one of the most earthquake prone regions

of the world. Crustal instability in this belt is ascribed to the movement of the Indian plate

towards the Eurasian plate at the rate of about 50mm per year. Besides several local faults, two

prominent thrusts tending northwest to southeast, from the conspicuous tectonic features.

Damages

The earthquake caused strong ground shaking in the district of Uttarkashi, Tehri, and Chamoli

in the state of Uttar Pradesh (Figure 1). Official information indicates that population of about

307,000 in 1,294 villages were effected; 768 persons died while 5,066 were injured. In addition

the earthquake claimed 3,096 head of livestock. As many as 42,400 houses were damaged. The

roads between Uttarkashi and Gangotri were disrupted.[11]

3.6. AssamTibet earthquake 1950 [12]

Location

The 1950 AssamTibet earthquake also known as the Assam earthquake or Medog earthquake,

occurred on August 15. The epicentre was located near Rima, Tibet 28.5N 96.5E. It was the 10th largest earthquake of the 20th century.

Fig-8: Map Showing Locations AssamTibet earthquake 1950

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Regionhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1950_Assam%E2%80%93Tibet_earthquake&params=28.5_N_96.5_E_

Major Earthquakes


Magnitude

The magnitude of Assam-Tibet Earthquake was recorded as 8.6 on Richter Scale.

Ground Acceleration

Damage to roads, railways, bridges and buildings was extensive and the estimated acceleration

on alluvium in the epicentral region was 0.5 g.


This earthquake was caused by a motion of the Asian plate relative to the eastern flank of the

Indian plate where the NE Assam block is imparted a tendency of rotation with fracture lines

being developed along its periphery.

Damages

It was felt over an estimated area of 3 million km2 in India, Burma, East Pakistan, Tibet and

China and caused some 1500 deaths. The earthquake had severe effects on topography and the

regime of rivers: Riverbeds had considerably silted up and many had permanently changed

their courses, adding the effects of floods to those of shaking. Aerial reconnaissance revealed

that 10,000 km2 of hill area were affected by landslides. The spread of aftershocks activity

extended from about 910 to 97Eand 24to 33Nwith the epicenter of the main shock near the

eastern margin. Damage to roads, railways, bridges and buildings was extensive.

3.7. Balochistan earthquake 1945 [12]

Location

The 1945 Balochistan Earthquake occurred in British India on 28 November 1945. The

earthquake's epicenter was 97.6 kilometers south-southwest of Pasni in Balochistan and a

tsunami caused damage along the Makran coastal region 24.5N 63.0E

Fig-9: Map Showing Locations Balochistan Earthquake 1945

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasni_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makranhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1945_Balochistan_earthquake&params=24.5_N_63.0_E_

Major Earthquakes


Magnitude

The Earthquake was of moment magnitude of 8.1 and a maximum perceived intensity of X

(Intense) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.

Height of Waves

This Earthquake produced 12-15 m high sea waves. The ground acceleration was 0.6g during

that earthquake.


Balochistan, that forms the Western boundary of the Indian plate, is also absorbing immense

pressure from the Arabian plate in the south that is subducting under the Eurasian plate in

the Makran Subduction zone. The Indian plate, being such a huge land mass, has a lot of inertia

that means that it has still not stopped moving and is still slowly grinding into the Eurasian

plate. This one is in slow-motion, though. As a result the Tibetan plateau continues to rise and

Mount Everest keeps getting higher by approximately 4 millimeters each year

Damages

Along the Makran coast of Pakistan, the tsunami reached a maximum run up height of 13 m

(40 feet). Its waves destroyed fishing villages and caused great damage to port facilities. More

than 4,000 people died from the combined effects of the earthquake and the tsunami, but most

deaths were caused by the tsunami.

3.8. Kashmir Earthquake 2005 [14]

The 2005 Kashmir earthquake occurred at 08:52:37 Pakistan Standard Time on 8 October in

the Kashmir region of South Asia. It was centered in Pakistan-administered Kashmir , near the

city of Muzaffarabad. Its epicenter was located in the north of Muzaffarabad about 19-20 km

and in the east of Balakot tehsil of district Mansehra 342935N 733744E. Its hypocenter

was located at a depth of 16 km below the surface.

Magnitude

It registered a moment magnitude of 7.6 making it similar in size to the 1906 San Francisco

earthquake, the 1935 Quetta earthquake, the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, and the 2009 Sumatra

earthquakes.

Ground Acceleration

It is found that he PGA near the epicenter was more than 1g.


This earthquake resulted from the seismic activity resulting from the collision of Indian plate

and Eurasian plate, because of northwestward motion of Indian plate.

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Major Earthquakes


Fig-10: Kashmir Earthquake in 2005

Damages

Its main impact zone was in AJK and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. An area

(mostly mountainous and rugged terrain) of about 30,000 sq. km approximately was affected

by this earthquake. It damaged about 6,440 km roads. It damaged 50-70 % of services like

power, water and sanitation etc. Approximately 400,153 houses, 6,298 schools and 796 health

facilities were damaged and destroyed. UN 2006. Approximately 100,000 people were dead,

around 138,000 people were seriously injured and 3.5 million people were displaced in this

earthquake.

3.9. Pakistan earthquake 2011

The 2011 Pakistan earthquake was a magnitude Mw 7.2 earthquake that had its epicenter 45

kilometers west of Dalbandin inBalochistan.[2] The epicenter is located in a sparsely populated

area. The United States Geological Survey reported the earthquake took place on January 18,

2011 at 20:23:17 UTC (on January 19 at 01:23 AM local time) at 28.838N, 63.974E.

Magnitude

The magnitude of earthquake was recorded as 7.2 and it was felt with Mercali intensity MM

IV in Islamabad, MM IV Karachi, MM IV in Muscat, MM IV in Delhi, MM III in Kabul, MM

III in Dubai, and MM III Abu Dhabi.

Ground Acceleration

The Peak Ground Acceleration near the epicenter was estimated as 0.34g to 0.65g

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Major Earthquakes


Fig-11: Epicenter of Pakistan Earthquake 2011


This major earthquake occurred as a result of normal faulting within the lithosphere of the

subducted Arabian plate. Arabian-plate lithosphere is subducted beneath the Eurasia plate at

the Makran coast of Pakistan and Iran, and becomes progressively deeper to the north. The

subducted Arabian plate is known to be seismically active to depths of about 160 km.

3.10. Pakistan earthquake 2013 [15]

Location

The 2013 Pakistan earthquake took place on 24 September. Its epicentre was 66 kilometres

(41 mi) north-northeast of Awaran in the province of Balochistan, southwestern Pakistan

26.971N 65.520E.

Magnitude

This recorded moment magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 on Richter scale and intensity was

IX (Intense) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.

Ground acceleration

The ground acceleration near the epicenter was recorded as 0.6g to 0.65g.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=2013_Pakistan_earthquake&params=26.971_N_65.520_E_&title=Pakistan+earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale

Major Earthquakes


Fig-12: Epicenter of Pakistan Earthquake 2011


This earthquake in south-central Pakistan occurred as the result of oblique-strike-slip type

motion at shallow crustal depths. The location and mechanism of the earthquake are consistent

with rupture within the Eurasia plate above the Makran Trench subduction zone. The event

occurred within the transition zone between northward subduction of the Arabian plate beneath

the Eurasia plate and northward collision of the India plate with the Eurasia plate.

Damages

As of 11 October, the Balochistan Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA)

estimates at least 30,000 families (200,000 people) have been affected in Awaran, Kech,

Kharan, Panjgur, Washuk and Gwadar districts. Awaran and Kech districts have been hit the

hardest and are therefore prioritized for humanitarian response. Over all 825 were dead and

700 were injured.

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Major Earthquakes


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Submitted October 10, 1974; revised version accepted November 18, 1974

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implications of the late arrival of the 1945 Makran tsunami". Current Science (Current Science

Association) 95 (12): 17391743.

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Earthquake of October 8, 2005, A Quick Look Report, Mid- America Earthquake Center,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20dated%20February%2017http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147485881&productid=5226http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Presshttp://www.drgeorgepc.com/Earthquake1935PakistanQuetta.htmlhttp://www.academia.edu/1762587/Hazard_implications_of_the_late_arrival_of_the_1945_Makran_tsunamihttp://www.academia.edu/1762587/Hazard_implications_of_the_late_arrival_of_the_1945_Makran_tsunamihttp://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/quake-rocks-parts-of-southern-pakistan/article5164068.ece

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Major Earthquakes in Indo-Pak