Major Pre-Columbian Major Pre-Columbian CivilizationsCivilizations

Lands of the Lands of the AztecsAztecs

Ruins of the City Ruins of the City Center, TenochtitlanCenter, Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan: The Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the “Venice” of the

AmericasAmericas

Aztec Aztec ChinampaChinampa or or Floating Garden:Floating Garden:

15ft. to 30ft. wide15ft. to 30ft. wide

Tenochtitlan - Tenochtitlan - ChinampasChinampas

Aztec MathAztec Math

Aztec WritingAztec Writing

Aztec Sun Stone -- Aztec Sun Stone -- CalendarCalendar

Aztec Sun MotifsAztec Sun Motifs

The The Aztecs Aztecs WereWereFierce Fierce WarriorsWarriors

Aztecs Sacrifice Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes Neighboring Tribes to the Sun Godto the Sun God

Heart SacrificeHeart Sacrificeon an Aztec Temple on an Aztec Temple

PyramidPyramid

Sacrificial Statue, Sacrificial Statue, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

Aztec GoldAztec Gold

Lands of the Lands of the IncasIncas

Cuzco: ACuzco: Ancient Capital ncient Capital of the Incaof the Inca

(11,000 ft. above sea level)(11,000 ft. above sea level)

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Incan Suspension Bridges

Incan Suspension Bridges

Incan Terrace Incan Terrace FarmingFarming

Maize in Incan Maize in Incan PotteryPottery

& Gold Work& Gold Work

Over 100 Different Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Types of Potatoes

Cultivated Cultivated by the Incansby the Incans

Produce from a Produce from a Typical Incan MarketTypical Incan Market

Incan Ceramic JarsIncan Ceramic Jars

PeanutPeanutPeanutPeanut PotatoPotatoPotatoPotato SquashSquashSquashSquash

Cacao GodCacao GodCacao GodCacao God Cacao PodCacao PodCacao PodCacao Pod

Incan MummiesIncan Mummies

Inca Gold & SilverInca Gold & Silver

Pictures of the day

Demotivators from despair.com

Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

The Aztecs

• 5,000,000-10,000,000 people

• 500 cities

• Capital city of Tenochtitolan (200,000-300,000 people)

• Citizens paid taxes, had police force, education system

• Advanced system of irrigation

• Human sacrifices

Conquest of the Aztecs• Cortes arrives in Mexico in February, 1519• He immediately allied with the Tlaxcalan tribe-

main rivals of the Aztecs• By November of 1519, Cortes had reached

Tenochtitlan where he was welcomed by Moctezuma and even allowed to stay with him at the palace

• At this point Moctezuma is taken prisoner by the Spaniards and held for a huge ransom in gold

• Cortes then has to go fight another Spanish sent to arrest him for treason- when he returns he finds the Aztecs in full revolt

• Cortes orders Moctezuma to speak to Aztecs who proceed to throw stones at him

The Death of Montezuma II- The Death of Montezuma II- 15201520

Accounts vary as to howAccounts vary as to how

The Death of Montezuma II- The Death of Montezuma II- 15201520

Accounts vary as to howAccounts vary as to how

Conquest of the Aztecs• Moctezuma dies from his injuries (supposedly)• Spanish are forced to flee at this point but they

grab all the gold they can carry• Over 600 Spaniards and thousands of Indian allies

are killed in the escape- weighed down by gold• Early 1521, Cortes returns and surrounds

Tenochtitlan and lays siege for 8 months. • Smallpox rages through the city as well (at least

1/3 of the population died in 6 months)• August, 1521- the Aztecs surrender

Aztec Surrender to Aztec Surrender to Cortez- 1521Cortez- 1521

Aztec Surrender to Aztec Surrender to Cortez- 1521Cortez- 1521

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

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The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The IncasThe Incas•Pizarro landed with 180 men in January 1531

with the goal of conquering the Inca Empire

•First met Atahualpa and demanded that he convert to Christianity or be considered an enemy of the Church and of Spain- Atahualpa refused

•Atahualpa was then captured and held ransom, put on trial and found guilty of revolting against Spain- sentenced to be burned

•He converted to Catholicism and was “only” strangled instead

•In subsequent battles, Spanish cannons and cavalry proved far superior to Incan strategies and defeat came quickly

Inca Empire by

1525

Conquered in 1533

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

Odd Picture #1

explorers

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

EFFECTS•Europeans reach and settle Americas

•Expanded knowledge of world geography

•Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism

•Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations

•Introduction of the institution of slavery

•Columbian Exchange

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Atlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave Trade

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!

European Colonization

• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….– SpainSpain– EnglandEngland– FranceFrance– PortugalPortugal

• This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

European Colonization

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of

the Worldthe World

Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of

the Worldthe World

Spanish empire by the 1600’s

consisted of the part of North

AmericaCentral America

Caribbean Islands Much of South

America.

Odd picture #2

• Dogs born with only 2 legs

• Or, as we know them….Dogaroos!

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses

(Born in (Born in Spain but Spain but

live in New live in New World)World)

CreolesCreoles(Spanish (Spanish descent- descent- born in born in

new world)new world)

MestizoMestizoss

(one white (one white parent and parent and one Indian one Indian

parent)parent)

MulattMulattosos

(one (one white white parent parent

and one and one black black

parent)parent)

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM

•Natives “granted” to deserving subjects of the King (usually conquistadores or soldiers)

2. Conquistadors controlled Indian populations •Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands•Indians often rendered personal services as well.

3. In return the conquistador was obligated to•protect his wards•instruct them in the Christian faith•defend their right to use and live off the land

4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

► New Laws --> 1542- ended the encomienda system

•Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.

•Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.

•Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade

5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade