MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

2011SUBMITTED BY:Neeraj Milan 071114018Sachin Kumar 071114058Anuvrat Chaturvedi 071114031Deepak Sharma 071114053Vijay Ahirwar 071114095Sumit Kumar 071114064Under the Guidance ofDr. Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant Professor)5/6/2011MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL PROJECT REPORT ON Simulation of a 2.3 GHz microstrip inset feed Patch Antenna with a slot using IE3D

MAULANA AZADNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT ON

Simulation of a 2.3 GHz microstrip inset feed Patch Antenna with a slot using IE3D

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree of MANIT, Bhopal.

SUBMITTED BY

NEERAJ MILAN (071114018)ANUVRAT CHATURVEDI (071114031)SACHIN KUMAR (071114058)VIJAY AHIRWAR (071114095)DEEPAK SHARMA(071114053)SUMIT KUMAR(071114064)

Final Year, Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Under The Guidance of Dr. Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant Professor)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express thanks with deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Dr. Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant Professor) for her expert guidance, valuable inspiration, constant encouragement, painstaking attention and constructive criticism and suggestion. She stood by us along the way to make our project a working reality.We sincerely thank Dr. S.C. Shrivastava (H.O.D EL&CE Department) for the technical support he provided.Last but not least, we express our thanks to the entire staff of El&CE Deptt. and to all those who extended their co-operation directly or indirectly in the completing this endeavor.

MAULANA AZADNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Neeraj Milan, Sachin Kumar, Anuvrat Chaturvedi, Deepak Sharma,Vijay Ahirwar, Sumit Kumar of B. Tech. Electronics and Communication Engineering has successfully completed their Major Project onSimulation of a 2.3 GHz microstrip inset feedPatch Antenna with a slot using IE3D,in partial completion of their Bachelors degreeatMaulana Azad National Institute Of Technology.Under the guidance of

Dr. Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant Professor)

Dr. S. C. Shrivastava(Head of department)Electronics and Communication Engineering

ABSTRACT

Communication between humans was first by sound through voice. With the desire for slightly more distance communication came, devices such as drums, then, visual methods such as signal flags and smoke signals were used. These optical communication devices, of course, utilized the light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has been only very recent in human history that the electromagnetic spectrum, outside the visible region, has been employed for communication, through the use of radio. One of humankinds greatest natural resources is the electromagnetic spectrum and the antenna has been instrumental in harnessing this resource.

In this project we design a microstrip inset feed patch antenna at 2.3 MHz frequency,and simulate it with IE3D software and again simulate this antenna inserting a slot in between the patch and compare the characteristics of both the antennas such as Directivity, Gain, S-Parameters and its 2D and 3D current distribution.

IE3D is a full-wave, method-of-moments based electromagnetic simulator solving the current distribution on 3D and multilayer structures of general shape. It has been widely usedin the design of MMICs, RFICs, LTCC circuits, microwave/millimeter-wave circuits, IC interconnects and packages, HTS circuits, patch antennas, wire antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas

Table of Contents1.PROJECT OVERVIEW71.1INTRODUCTION71.2BACKGROUND71.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES71.4METHODOLOGY82.THEORY82.1ANTENNA82.1.1ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS82.1.1.a ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS82.1.1.b ANTENNA GAIN92.1.1.c DIRECTIVITY102.1.1.d POLARIZATION112.1.1.e EFFICIENCY112.1.1.f BANDWIDTH112.1.2 ANTENNA TYPES122.1.2.a MICRO STRIP ANTENNA122.1.2.b PATCH ANTENNA192.1.2.c SLOT ANTENNA202.1.2.d Dipole Antenna202.1.2.e DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA222.1.2.f HORN ANTENNA222.1.2.g PARABOLIC ANTENNA232.1.2.f OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA252.2 IE3D262.4.1INTRODUTION262.2 IE3D FEATURES263.DESIGNING PROCESS283.1 GETTING STARTED WITH IE3D283.2 MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA WITHOUT SLOT333.1SIMULATION IN IE3D39CONCLUTION39REFERECNCES39

PROJECT OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

Satellite communication and Wireless communication has been developed rapidly in the past decades and it has already a dramatic impact on human life. In the last few years, the development of wireless local area networks (WLAN) represented one of the principal interests in the information and communication field. Thus, the current trend in commercial and government communication systems has been to develop low cost, minimal weight, low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a large spectrum of frequencies.In this project we design a microstrip inset feed patch antenna at 2.3 MHz frequency,and simulate it with IE3D software and again simulate this antenna inserting a slot in between the patch and compare the characteristics of both the antennas such as Directivity, Gain, S-Parameters and its 2D and 3D current distribution.IE3D is a full-wave, method-of-moments based electromagnetic simulator solving the current distribution on 3D and multilayer structures of general shape. It has been widely usedin the design of MMICs, RFICs, LTCC circuits, microwave/millimeter-wave circuits, IC interconnects and packages, HTS circuits, patch antennas, wire antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas.We have designed the dipole antenna array using IE3D simulation for selection of an appropriate result for future development.

1.2BACKGROUND

The invention generally relates to a microstrip patch antenna inserting a slot in the patch.A microstrip feed line patch antenna is designed for 2.3GHz center frequency havesuccessfully been built and Measurement show that the half power beam width (HPBW) is 60 degree with VSWR lower than 1.5, and return losses equal to -33.6dB at center frequency.

1.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This project aims for the better performance of the communication process, such as directivity pattern enhancement. It is an object of the invention to provide a slot in between the patch offers multiple operational frequencies and has a compact volume. And for increasing Directivity and Gain of the antenna.

1.4METHODOLOGY

We first started off by gathering a thorough information about microstrip antenna, patch antenna and slot antenna and their uses. Then we design a microstrip inste feed patch antenna and providing a slot in between the patch which increases the Gain and Directivity of an antenna.

THEORY

2.1ANTENNA

The antenna is mainly intended to be used for reception of a signal transmitted from an unmanned aircraft, and can be used in many applications in communication systems such as satellite technology and military applications.An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic.

2.1.1ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

An antenna is a device that is made to efficiently radiate and receive radiatedelectromagnetic waves. There are several important antenna characteristics that should be considered when choosing an antenna for your application as follows:

Antenna radiation patternsAntenna GainDirectivityPolarizationEfficiencyBandwidthTransmission and Reception

2.1.1.a ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS

An antenna radiation pattern is a 3-D plot of its radiation far from the source. Antenna radiation patterns usually take two forms, the elevation pattern and the azimuth pattern. The elevation pattern is a graph of the energy radiated from the antenna looking at it from the side as can be seen in Figure3a .The azimuth pattern is a graph of the energy radiated from the antenna as if you were looking at it from directly above the antenna as illustrated in Figure 3b. When you combine the two graphs you have a 3-D representation of how energy is radiated from the antenna in Figure 3c.

Figure 3. (a) Generic Dipole Elevation Pattern (b) Generic Dipole Azimuth Pattern (c) 3-D Radiation Pattern.

2.1.1.b ANTENNA GAIN

Antenna gain is the ratio of surface power radiated by the antenna to the surface power radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna:This gain is most often referred to with the units of dBi, which is logarithmic gain relative to an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna has a perfect spherical radiation pattern and a linear gain of one.

The surface power carried by an electromagnetic wave is:

The surface power radiated by an isotropic antenna feed with the same power is:

Substituting values for the case of a short dipole, final result is:

= 1.5 = 1.76 dBi

dBi simply means decibels gain, relative to an isotropic antenna.

2.1.1.c DIRECTIVITY

The directive gain of an antenna is a measure of the concentration of the radiated power in a particular direction. It may be regarded as the ability of the antenna to direct radiated power in a given direction. It is usually a ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction to the average radiation intensity.

2.1.1.d POLARIZATION

Polarization is the orientation of electromagnetic waves far from the source. There are several types of polarization that apply to antennas. They are Linear, which comprises, Vertical, Horizontal and Oblique, and circular, which comprises, Circular Right Hand (RHCP); Circular Left Hand (LHCP), Elliptical Right Hand and Elliptical Left Hand. Polarization is most important if you are trying to get the maximum performance from the antennas. For best performance you will need to match up the polarization of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna.

Note: Clockwise rotation of the Electromagnetic wave is right-hand polarization; counterclockwise rotation is left-hand polarization

2.1.1.e EFFICIENCY

In electromagnetic, antenna efficiency or radiation efficiency is a figure of merit for an antenna. It measures the electrical losses that occur throughout the antenna while it is operating at a given frequency, or averaged over its operation across a frequency band. It is expressed as a percentage, where 100% (or 1.0) is perfectly lossless and 0% (or 0.0) is perfectly lossy.

Antenna efficiency is the ratio between its radiation resistance and its total resistance:

Antenna efficiency can also be expressed as the ratio between its input power and its radiated power:

2.1.1.f BANDWIDTH

The range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified standard.

2.1.2 ANTENNA TYPES

There are many different types of antennas. Antennas most relevant to designs at 2.3GHz that are further detailed are as follows:

MICRO STRIP ANTENNAPATCH ANTENNASLOT ANTENNADIPOLE ANTENNADIRECTIONAL ANTENNAHORN ANTENNAOMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNAPARABOLIC ANTENNA

2.1.2.a MICRO STRIP ANTENNA

In its most basic form, a Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on oneside of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side as shown in Figure 3.1.The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.

Fig. Micro strip patch antenna

In order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the patch is generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular, elliptical or some other common shape as shown in Figure.For a rectangular patch, the length L of the patch is usually 0.3333 < L < 0.50 , where 0 is the free-space wavelength. The patch is selected to be very thin such that t Set Graph Parameters.Change the Vector Size to 2 and click OK. Now you can more easily see the vectorelectric current distribution on the surface of the antenna. This current distribution isshown in Figure 27.

33) In the MGRID View Window, Select Process Pattern Calculation. The PatternCalculation Info. Window pops up. In this window, you can enter the patterncalculation information such as the number of angles, frequency, excitation sources,and terminations (if any). The software automatically uses 37 angle points for Phi and37 angle points for Theta. Since we have only one frequency point, it is alreadyselected and we dont have to do anything else. Press OK and the software starts tocalculate the radiation pattern.34) After pattern calculation is complete, a new window pops up. Press DefineExcitation. The pattern calculation information window pops up again and allowsyou to choose the excitation source or specify termination impedances for differentports if you are simulating a multiple port structure. In this case, none of these is thecase, so simply press OK. The Pattern View software is invoked. In this software,you can plot the radiation patterns and examine different radiation parameters such as radiation efficiency, gain, etc. The Pattern Views main window is shown in Figure28.

35) Select the Display 3D Pattern item. The 3D Pattern Selection window popsup. Select True 3D as the Pattern Style and dBi (Directivity) as the Scale Style asshown in Figure 29. Press OK and the 3D pattern will appear as shown in Figure 30;the 3D pattern shows the general shape of the pattern but you cannot easily see theco-pol and cross-pol components. That is why we will also plot the 2D patterns in theE- and H-planes. Also note that the antenna is radiating only in the upper hemisphereas seen from its 3D radiation pattern. This is caused as a result of the presence of theinfinite ground plane underneath the patch that isolates the lower half space.

36) Select the Display 2D Pattern item. The 2D Pattern Display window popsup. In this window, you can choose the 2D plane, in which you want to plot thepatterns. Furthermore, you can choose the type of plot (polar or Cartesian) as well asthe type of the pattern (gain or directivity). Select the E-theta and E-phi componentsat Phi=0 and 90. Choose Polar Plot as the plot style and dBi (Directivity) as thescale style and click OK (as shown in Figure 31).

37) The two-dimensional radiation pattern will be shown as seen from Figure 32.38) You can see other parameters of the antenna such as gain, efficiency, etc. in thissoftware. Select Edit Pattern Properties to view the summary of radiationparameters of the antenna such as gain, efficiency, 3dB beamwidth, directivity, andmismatch losses. Note that IE3D is using a different efficiency definition from theIEEE standard definition. IEEE standard definition of efficiency is the ratio of theradiated power to that of input power, whereas IE3D uses the ratio of radiated powerto the incident power. In this case, mismatch loss is also considered as a factor thatreduces the antenna efficiency, whereas the IEEE definition does not consider themismatch loss as a source of inefficiency. If the antenna is well matched, these twodefinitions yield the same final result.