Major Project on Green Commercial Building

7/27/2019 Major Project on Green Commercial Building

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INTRODUCTION

Buildings

In architecture, construction, engineering, real estate development and technology the

term building refers to one of the following

1. Any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use orcontinuous occupancy, or

2. An act ofconstruction (i. e. the activity of building, see also builder)In this article, the first usage is generally intended unless otherwise specified.

Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout

history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions,

to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.

Buildings serve several needs of society primarily as shelter from weather and as general

living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work. A

building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort

and safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or can vasess of

artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustain ableplanning and building practices has

also become part of the design process of many new buildings.

Definitions

Building is defined in many aspects as:

As a Civil Engineering structures such as a house, worship centre, Factories etc. that has afoundation, wall, roof etc. that protect human being and their properties from direct harsh

effect of weather like rain, wind, sun etc.

The act of constructing, erecting, or establishing. The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture. That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, castle, arena/

stadium, etc.

The act of constructing or building something; "during the construction we had to take adetour"; "his hobby was the building of boats"

The commercial activity involved in constructing buildings; "their main business is homeconstruction"; "workers in the building trades"
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A structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place, "therewas a three-storey building on the corner", "it was an imposing edifice"

The occupants of a building; "the entire building complained about the noise"To differentiate buildings in the usage of this article from other buildings and other structures

that are notintended for continuous human occupancy, the latter are called non-building

structures or simply structures.

Structural heightin technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on

building from street-level. Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or

may not be included in this height. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally

included.

The definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three

storeys or less is considered low-rise.
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Types

i. Residentialii. Multi-story building

iii. Commercial building


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I. Residential:-Residential buildings are called houses orhomes, though buildings containing large

numbers of separate dwelling units are often called apartment buildings or apartment blocks

to differentiate them from 'individual' houses. Houses may also be built in pairs (semi-detached), in terraces where all but two of the houses have others either side; apartments may

be built round courtyards or as rectangular blocks surrounded by a piece of ground of varying

sizes. Houses which were built as a single dwelling may later be divided into apartments

orbedsitters; they may also be converted to another use e.g. an office or a shop.

Building types may range from one-room wood-framed, masonry, oradobe dwellings to

multi-million dollar high-rise buildings able to house thousands of people. Increasing

settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings) is usually a

response to high ground prices resulting from many people wanting to live close to work or

similar attractors. Other common building materials are brick, concrete or combinations of

either of these with stone.

Fig: Residential Building
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II. Multi-story building:-A multi-storey building is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the

building. Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the floor area of the building without

increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases,

money (depending on material used and land prices in the area). The building with the most

stories is the BurjKhalifa, with 162.

Fig: Multi Story Building

III. Commercial buildingA commercial building is a building that is used forcommercial use. Types can

include office buildings, warehouses, orretail (i.e. convenience stores, 'big box'
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stores, shopping malls, etc.). In urban locations, a commercial building often combines

functions, such as an office on levels 2-10, with retail on floor 1. Local authorities commonly

maintain strict regulations on commercial zoning, and have the authority to designate any

zoned area as such. A business must be located in a commercial area or area zoned at least

partially for commerce.

Fig: Commercial Building
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Literature

Spread over 4 acres, Godrej Eternia is one of Chandigarh first modern commercial

buildings, offering office and retail spaces with a development size of 63,173 sq. m.

(6,80,000 sq. ft.).

The complex is located in the industrial and business Park-1 (formerly Industrial

Area-1), central to the tri-city of Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula. Godrej Eternia is close

to many upcoming international hotels, malls and showrooms.

The project design by world renowned architects HBRA (Hammond Bee by Rupert

Ainge, USA) and Patel Batliwala& Associates, features expensive and flexible office spaces,

along with a 20 m. (66 ft.) wide landscaped street creating a retail plaza inherent to the citysarchitecture.

Terrace garden penthouse spaces are provided on the fifth floor with almost floor to

ceiling windows and provide magnificent views of the lush greenery beyond. These are ideal

for high-end offices, restaurants, health centres and salons.


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Fig: Godrej Eternia


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Modern Offices

o Flexible floor plates offer seamless scope for expansion with an option of exclusivepenthouse offices on the terrace floor

oBeing an environment-friendly complex, it optimally balances utility andcustomers/employee comfort. Its efficient design coupled with employment of green feature

reduces operating costs, minimizes electric loads in air-conditioning. Conserves water and

helps in improving productivity

o 100 % power back-up ensures higher work efficiencyo Adequate multi-layered parking complaint with revised city norms makes every business visit

a pleasurable experience

o The common areas are required with modern security system like CCTVs and alarm systemthat ensure 247 protection

o The office interior combine intelligent design with few pillar obstruction to give it in anexpansive feel

o Conceptually, the building is composed of two trapezoidal wings offset to permit maximumvisibility. Interior light wells provide lighting, permitting tenant to have continuous window

facing perimeter


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Fig: Modern Offices


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Retail Experience

Goderej Eternia introduces Chandigarh to a first-of-its-kind expansive shopping street that

promises to bring to life the side walk cafes; where everyone can enjoy the comfortable, lazy,

informal and quint atmosphere, sip a cup of coffee, socialize, dine or simply spend timereading a book

o A large well-lit plaza and a 20 m. (66ft.) wide pedestrian walkway interconnect the complexthats sure to catch the excitement, energy levels and buzz of over 4,000 people in the

development

o The retail space enjoys large frontage for greater visibility to attract shopperso The landscaped retail promenade provides a perfect backdrop for sit-out areaso Ample lifts and parking spaces have been provided to ensure smooth pedestrian flow even

during crowded weekends.

Fig: Way for public Entrance for both buildings


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Fig: Top View of Green Building


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Fig. Gallery


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Specification


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Godrej Eternia has 44,593 sq. m. (4,80,000 sq. ft.) of office and retail spaces, and 18,580 sq.

m.(2,00,000 sq. ft.) of parking space spread over 2 wings of equal size, Each wing offer

spaces ranging from 279 sq. m. (3,000 sq. m.) to 3,534 sq. m. (38000 sq. ft.)

Car Parking:- multi-layered parking complaint with revised city norms.

Fig. Car Parking

Elevators: - Quick and spacious elevators with power back-up.

Air-conditioning:- Air-conditioning available in common areas. Infrastructure provision for

air-conditioning in office areas.

Power:- 100% power back-up will be available in complex. DG sets shall be provided with

monitoring systems.

Emergency lighting:- UPS system available for emergency lighting in common areas.

Water supply:- sufficient water supply with underground and overhead tanks.

Security:- 247 security with close circuit cameras for common areas and parking, manned

security provided by professional agency.

Safety:- Fire detection and alarm system automatic sprinklers network and portable fire

extinguishers in compliance with CFO norms, Signage provided for soft landscapes and

interlocking paver blocks driveways.


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Handicap Friendly:- Sloping access at strategic location in the complex.

Rain water harvesting and sewage treatment plant.


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Fig: Site Layout


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Project details

Joint venture partner:Zara Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.

Plot area: 4.04 acres

Designated use:

Ground floor for retail space, cafes, restaurants

First to for office space

Fifth floor can be used penthouse offices, gymnasium,

Saloon, restaurant

Associates:

Architect:HBRA (USA) and Patel Baltiwala (Mumbai)

Construction:L&T

No. of floors: Ground: + 5; Two level basement for parking

Total development size: 63,173 sq. m.(6,80,000 sq. ft.)

Total office & retail area: 44,593 sq. m. (4,80,000 sq. ft.)

Total parking area: 18,580 sq. m (2,00,000 sq. ft.)

Ground floor height: 6.25 m

Typical floor height ( 1st

-5th

): 3.75 m

Upper basement height: 4.75 m

Lower basement height: 6.75 m

Column size: 750 mm / 900 mm diameter

Core to window depth: 90% of spaces with lease depths not

exceeding 12 mts for flexible spaces planning and to achieve natural

day light and views.


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Central Location

Godrej Eternia is strategically located almost equidistant from the tri-city of Chandigarh,

Mohali and Panchkula, making it an ideal location to set up a business enterprises. It is well

connected by all means of transport: the airport and railway station are within a 5 kilo meter

radius. Several project including hotels, malls, residential, buildings and an IT park are also

coming up in close vicinity of Godrej Eternia.

Location Distance

Chandigarh Railway Station 3 kms

City Centre (Sector 17 ) 4 kms

Mohali 6 kms

Zirakpur 5 kms

Chandigarh Airport 5 kms

Panchkula 5 kms


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Materials and Specification


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Introduction

National and international standards organizations are currently developing life-cycle

assessment standards for building products and materials. For example, life-cycle assessment

standards being developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTMs)Subcommittee E-50.06 will provide the basis for obtaining environmental information from

product manufacturers in terms that are equivalent or comparative. These standards should

make a comparative product life-cycle analysis easier and less costly for the design team.,

The Future of Green Building, for a listing of the various life-cycle standards under review

and development.)This chapter focuses on two elements of environmental life-cycle

assessment for materials:

1) Minimizing natural resource use, and

2) Creating a healthy, comfortable, non-hazardous space for building occupants.

The information presented here is not meant to be conclusive or definitive. It is

provided as an introduction and general guidance regarding resource efficiency and material-

related health issues. The reader is encouraged to continue learning about these and other life

cycle assessment issues that impact building material options through references listed in

Resources at the end of this chapter.

Resource Efficiency

Renovation and construction projects, and maintenance programs are necessary to

improve the nations building stock. These efforts depend on reliable sources of quality

building products. Limitations on the availability of some building material resources are

beginning to occur. For some products, prices are rising faster than inflation as the

availability of raw materials starts to decline. Products selected for construction not only

consume resources and energy, but also produce air and water pollution and solid waste

during their manufacture. Once installed, they may require maintenance or periodic

replacement. When a building is demolished, the products and materials usually are disposed

in landfills. Therefore, building materials that minimize the use of natural resources and are

durable or reusable contribute to sustainable building practices. The materials-selection

practices discussed in this section relate to claddings (exterior walls),interior finishes, and


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furnishings (rather than structural materials) because they require maintenance every few

years and replacement several times over the life of the building.

Consider the following criteria in materials selection:

Resource quantity:

A fundamental strategy for resource-efficient building is to build less and use smaller

quantities of materials in the construction process. The most cost-effective conservation

strategy is to buy less product, or use the purchased product more efficiently. For example,

gypsum wallboard installation typically results in a lot of scrap material because of sizing

needs.

Reused mater ials:

Many durable products such as doors, cabinets, and other easily removed mill work,

and some architectural metals and glass, can be readily salvaged and reused. This practice has

usually been limited to restoration work, but is becoming more common in building and

renovation projects. Salvaging does require extra effort, but the quality and cost savings of

some salvaged materials can be considerable. The additional labour cost may be entirely or

partly offset by savings on new materials, transportation, and dumping fees.

Recycled content:

Although many building products are now available with a high content of recycled

materials, there is confusion about the definition of the term. There are at least three types of

recycled content materials:

a . Postconsumer material, generated by commercial, industrial, and institutional facilities or

households, and that can no longer be used for its intended purpose.

b. Recovered industrial process waste that cannot be reused in the same process, such as slag

from metal and mineral smelting.

c. Internally recycled materials from a manufacturing process, such as scraps from trimming

and returned or substandard product.

Renewabil i ty and use of sustainable management practi ces:

Renewable materials include wood, plant fibres, wool, and other resources that are

potentially replaceable with in a limited time period (such as a few decades or less) after


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harvesting. Information on wood harvested through sustainable management practices is

becoming more readily available, including certification programs and standards.

Local content and reduced transportation:

Specifying products made with local materials and labour can contribute to low

embodied energy consumption and life-cycle cost for building materials.

Regionall y appropriate mater ials:

Some types of construction and materials are more appropriate in one region than

another because of climatic differences. For example, it is well known that utilizing thermal

mass in building design has important energy and comfort benefits in the Southwest United

States, where daily temperature swings can be extreme. However, in a hot, humid climate like

that of the Southeast United States, lightweight construction and high ceilings may be

beneficial.

L if e-cycle cost and maintenance requi rements:

Over the useful life of a commercial building, which may be 30 or more years, some

materials will require maintenance and replacement more than once. When the full range of

costs is considered, materials that are more costly upon initial purchase may be justified in

terms of avoided future costs. The higher initial cost may also be justified if the product

compares favourably with others over their life cycle.

Resour ce recovery and recycl ing:

Once a material has completed its initial service in a building, it potentially has

additional use as a resource and can later be recovered and recycled. The potential

recyclability of metal, plastic, glass, wood, and masonry are discussed below.

1. Metals are recyclable if they can be separated by type. Accordingly, steel andaluminium building elements have a high recycling value. Approximately 50 to70

percent of the energy and pollution from steel production can be avoided by current

recycling technology.1 Up to 85 percent of the energy and pollution from aluminium

manufacturing can be avoided by Re-melting.


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2. Most plastics are recyclable, but the current rates of recycling are not high because thewide variety of plastics in use makes them difficult to separate. Some plastics such as

pure polyvinyl chloride (PVC) would be recycled from buildings more often if

designed for easy removal. Additives, coatings, and colour and smake recycling

difficult.

3. Glass products are recyclable if separated and uncontaminated; however, littlercycling of glass building products now occurs. Recycled glass products are made with

consumer container glass salvaged from the waste stream. Re-melting glass offers

only a marginal energy and pollution reduction.

4. Heavy timber is recyclable by salvaging and by re-sawing. Engineered structuralwood products, wood panels, and millwork are candidates for salvage and reuse,

particularly if they are fastened in such a way that they can be easily removed.

5. Concrete, clay, and other masonry products and ceramics are examples of materialsthat are usually difficult to salvage and reuse. Some recycling of these products occurs

by crushing them for use as granular fill in road and sidewalk base. Health and Indoor

Air Quality Issues.

H S F I CA N

Poor indoor air quality is caused by outdoor and indoor sources of gaseous and particulate

air pollutants that exceed the capacity of the buildings ventilation and filtration equipment to

dilute or remove them to an acceptable level.3 Although many pollutants originate outdoors

or from occupant activities, equipment, and processes, other pollutants are generated from

materials. The various types of indoor air pollutants are:

1. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by interior materials and theircomponents;

2. VOCs emitted by cleaning and maintenance products periodically used with thosematerials

3. Fibre shed from textiles, insulation, and panel products;4. Soil, biological materials (e.g., fungi and bacteria), and gases released by biological

activity; and

5. Dust and other particulates from spraying, sanding, or finishing.


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These material-based pollutants may affect the health and productivity of building

occupants, maintenance personnel, and construction tradespeople.* SUGGESTED

PRACTICES AND

Review emission levels from building products at the following stages:

I nstall ation

To prevent exposure among trades people and building occupants during

construction or renovation. Information on potential hazards during the installation period is

documented in manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). These sheets are a

requirement by law for any material that may have health risks; however, they typically do

not disclose a full list of contents. Additional information is available from the Occupational

Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Buil ding occupancy:

To prevent exposure of building occupants to emissions from materials during

building use. Information on risks of occupant exposures (typically those risks extending

more than a few weeks after construction) is difficult to determine, because emissions data

are difficult to obtain or unavailable from manufacturers.

This information will become more available in the next few years as standards are developed

for accurately measuring and interpreting such data.

Main tenance and removal:

To prevent exposure of building occupants and trades people during maintenance

procedures and removal or demolition. Maintenance and removal risks are reasonably well

known for many conventional materials.

Consider these additional materials issues and effects:

Sink effect:

Rough and porous materials may contain microscopic planes and cavities that can

adsorb airborne molecules. These molecules, which may be pollutants, can be released

(desorbed) from the material after several hours or days. This sink effect of materials can


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be quite significant when pollutant molecules are adsorbed. Hard, smooth, and nonporous

surfaces typically have a low sink effect.

Moisture and temperatur e:

Moisture and heat in materials increase their deterioration and increase emissions of

pollutants. Moisture also supports microbial growth.

Soil ing and cleaning:

Improper cleaning practices may disturb soil and introduce exposure to chemicals in

cleaning products. Soft floor coverings such as carpet are susceptible to this improper

practice. Nonporous flooring with minimal seams and low-maintenance coatings are less

prone to this occurrence.

Natural materi als:

There is a common perception that natural materials are better environmental

choices and less of a health risk than man-made syntheticmaterials. Toxicity and emissions

testing of products should help clarify which is the better choice with regard to health risk;

however, predicting all potential health effects is not always possible.

Survey of Materials:

To adhere to sustainable principles, the material selection process needs to incorporate

life-cycle assessment elements and the more conventional criteria such as cost, aesthetics,

performance, availability, code, and manufacturer warranty. This section uses two lifecycle

assessment criteriaminimizing natural resource use (resource efficiency options)and

creating a healthy, comfortable, non-hazardous space for building occupants (health and

pollution issues)to discuss materials in eight of the 16 standard organizational format

divisions used by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI). CSI provides leadership for

its membership and the building industry through its standard product organizational format

and its work in development and advancement of specifications. Incorporating environmental

elements into product review and specification has made the process even more challenging.

Since the scope of traditional practice is currently being expanded to include these new


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elements, it will take time to achieve industry consensus with regard to environmentally

sound material selections.

The materials discussed below are genericthat is, they are product classes

(organized by CSI divisions); several manufacturers may produce products in those classes.

This is neither a comprehensive listing of all materials for a given use nor an exhaustive list

of materials. Resource guides and manufacturers product data can provide additional

information.

Division 2: Concrete

Making portland cement for concrete requires substantial energy, causing a significant

amount of carbon dioxide emissions.5 Because concrete is such a high-mass material and is

used in buildings in large quantities, considering alternatives is important. If the selection is

based on life-cycle assessment principles, other materials may be preferable.

Resource-efficient option:

Use fly-ash concrete, available in many regions, as an alternative to conventional

mixes. Fly ash is a waste material from coal-burning power plants. It can be used to replace

up to about 30 percent of the Portland cement in conventional mixes. It is also mixed with

ground blast-furnace slag, a waste from metal smelting. Fly ash produces a superior concrete

with excellent finishing characteristics; however, only some types of ash are appropriate for

certain applications and the proportions are restricted. Seek technical advice and refer to

ASTM standards.

Recycled aggregates and lightweight aggregates are available for some concrete

applications. Recycled aggregate may contain crushed concrete, brick, and other masonry

waste; or it may contain crushed glass. Lightweight concrete is made with expanded volcanic

materials such as pumice and perlite in place of part of the usual stone aggregate. These

materials place less load on structures (particularly when used on wood or lightweight steel

floors) and provide some thermal insulation value.

Anticorrosion agents such as epoxy coating extend the life of steel reinforcement, especially

for applications such as parking slabs where salt is used in winter. These agents have been

found to extend the life of slabs substantially, avoiding repair and replacement costs.


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Using low-waste formwork is a final step in resource conservation. Systems such as

modular steel forms, slip forms, and preformed blocks can substantially reduce waste

material from concrete forming.

Health and pollution issue:

Air pollution emissions from concrete are low. Additionally, concrete is often

confined to foundations and concealed structure where exposure to building air is minimal,

although testing on radon emissions is on going. Other exceptions are some concrete

additives and some form-release agents, particularly in inter iorapplications.6 Concrete

additives such as water reducers or super plasticizers may produce odours and risk of skin

and bronchial irritation. Form-release agents are sometimes made from diesel oil or other

odorous petroleum oils that produce emissions.

Wax- or mineral oil-based products are available substitutes.

Division 3: Masonry

Masonry products are made from concrete, clay, glass, and various types of standard

and lightweight aggregates. Quarried stone is also used. Most masonry products are installed

with mortar made from portland cement, sand, and lime.

Resource-efficient options

Consider lightweight concrete blocks and bricks made with expanded aggregates such

as pumice to reduce weight and add insulating value.

Other options are brick and block products with waste and recycled contents, such as

sewage sludge and ash from incinerators and coal-burning plants. However, such ash should

be tested for pollutants that could cause unacceptable health or environmental exposures.

Hollow blocks are available with waste wood fibre and other recycled content. Native stone

or lightweight cultured stone made from cement and recycled aggregates are appropriate for

some uses.

Glass block is available with recycled glass content.

Health and pollution issues:

Overall, masonry products produce minimal air pollution. If sealers are needed to

repel water, a low-volatility, water-dispersed product is safer than a solvent-based variety.


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Division 4: Metals

Steel is the most common metal used in building products. It is highly recyclable, and

its scrap has value. Aluminium, the second most common metal, is probably the most

recyclable material in buildings. Stainless steel and brass products are alloyed metals that are

recyclable if carefully separated by type. Copper is also a highly valued recyclable. Metal

plating is common in building products, especially in architectural metals, door hardware,

and office systems and furniture. Chromium, cadmium, brass, and nickel plating is often

carried out by electroplating plants, sometimes resulting in high levels of pollution.

Emissions such as hexavalent chromium and cadmium and acid wastes are environmentally

toxic. Plastic polymer coatings and powder coatings are alternatives; however, the use of

plated metal versus plastic polymer coatings should only be evaluated by comparable life-

cycle assessments, which can be done by using ASTM life-cycle assessment standards.


Steel with verified recycled content of 30 percent or greater is available from sources in the

United States.

Aluminium from U.S. sources may have 20 percent or more of verified recycled content,

which usually is derived from recycled consumer-product containers.

Salvaged steel and aluminium beam and bar sections are also widely available from scrap

dealers. These may be appropriate for some non structural uses.

Architectural metalwork such as antique iron and brass, lighting fixtures, and door

hardware are also readily available from building salvagers.

Health and pollution issues

Indoor air pollution is a minimal problem with metal products. The only exceptions are

products that may require polishing, cleaning, or repainting in place.

Division 5: Wood and Plastic

Woods used in construction and interior finishing are primarily domestic species.

Woods used in furniture, doors, and specialty millwork are often imported tropical varieties.

Appropriate forest management is vital to more sustainable wood sources in many cases.

Processed woods and wood substitutes are an alternative and are discussed further in

Division 12, Furnishings, below.Most plastics are made from nonrenewable petroleum


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or natural gas feed stocks. Their production may involve use of toxic and potentially

hazardous substances. Plastics are sometimes used in building systems as claddings and

panels, but most often in interior finishes. These uses are discussed below in Division 9,

Finishes.


Determine whether domestic wood is produced through sustainable forest management.

Although this can be difficult, ASTM is developing a sustainably harvested wood standard

that can be specified in building construction. An increasing number of producers have

sustainable-based management programs and participate in third party certification programs.

Low-grade fibre, small-diameter trees, and fast-growing, less-utilized tree species can be

used in engineered wood products and value-added products such as I joists, oriented

strand board, laminated veneer lumber, finger-jointed lumber, open-web wood joists and

trusses, stressed skin wood panels, and wood/steel joists. Salvaged timber and wood products

are available from operators who disassemble old buildings and bridges and then clean,

grade, and often re-saw the timber.

Structural sheathing made from pressed post-consumer newsprint is also available. This

material not only uses a recycled material but also adds substantial insulating value and

acoustic absorption to the wall or roof. In some circumstances, non-structural insulating

sheathing such as wood-fibre or glass-fibre boards can also be used with steel-strap and

bracket-shear braces.


Indoor-air-pollution emissions from glues used in the manufacturing process of some

engineered wood products are substantial.

Those made with exterior-type glues (phenolic resins) and urethane (polyurea) adhesives

have some of the lowest emissions.


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Division 6: Thermal Insulation and Moisture

Protection

Insulation

Thermal insulation can be an important factor in the energy performance of

commercial buildings, depending on the climate, building form and orientation, occupancy,

and use. Achieving high insulation values by designing larger cavities or using higher-

performance materials may be cost-effective. Once the desired insulation value has been

determined, a material can be selected that is resource efficient and that addresses health

issues.


Mineral-fibre insulation is made primarily from basalt rock or steel mill slag. It is available

in loose-fill form, batts, and rigid boards, and can be used for most applications.

Glass-fibre insulation is now available with 30 percent or more post-consumer recycled

glass content from cullet.8 It is available in loose-fill form, batts, and rigid boards.

Cellulose thermal insulation and acoustic sprayed coatings contain at least 70 percent post-

consumer paper waste. These are available only in loose-fill form. Wall scan be insulated

using the blown-in batt system, installed with a high-pressure blower and containment

screen. If installed to density specifications, the insulation does not settle after application.

Horizontal spaces are filled with a low-pressure blower. Some systems use a small amount of

moisture to encourage stabilization. Sprayed cellulose systems are designed for acoustic and

fire retardancy and may contain mineral fibre.

Foamed polystyrene insulation is available with post-consumer recycled content from

recycled fast-food containers and hot drink cups. Expanded types are made with a steam

process and a non-chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gas. Extruded types, which offer higher

performance, were previously made with CFCs. However, they are now made with hydro

chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which have far less ozone depleting potential. New extruded

products containing no HCFCs will soon become available, although they contain chemicals

that are now being evaluated based on their global warming potential.


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Urethane foams are high-performance insulating materials available as rigid boards or

sprayed-in-place systems. These also were once made with CFCs and are now made with

HCFCs.

Vermiculite and perlite are naturally occurring minerals that can be used in insulating

plaster mixes and in loose-fill applications such as filling cores of masonry walls.

A spray-in-place foamed silicate insulation made from sodium silicate and magnesium oxy

chloride is available for use where fire retardancy and material safety are critical. Used for

cavity-fill applications and some surface uses, it is very moist when applied and can take

several days to dry.

Reflective film-radiant insulation can be used effectively to reduce the radiant component

of energy transfer, such as excess heat gain from the sun. This material can be particularly

useful for reducing cooling loads in commercial buildings in sunny climates. It is made from

aluminium foil and metalized plastics and usually installed in a roof cavity with an adjacent

air space.


Carefully handle and thoroughly clean up after using some thermal insulations, which may

have health risks. It is recommended that they be applied in such a way that they can be

completely contained or isolated and cannot enter the building air handling system. Mineral

fibres and glass fibres are now recognized by the United States government as possible

carcinogens, and care should be taken by workers handling them. Cellulose fibre is relatively

safe, but it contains borates and sulphates as fire retardants and stabilizers that are irritating

and may require additional safety measures.

The same is true for spray able cellulose insulation containing mineral fibre.

Vermiculite and perlite dust are potentially dangerous if inhaled, and should be handled with

caution. These natural mineral products should be certified as asbestos free.

Codes require a non-combustible covering over plastic insulations and may even prohibit

them in some uses. All plastic insulation materials release some gases such as styrene and all

are flammable, producing toxic gases when they burn. They are primarily useful for exterior


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applications. Cutting with a hot wire releases toxic gases and should be avoided on building

sites.

Cladding and Roofing

Choices of materials used in cladding and roofing are important for building

longevity. The materials used for these purposes should be durable, recyclable, and

appropriate for the climate and application.


Metal panels such as galvanized steel and enamelled or anodized aluminium are appropriate

for pitched roofs and cladding. They have the merit of using very little material to cover the

area, and they are durable and recyclable.

Composite shingles, tiles, and panels made from a variety of fibre-reinforced cement

products (some coated with plastics, enamels, or thin metals) are also available for pitched

roofs and cladding. These are durable, and some contain recycled content. Although they are

not recyclable, these are a good choice for durability and resource efficiency.

Stucco is a resource-efficient and durable finish where it is protected from moisture and

frost damage by effective detailing. Acrylic-modified stucco is less massive and can be

installed on exterior insulation board, adding to thermal performance.

Where shingles are chosen for roofing, higher-quality asphalt shingles and fibre glass

shingles are a moderately durable option. Some may be available with recycled content.

For flat roofs, torch-on roofing has important advantages. Also called cold-process built-

up roofing, it is fairly durable and repairable; although recycling systems are not in place,

this roofing is relatively easy to remove. Flat and shallow-pitched roofs can also be prepared

with drainage mats and topsoil to grow grass, helping control rainwater runoff and adding

insulation value to the building, while also providing habitat for birds and other wildlife.


Roofing, because of its location, is usually not an important contributor to indoor airpollution.


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materials discarded to the landfill. Gypsum can be recycled, minimizing its contribution to

limited landfill space. Restrictions on dumping gypsum and other construction debris have

helped start a gypsum-recycling industry in various parts of the United States.


Some gypsum-board manufacturers can verify at least 10 to 15 percent recycled material

content. Gypsum is recyclable if not contaminated with paint or adhesives. The paper facing

can be made from recycled paper.


Gypsum products themselves are minor sources of indoor air pollutants, although the paper

facing and adhesives can be sources. Gypsum surfaces are potential sinks to the extent that

they absorb other pollutants.

In the construction phase, the application of adhesives, sealers, paints, and caulking are the

main concerns.

Engineered or Composite Wood or Plastic Panels:

These panels have recycled content, but the adhesives and sealers used in their

manufacture and installation may be sources of indoor air pollution.


Hardboards are durable and resource-efficient. They are made with wood fibre that is

pressed and heated to form panels. No adhesive is usually needed because the natural lignin

in wood binds the fibres. These boards are reusable if installed for later removal.

Particleboard and medium-density fibre board (MDF) panels are pressed from saw dust,

small chips, and fibres and bound with glue. They can contain low-grade wood and sawmill

waste. These are resource-efficient products but should be chosen for low pollution potential.

Low-density fibre boards made from paper and wood fibre are also resource-efficient.

Some are made from 100 percent recycled newsprint, and most processes use no glue. Low

density fibreboards are used as acoustic panels, underlayment, and tack boards, among other

things. They also can be recycled.


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Veneered wood panels, such as oriented strand board with hardwood facing, are resource-

efficient choices for interior finishing work. They are used for cabinets and mill work and can

offer wood-grain surfaces while minimizing the use of wood. If installed for easy removal,

these have good reuse potential.

Recycled plastic panels made from consumer-product waste are available for interior uses

such as toilet partitions and functional worktops. These have a good reuse potential.

Some vegetable-oil-based plastics are available in flexible and rigid forms. They can be

coloured and filled with minerals, metal shavings, or other plastic waste and wood fibre,

giving them a large range of texture and colour possibilities. If installed for easy removal,

these have good reuse potential.

Fibre-reinforced cement boards made with recycled fibre are a resource-efficient choice.

These very durable products can be used as substrates for tile and decorative finishes. In

some installations they can have good reuse potential if designed for easy removal.


Engineered wood products made with exterior glue (phenol formaldehyde) have low

formaldehyde emissions. Products stabilized by ammonia treatment or other methods also

have low emissions.


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High-Pressure Laminates:

These surface materials are made by laminating paper and colorants together with

melamine (phenolic) resin. They are a relatively resource-efficient use of plastics because a

very small quantity of materials suffices to produce a durable surface.


No manufacturers of high-pressure laminates known at this time offer substantial recycled

content in their products, although some have made important process improvements, such as

waste-to-energy and heat-recovery systems that exceed industry norms. Their products may

have a small resource-efficiency advantage over others.


Because the dust from cutting these laminates and emissions from glues used for

installation can be quite significant, work ideally should be performed off the premises, if

possible, and the adhesives chosen for safe handling characteristics. If work is to be

performed on site, care should be taken in minimizing the dust and glue emissions.

Ceramics and Terrazzo:

Ceramics and terrazzo are not only among the most durable finishes, they also have

extremely low emissions. They do not adsorb odours, are easily cleaned, and resist abrasion

and wear. Although they are costly to buy and install, their life-cycle cost is among the lowest

of all finishes for some applications because of their long life and the minimal maintenance

they require. The main air-pollution factors in the field are the setting method, the grout, and

any sealers required to protect unglazed surfaces. Energy use in manufacturing should also be

considered as part of a life-cycle assessment perspective.


Using local or regionally manufactured ceramics reduces their high transportation

cost.

Some tile is available with recycled content (up to 70 percent), using materials such as

scrap glass and feldspar waste from mining. These have important resource-efficiency merit.

Some manufacturers also have added innovative conservation measures to their operations.


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Terrazzo made with cement and crushed stone is also resource-efficient.


Cement mortars, usually modified with acrylic additives, are among the safest setting

materials to handle. They also have good performance in most applications.

Where adhesives and caulkings are used, such as for cove bases and flexible joints, a low-

solvent-content product such as an acrylic can be chosen. Plastic adhesives contain some

solvents and contribute to indoor air pollution.

Cement- and cellulose-based grouts are very safe and have low emissions. Onlyepoxy-

modified grout (used for some wet and high-wear applications) contains hazardous

components.

Glazed tile and high-fired tile usually do not require sealers.

If a porous tile is chosen, the safest sealers are the low-volatility, acrylic or water dispersed

silicon types. Sealers containing hazardous solvents contribute to indoor air pollution.

Wood Flooring:

Many resource-efficient types of wood flooring are available, including salvaged,

laminated, and veneered products. The most important air quality issues are the installation

method and the finish.


Salvaged solid-wood flooring is widely available. This is high-quality material available for

a modest cost; however, the installation is more expensive than for new material because it

requires extra labour for fitting and refinishing. Salvaged flooring also requires sanding and

refinishing on-site.

New wood flooring materials include a wide range of veneered and laminated products that

have a plywood or MDF core with a hardwood surface. These are usually prefinished at the


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factory with a very durable, low-maintenance finish. These are source-efficient choice, but

are less repairable than solid wood.

Domestic hardwoods such as oak, maple, birch, and ash, and imported species such as

Australian eucalyptus and Scandinavian beech, are most likely to come from sustainable

sources. Sustainably-managed sources of tropical hardwoods are also available.1 0A steel-

track system using wedges to hold flooring in place, or a floating system using edge gluing

where necessary, makes wood floors easy to remove. A nail-down system is also salvageable,

but with some loss of material. A glue-down system is probably the least salvageable, but is

required for parquet flooring.


Factory prefinished products offer air-quality benefits because no sanding or finishing is

performed on-site.

If sanding is performed on the premises, the area must be carefully isolated; this should

include sealing off the doors and HVAC system and using temporary fans.

Final cleanup with a high-performance high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter vacuum

is recommended.

For finishing on-site, consider the water-dispersed urethanes (actually urethane-acrylic

blends) with low-volatility contents because they are among the lowest-emission finishes.

Those with cross linker additives are very durable. Hardening oils, solvent

varnishes, and acid-cured varnishes give off prolonged emissions of pollutants.11 If edge

gluing is required, white carpenters or woodworkers glue is a low-toxicity product. If glue-

down methods are required, use a low-volatility flooring adhesive.


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Resilient Floorings:

Vinyl, rubber, linoleum, and cork floors have merit for their easy maintenance, and

some types are very durable. Some materials are manufactured with renewable contents, and

others have recycled content. In terms of air quality, there are important distinctions among

material types, installation methods, and maintenance products.


True linoleum is made with many renewable materials (linseed oil, cork, wood dust, and

jute), as are cork products. Linoleum is highly durable.

Recycled rubber tile and sheet goods made with waste tires are also available. These can

provide good, resource-efficient choices for heavy-traffic and utility areas.


Resilient flooring products produce some air-pollutant emissions; as do the setting and

maintenance products used with them. Some manufacturers provide emissions data to aid in

the selection process. In some applications, interlocked rubber tiles can be laid without

adhesive.

Maintenance products for resilient flooring can also be high pollution sources. Flooring

with sealed low-maintenance surfaces reduces both maintenance costs and the use of

cleaners and waxes.

Carpets and Under pads:

Given their high level of use and frequency of replacement over the life of a building,

carpeting and under pads are important products to consider for resource-efficiency and

pollution potential. Several products with recycled content, lower pollution potential, and

lower maintenance requirements are now available.


Polyester and nylon-blended carpets are available with recycled content from

polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) soft-drink containers. The properties of these materials are

similar to those of other polyesters. Care should be taken in reviewing these products for high

performance and durability.


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Commercial, high-density, low-pile wool carpet is also available. Wool-face fibre is a

renewable material with inherent fire resistance and adequate durability for some commercial

uses.

Carpet tile and releasable roll carpet systems can possibly be switched from low wear are as

to high, to extend the life of the floor. They are also easily removed and replaced during

renovation. Carpet tile by design requires the lowest quantity ofmaterials over the buildings

life, as replacement can occur in smaller instalments. The lowest-maintenance carpets are

typically the low-pile, dense-loop, and needle punch types, all of which capture little soil and

show less wear.

One type of nylon fibre, Nylon 6, offers a high level of recyclability. Recycling is an

industry priority today because carpeting is sent in large quantities to landfills and does not

easily decompose. The major obstacles are the recyclability of the face fibre, the added

colorants, and separation of the different materials in the product. Carpets made from fewer

materials require less separation for recycling.

Carpet pad is usually made from sponge plastics and rubber as well as woven and non-

woven textile fibres. Rubber pad made from recycled tire rubber, a resource-efficient choice,

is dense and durable with a long life expectancy. Fibrous pad made from recycled synthetic

and natural fibre from textile mill waste is also available in commercial grades.


The manner in which carpet is constructed affects the emissions it produces. A majority of

carpet is made by tufting the face fibre into a polypropylene mat, and gluing it in place with a

synthetic latex resin. The synthetic latex is a source of air pollution, including 4 phenyl cyclo

hexene (4PC), an irritant cited in several cases of Sick Building Syndrome.

One method of low-emission carpet construction is to eliminate the latex bond through

fusion bonding. Carpet made in this manner has a sponge plastic backing into which the

face fibre has been heat-welded. It has a low indoor pollution potential. Needle punched

carpets are also made without latex. Among latex-bonded carpets, including wool products,

emissions vary widely. Some carpet manufacturers have made considerable effort to provide


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low-emission products and provide test results, including VOC and other emissions at

different time periods.

Airing out new carpet has often been recommended as a pollution-reduction measure, but

the evidence of its effectiveness is still being studied. While this can help reduce some short-

term volatile emissions and reduce odours adsorbed during manufacturing and storage, other

carpet contents can produce emissions for many months.

Finished Concrete Flooring:

Finished concrete flooring is an integral system of slab and finish produced by adding

colorants and sealers to the topping concrete either before or after it cure. The concrete is

usually stamped with tile patterns and grid lines to control cracking and to enhance its

appearance. It is a durable and low-maintenance finish.


Finished concrete may be appropriate for areas that would otherwise be surfaced with tile

or terrazzo. Systems with integral colour added to the entire topping layer are more resistant

to damage and less likely to require re-colouring than systems dyed after the concrete is laid.

Proper sealing and waxing can lead to longer life.


Finished concrete is low in emissions.

The choice of sealers is the main concern. Water-dispersed acrylic sealers and waxes

meeting low-volatility standards are among the safest.

Paints:

Paint is an important indoor air pollution and toxic waste consideration. Volatile

emissions from paint tend to be short termthat is, they decrease to a small fraction of the

wet emission rate within a few days or weeks. Some of the most toxic emissions from paints

and coatings are from evaporating solvents and a wide variety of volatiles released by

oxidation. These volatiles are produced by both solvent- and water-based paints. As much as

12 percent of water-based paints may be solvents, although currently paints for interior

applications are available containing very little toxic solvents. Water-borne acrylics are


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clearly preferable to alkyds (solvent-based oil paints) for handling safety, and they are highly

durable and produce no hazardous waste from cleanup.


Several U.S. companies are now providing recycled paints made by mixing left over

manufacturing product with returned customer products. These recycled paints are generally

good-quality acrylic latex paints, suitable for moderate-duty interior use, although the colour

range is quite limited.

For exterior use, solvent-based products are required in some applications. These paints can

be recycled either through municipal programs or through paint suppliers.


The first priority is to avoid paints containing lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, and

cadmium. Although regulations have nearly eliminated many of these toxic components from

consumer paint lines, industrial and commercial paints may still contain them. Check MSDSs

for these toxic contents as they must be disclosed.

Selecting paints with the least volatile emissions, provided they still meet the other project

criteria, is important. Many such paints are water-dispersed acrylic and latex products. Some

of the emerging third-party certification groups provide environmental standards for paints.

Ceiling Tile:

Ceiling tile is the most common ceiling treatment in commercial and public buildings.

Because of the large area it covers, its potential for disturbance during renovation, and its

contact with HVAC systems, it is important to evaluate ceiling tile in terms of resource

efficiency and indoor air quality.


Ceiling tile is usually made from mineral fibre with added clay or gypsum fillers for fire

retardancy and a minimal amount of wood fibre, and it is then painted. Most ceiling tile

contains significant amounts of recycled material. Reusable and paintable tile should last

many years if handled carefully.


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Tile collects dust and adsorbs odours. Ceiling tile with mineral-fibre content may also begin

to shed hazardous fibre if disturbed or as it ages. Both problems can bea concern where the

ceiling is used for a plenum carrying recirculated air back toHVAC plants. If this type of

system is used, the tile should be checked for damage, and the plenum space cleaned with a

high-performance vacuum as advisedby an IAQ professional.

In either new or renovation projects, install ducts in HVAC ceiling plenums if possibleto

secure the plenums from contamination by debris in the suspended ceiling.

Older products classified within CSI Division 9 may contain hazardous materialssuch as

asbestos and lead paint. A discussion of these issues and suggested practicesto address them

is outside the scope of this manual. Professional advice and listingsof qualified consultants

can be obtained from regional Environmental ProtectionAgency offices, or local departments

of public health.

Division 8: Specialties

Resource-efficient options.

Several panel systems available for office partitions and non-structural interior uses

allow changes to floor plans without major demolition and waste. Although they usually cost

more than lightweight steel framing and gypsum panels built on-site, they are reusable and

allow rapid changes to be made with minimal disruption. They also have many components

that can be recycled when the panels are no longer useful. Usually referred to as

demountable systems, they typically have steel or aluminium tracks at the top and bottom

to hold gypsum panels that lock into place. Door modules, glass, different surface finishes,

and several other options are available. The manufacturers claim typically less than 10

percent material waste with relocation. Used systems can be purchased and matching

components traded between departments or buildings or stored for future use. These products

can have important resource-efficiency merits.


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Division 9: Furnishings

Furnishings are an important resource-efficiency and indoor-air-quality consideration

for organizations. A major cost and maintenance component for interiors, they are essential to

workplace satisfaction and comfort.


The most resource-efficient option is to repair any good-quality furniture currently owned

by the organization. Good-quality used office furniture can also be purchased from local

office-furniture suppliers.

Some furniture manufacturers and several resale operators offer reconditioned furniture as a

purchase or lease option. These are usually classic and durable lines that have been bought

back or returned by lessees and have had surfaces and hardware replaced.

Steel, glass, and solid-wood furniture has significant resource-efficiency merits and

recycling potential. It also has minimal indoor pollution potential.

Tropical hardwoods are common in office furniture, both as solid components and veneers.

Rare woods such as rosewood, teak, and ebony are becoming scarce, and extracting them can

contribute to forest degradation. To find well-managed sources of tropical hardwoods, refer

to the guides listed in the Resources section below. Some conscientious furniture

manufacturers offer substitute woods that are more environmentally and economically

sustainable.

Manufactured hardwoods are another option. These are typically northern hard woods that

have been dyed and machined to create beautiful and unique wood finishes.

Upholstery foams used in chairs are generally high-density urethane products. These were

once manufactured with ozone-depleting CFCs, but are now made with less-depleting

HCFCs. HCFCs are also due to be phased out from upholstery-foam manufacture in 1996.


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The main air-pollution potential associated with furniture is from glue-bonded wood

products, soft plastics, fabric treatments, and finishes. Some furniture manufacturers provide

emissions data for their products.

Fabric coverings, foam fillings, and fabric-coated acoustic panels are dust collectors and

Adsorb odours; clean them regularly to minimize these problems.

Metal-coating systems and wood finishes are important environmental issues associated

with furniture. Powder-coated metal finishes are a substitute for painting and plating. The

process involves applying dry powder polymers to metal and fusing them with heat. Powder-

coated finishes are harder than many paints and can actually rival plating for durability. For

woods, factory-applied and -cured coatings such as urethanes have minimal emissions, and

the factory can capture the resulting dust and recycle solvent.


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Specification


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1stCLASS BRICK WORK 1:3:3 CEMENT-SAND MORTAR I N SUPER

STRUCTURE

BRICKS: All bricks should be of first-class of standard specification.

MORTAR: Mortar should be specified. Proportion of cement sand mortar should be 1cement : 3 coarse sand : 3 fine sand. Ingredients should be mixed thoroughly. Mortar should

be used before the initial setting.

SOAKING OF BRICKS:- bricks should be soaked properly in water for a period of 12hours immediately before use.

BONDING: - Bricks work should be carried out in proper bond. English bond is structurallygood unless it is used in aesthetic location. Vertical joints in alternate courses should directly

come over each other.

VERTICALITY:-Verticality may be checked time to time with the help of plumb-bob.

CURING: - Brick work should be kept wet for a period of ten days after laying.

PROTECTION: - The bricks work shall be protected from the effect of sun, rain, frost etc.during the construction and up to such time it is green and likely to damage easily.

SCAFFOLDING: - Necessary scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction ofbrick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and strong and supports and members sufficiently

strong so as to with stand all loads likely to come upon them.

MEASUREMENT:- Bricks work shall be measured in cum(cu ft). The thickness of wallshall be taken as multiple of half brick as half brick, one brick, 1 1/2brick etc.


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R.C.C WORK M -25 IN BEAMS, SLABS & LINTELS

STEEL:- Steel reinforcing bars shall be mild steel or deformed steel of standard specificationand shall be free from corrosion, loose rust scale, oil, grease, paint etc. The steel bars shall be

rounded and capable of bent without fracture. Bars shall be hooked and bent accurate by a

specified in position as per design and bound together tight with 20 S.W.G annealed steel

wire at their point of intersection. Joints in the bar should be avoidable as far as possible then

joints have to be made on overlap of 40 times diameter of the bar shall be given with proper

hooked at the end. While concreting steel bar shall be given side and bottom cover of

concrete by placing precast cover block underneath of 1:2 cement mortar 2.5cm X 2.5cm (1

X 1) and thickness of specified cover 4-5cm for beams and 1-2cm for slabs. During layingand compacting of concrete the reinforcing bars should not move from there position and bars

of the laid portions should not be disturbed.

CENTRING AND SHUTTERING:- Centring and shuttering shall be made with timber orsteel plate close and tight to prevent leakage of mortar, with necessary props, bracing and

wedges. Sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on laying concrete. A coat of oil

washing should be applied over shuttering or paper should be spread over it to have a smooth

and finished surface to prevent adherence to concrete. For slab and beam small camber

should be given in centring with maximum 4cm.

PROPORTION OF CEMENT-CONCRETE:- Cement concrete shall be 1:1:2 proportionby volume for slab, beam and lintel.

MATERIAL:- Aggregate Shall be of inert material and should be clean, dense, hard, sound,shall be of 20mm size and should be retained in 5mm mesh and well graded such that void

dont exceed 42%. Sand should be of standard specification, clean and free from dust, dirt

and organic matter. Sea sand not be used. Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard

ISI specification and shall have the required tensile and compressive strength.

MIXING:- Mixing shall be done with machines. For small work hand mixing by bathes canbe allowed.


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MACHINE MIXING :- Stone ballast, coarse sand and cement shall be put in cementconcrete mixer to have the required specification. The machine shall be added water after

mixing the material dry. The water shall be added to the required quantity to have the

required water-cement ratio.

SLUMP:- Regular slump tests should be carried out to control the addition of water and tomaintain the required consistency. A slump of 7.5cm 10cm (3 to 4) may be allowed for

building work.

LAYING:- Care should be taken that the time between mixing and placing of concrete shallnot exceed 20 minutes, initial setting time should not interfered. Concrete shall be compacted

before the initial setting starts i.e. 30 min.

CURING:- After about 2 hours laying when concrete has begun to harden. It shall be keptdamp covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours and then cured by flooding.

FINISHING:- The exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement sand mortar notexceeding 6mm thick and plastering shall be applied immediately after removal of centring.

MEASUREMENT:- Measurement shall be taken in cum for the finished work as deductionshall be made for volume for steel. Steel reinforcement shall be measured in a separate item

in quintal. The rate of R.C.C work should be for the complete work excluding steel.


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HYSD REI NFORCEMENT BAR 1.5% OF R.C.C WORK

HYSD:- HYSD reinforcement shall be of standard specification and shall be free fromcorrosion, loose rust scales, oil, grease, paint etc. the reinforcement shall be round and

capable of being bent without fracture. Joints in the bars shall be avoided as far as possible,

when joints have to be made an overlap of 40 times diameter of bars shall be given with

proper hooks. Bigger diameter bar should be made by welding and tested before placing in

position. Reinforcement will use at a rate of 1.5% by volume of total R.C.C work.

BENDING OR OVERLAPPING:- Bars should be bent cold, correctly and accurately to thesize and shape as directed by engineers in chief preferably bars of full length should be bent

into semi inverted hooks having clear diameter equal to four times the diameter of bars with alength beyond the bend equal to 4 times in diameter of bars.

PLACING:-Reinforcement bar should be placed in position. The bar should be kept inposition by the following method. For beam and slab construction precast cover block in

cement mortar 1:2 about 4cm x 4cm section of the specified thickness should be placed

between the bar and shuttering. For cantilever and double reinforcement beam, the vertical

distance between the horizontal bar should be maintained by support bar of steel.

DIFFERENT BRAND AVAILABLE IN MARKET:- The various companies producingreinforcement bars are Tata iron & steel Co. , Rathi, Amba, Barnala etc.

Various types of twisted bars are such as follow-

i. Cold twisted high yield strength ribbed bars.ii. Hot rolled high yield strength ribbed bars.

iii. Hot rolled ribbed bar as recommended by ISI.iv. Now a days steel authority if India has introduced a new type of high strength mica alloy

structural steel in market as SIAL-MA.


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MILD STEEL FRAME OF DOOR AND WINDOW OF ANGLE SECTION STEEL:- Steel shall be of mild steel of best quality of standard specification and shall be

free from corrosion loose rust & other object. The steel shall be of uniform section and x-

section area of 35x35x5mm. The weight per meter of the steel shall be 2.6kg throughout the

length.

WELDING:- Before starting welding the joint should be prepared well and thoroughlycleaned to remove dirt, grease, oil, etc. from the work surface. Edges of thicker section

should be levelled and lighter gauge should be provided with suitable backing. The work

piece should be held firmly, preferably is suitable fixture.

FRAME: - The frame shall be properly framed and joint by welded joint with electric arewelding. All frame work shall be placed, neatly and truly finished to exact. The frame should

be painted with two coat of red oxide as prime coat before in position.

PAINTING: - The surface of frame shall be painted with 2 coat of approval paint over a coatof red oxide as primer. Two coat of primer should be applied on the frame before fixing in

position.

MEASUREMENT: - It should be measured in quintal. The cost of frame shall be taken inper quintal or may rarely also be per number.


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TEAK WOOD WORK IN DOOR AND WI NDOW SHUTTERS

TIMBER: - The timber shall be of the kind as specified, well seasoned and free from sap,knots, wraps, cracks and other defects. All work shall be planned and neatly and truly

finished to exact dimensions.

SHUTTERS OR LEAVES (JOINERY):- The shutter may be panelled, glazed part panelledand part glazed battened or venetian as specified. The thickness of shutter shall be (1 1/2 to

2) 3cm to 5cm as specified. The styles, rails and panels shall be planed and neatly and truly

finished to the exact dimensions. The styles and rails shall be framed properly and accurately

with mortar and tenon joint and fixed with wooden pins. The thickness of panels shall be

12mm to 25mm (1/2 to 1) as specified. All joints shall be glued before being fitted.

FITTING:- All doors shall be provided with handles on both sides and all windows withhandle on inner sides. One of the doors of each room is provided with sliding bolts on the

outer side for locking. Screws shall of suitable length and correct diameter and shall be fixed

with screw driver not by hammering. The fitting may be of iron, brass or oxidized as

specified of approved quality.

PAINTING OR POLISHING:- The surface of shutter shall be painted with coat ofapproved paint over a coat of priming. The shutter may be polished also with French polish it

has attractive grains.

MEASUREMENT:- The measurement of shutters shall be taken in Sq m (Sqft) for finishedwork in closed position overlaps of two shutters shall not be measured. The rate shall be for

complete work including hanging and fixing in position.


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PLASTERING ON CEILI NG WITH 1:3 CEMENT- SAND MORTAR

Before plastering the ceiling dust, sand or any other loose material should be cleaned withwire brush.

Then the surface is cured properly and kept wet before plastering.

The cement-sand mortar is prepared in the given ratio by keeping the suitable quantity ofwater.

First a coat of neat- cement slurry is applied on ceiling and cement- sand mortar is appliedon the ceiling and levelled with wooden float.

The thickness of cement plaster may ensured by applying the patches (15cmx15cm) at adistance of about 1-1.5m

The levelled surface is smoothen with metallic float and sometimes left rough to ensureproper adherence of white/colour washing or distemper.

At the end of the day the plaster shall be left cut clean to line. When the next days plastering is started the edge of the old work shall scrapped, cleaned and

wetted with cement- slurry.

Curing shall be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently not be damaged whenwatered. The plaster shall be kept wet for at least 10 days.

Measurement is done in Sq m (Sq ft).


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PLASTERING ON WALLS WITH 1:5 CEMENT-MORTAR

The joints of the brick work shall be racked out to a depth of18mm (3/4) and the surface ofthe wall shall be washed and kept wet for two days before plastering.

The material of mortar cement and sand should be of standard specifications.

The material of mortar shall be first dry mixed and then water added slowly and graduallyand mixed thoroughly.

The thickness of plaster shall be as specified usually 12mm. To ensure uniform thickness of plaster patches of 15cm X 15cm strips 1m a part or 10cm

wide plaster shall be applied first at about 2m, to act as a guide.

External plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor. Internal plastering shall be started wherever the building frame is ready and centering of roof

slab have been removed.

Ceiling plaster shall be completed before starting the wall plaster. All corners and edges should be rounded. The work shall be tested frequently with a straight edge and plumb- bob. The plastered surface is kept wet for 10 days. The surface should be protected from rain, sun,

frost etc.

Measurement is done in Sq m.


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WHI TE AND COLOUR WASHING ON I NTERIORS AND EXTERIORSOF

BUILDING

1) Preparation of White Wash:- White wash is made from pure fat lime (white stone lime) or shell lime. The unslaked lime is dissolved in a tub with sufficient quantity of water and it is thoroughly

stirred with a wooden pole, until it attains the consistency of thin cream.

As a rough guide about 5 litres of water should be added to each kg of lime for making thecream.

This mixture is allowed to stand in tub for a period of 24 hours and then strained through acleaned coarse cloth.

Clean gum dissolved in hot water is then added in proportion of 4 kg of gum per cum of thincream.

To prevent glare and to obtain pleasing effect, indigo (Neel) in proportion of 3kg of Neel percum of thin cream is also added.

In order that the coat of white wash may stick well to the surface, alum or common salt takenin the same proportion as gum, is also added.

2)

Preparation of Surface:- The surface should thoroughly cleaned, brushed and rendered free from mortar dropping and

other foreign matter.

In case of re- white washing an old surface, all loose pieces and scales should be scrappedoff.

The old loose white wash is removed by rubbing with sand papers and holes in wall are filledwith cement-mortar or lime putty.

3) Application of white wash:- The wash shall be applied with moonj or jute brush, vertically and horizontally alternately

and the wash kept stirred in the container while using.

Two or three coats shall be applied as specified and each coat shall be perfectly dry beforethe succeeding coat is applied over it.

After finishing the surface shall be of uniform colour. The white wash should not splash on the floor and other surfaces.


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For final coat blue pigment powder should be mixed to the required quantity with the limecream to give a bright white surface.

4)

COLOUR WASHING:- Colour wash shall be prepared with freshslaked white lime mixed with water to make thin

cream adding the colour pigment to the required quantity to give the required tint.

Gum (glue) in the proportion of 100 gm. of gum to 16 litres of wash shall be added. The colour wash may be applied one or two coats as specified. The method of application should be same as for white washing. For new work the priming coat shall be of white wash. Measurement- All works shall be taken in Sq. m. Preparation of surface as cleaning,

brooming, scraping etc. shall be included in item. The item shall include repairs of surface as

holes, cracks, and patches etc. not exceeding 0.1 Sq. m with material similar to existing

surface.


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Design And Reinforcement


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Design of RCC Slab

Critical sets 9m9m thickness of slab.

As per deflection criteria span is x .( As the design of simply supported slab)

=28 (for continues slab)Assuming %age of steel = 0.3% = 281.5d =

d = = 214.28d =215 mm (say)Assuming 10 mm dia. bars along both span and a clear cover 20 mm

Overall depth D = 2400 mm

Ef fective Depth:-

= 240-(20+

) = 215 mm

= 240-(20+ +) = 205 mmEf fective Length:- = 9 = 9 = 1Load and Moment:-Assuming 1 m of . slab

Self-weight of slab = unit weight of RCC Overall depth

= 25 0.240 = 6 KN/Maximum Moment =

= 0.062 13.5

= 67.797 KN-m


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Area of steel;-

= 0.5 b d=

1000215= 942.28

c/c spacing = =

= 83.35 mmby using 12 mm bars

c/c spacing = = = 120.25 mmProvide 12mm dia. bars@120mm c/c

Provide area of steel = = 942.477 mm

Along other span using 12 mm bars

Effective depth ( =

Provide same steel on both sides

Provide 12 mm bars @ 120 mm c/c.

Check for d minimum: - provide.Percentage of steel:-


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Percentage of steel assumed.The design of the slab is safe.

Rein forcement for middle stri p:-

Provide 12mm bars @ 120mm c/c spacing along both direction.

Rein forcement of edge str ip:-

Consideri ng stri p:-

Width of strip = mmAssume 10mm bar

c/c spacing of reinforcement along strip


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Design R.C.C roof slab

Critical section 7m X 9m

Thickness of the slab:-

As per deflection criteria

Span/d =

(As the design of simply supported continuous slab)

Span/d = 28

(Assuming %age of steel= 0.3%)

( = 1.5% of steel in 2-war slab)

Span/d = 28 X 1.5= 42

D = span/42 = 7000/42 = 166.66

D= 170mm

(Assuming 12mm dia bars along the both span with clear cover of 20mm)

Overall depth = 170+ (6+20) = 196mm

Taking overall depth= 200mm

Ef fective depth:-

dx = 200-(20-6)= 174mm

dy= 200-(20-12-6)= 162mm

Ef fective length:-

Lx =7000mm

Ly = 9000mm

Ly/Lx =1.286

Loads and moments:-

Assuming the 1m of strip slab

Self wt. of the slab = unit wt. of concrete slab x overall thickness

= 25 X .2 = 5KN/m2

Floor finishing = 1KN/m2

Live Load Assuming = 2KN/m2

Total Load =5+1+2 =8KN/m2

Factor load = 8X1.5 = 12KN/m2


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Maximum Moment:-

Along the shorter span

Mx= xwx Lx2 = 0.093X12X72 = 54.689 KN)

Along longer span:-

My= y WyLx2 = 0.055X12X72= 32.34 KNm

Area of steel:-

Along shorter span:-

Astx=0.5 fck/fy [1-1-(

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