MAKING DAYLIGHTING WORKIN SCHOOLSPRESENTERS: MELANIE ROSS AND ALI SYEDSEPTEMBER 25, 2015

OUTLINE

• WHAT IS DAYLIGHTING

• SCHOOL LIGHTING LEVELS AND TYPICAL ENERGY USE

• DAYLIGHTING DESIGN PARAMETERS

• IMPACTS ON OCCUPANT COMFORT, HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY

• DAYLIGHT AND ENERGY MODELING TOOLS

• CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS AND STANDARDS

• CASE STUDY

WHAT IS DAYLIGHTING?

DAYLIGHTING

• THE CONTROLLEDADMISSION OFNATURAL LIGHT INTO ABUILDING.

• REDUCES ELECTRICLIGHTINGREQUIREMENTS ANDSAVES ENERGY.

• CREATES ASTIMULATING ANDPRODUCTIVEENVIRONMENT FOROCCUPANTS.

KEY QUESTIONS TO ASK

• IS DAYLIGHTING IMPORTANT FOR THIS SPACE?• ARE VIEWS IMPORTANT?• HOW OFTEN IS THIS SPACE OCCUPIED?• WHAT TIME WILL THE SPACE BE OCCUPIED?• ARE THERE MINIMUM DAYLIGHTING REQUIREMENTS?• IS GLARE AND DIRECT SUN CRUCIAL?• WHAT IS THE DESIGN ILLUMINANCE LEVEL?• WHAT MIGHT BE THE IDEAL DESIGN SOLAR ORIENTATION?• WHAT MIGHT BE THE OPTIMUM DAYLIGHTING STRATEGY FOR THE

SPACE? SIDELIGHTING? TOPLIGHTING? OTHER?• WILL TECHNOLOGY BE INCORPORATED FOR THE OVERALL LIGHTING

STRATEGY?• HOW WILL THE DAYLIGHTING STRATEGY ALIGN WITH THE PROGRAM?

SCHOOL LIGHTING LEVELS ANDTYPICAL ENERGY USE

SCHOOL LIGHTING LEVELS

• IESNA LIGHTING HANDBOOK RECOMMENDS• 50 fc or 500 lux for typical Classrooms

• 30 fc or 300 lux for high school gymnasium

• 50 fc or 500 lux for general science labs

• MNECB – 1997• LPD is 1.5 – 2.3 W/ft2

• ASHRAE 90.1 – 2007• LPD is 1.2 W/ft2

• ASHRAE 189.1 – 2009• 10% lower than 90.1 – 2007

• NECB 2011• LPD is 1 W/ft2

Source: CBECS database

ENERGY END USE BREAKDOWN

Space Heating40%

Water Heating4%Cooking

3%

Cooling14%

Lighting14%

OfficeEquipment

11%

Refrigeration2%

Ventilation4%

Others8%

Schools / K-12

• USE DAYLIGHTING AS PRIMARY SOURCE OF ILLUMINATION• OPTIMIZE BUILDING ORIENTATION• REDUCE EAST AND WEST EXPOSURES• MAXIMIZE VERTICAL GLAZING• USE HIGH-PERFORMANCE WINDOWS• OPTIMIZE EXTERIOR & INTERIOR SHADING• USE SMALLER WINDOW-TO-WALL-RATIOS• DO NOT OVER-GLAZE• MAKE SURE LIGHTING DESIGN WORKS WITH DAYLIGHTING• RESPONSIVE LIGHTING CONTROLS

DAYLIGHTING REQUIRES INTEGRATED DESIGN APPROACH

REDUCE BASE BUILDING LOADS

DAYLIGHTING DESIGNPARAMETERS

LIGHTING WAVELENGTH AND THERMAL GAINS

Btus

/Squ

are

Foot

ofG

lass

/Day

Graph above is for 32 degree North Latitude, used for representative purpose

THERMAL GAINS BY ORIENTATION

BUILDING

N

BU

ILDIN

G

THERMAL GAINS BY ORIENTATION

• LONG EAST-WEST AXIS GIVES GREATER ACCESS TO DAYLIGHTWITH EASE OF GLARE CONTROL AND REDUCED HEAT GAIN

• LONG NORTH-SOUTH AXIS CREATES GREATER EXPOSURE TOLOW ANGLE SUN WITH MORE GLARE AND HEAT GAIN

GLAZING AND THE SUN

TYPICAL WINDOW RATING SYSTEM

SOME FACTORS TO CONSIDER

SOME FACTORS TO CONSIDER

HOW DOES THE SUN MOVE ACROSS THE SITE?

SITE SHADING ANALYSIS

SITE SHADING ANALYSIS

SUBURBAN URBAN

ALLOWING DAYLIGHT IN

BALANCE:• APERTURE SIZE• DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY• ENERGY PERFORMANCE

ALL WHILE PROVIDING VIEWS TO THE OUTDOORS AND LIMITING GLARE.

• Minimum connection tooutdoors

• Reliance on artificial light

• Excessive Thermal Load• Glare

Skylights ShadingStructures

Screens Optimizinguse types

ALLOWING DAYLIGHT IN

• FIXED OR AUTOMATED/DYNAMIC EXTERIOR SHADING• EXTERIOR FABRIC AWNING• MANUAL INTERIOR SHADING SYSTEMS• AUTOMATED INTERIOR SHADING SYSTEMS / DOUBLE-SKIN

ENVELOPE SYSTEMS• HIGH PERFORMANCE GLAZING• ELECTROCHROMIC GLAZING• NATURAL SHADING

TYPES OF SHADING

Combined Strategies

Fixed ExteriorInterior Shading

Clerestory

TYPES OF SHADING

IMPACTS ON OCCUPANT COMFORT,HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY

IT’S ABOUT THE PEOPLE

BENEFITS:• HEALTHIER BODIES• BETTER ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE• INCREASED ATTENDANCE

BY THE NUMBERS:• 168 HOURS PER WEEK• 70 HOURS FOR SLEEPING• 20 HOURS FOR MORNING/EVENING ROUTINES• 20 HOURS IN FRONT OF A SCREEN/HOMEWORK• 40 HOURS FOR SCHOOL/EXTRACURRICULAR

18 HOURS LEFT FOR EVERYTHING ELSE - WHEN DOKIDS GO OUTDOORS???

• Onus on good architectural design concepts conducive to daylighting

• Daylight modeling requirements similar to LEED v4

• Daylighting + artificial (electric) lighting designs need to work together

WELL BUILDING STANDARD

WELL BUILDING STANDARD

DAYLIGHTING & ENERGYMODELING TOOLS

Daylighting

Lighting EnergyReduction

HVAC Sizing

Reduced CoolingEquipment Sizing

LEED Thermal ComfortCredit and EAc1 points

DESIGN SYNERGIES

Shading No Shading

GLARE AND PEAK COOLING LOAD REDUCED

SIMULATIONSOFTWARE

BUILDINGCHARACTERISTICS

BUILDINGCHARACTERISTICS

MECHANICAL &ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

MECHANICAL &ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

OCCUPANCY &OPERATIONS

OCCUPANCY &OPERATIONS DAYLIGHTING

WEATHERWEATHER

UTILITY RATESUTILITY RATES

Source: diamond & schmitt architects

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF DESIGN MODELING

DAYLIGHTING MODELING TOOLS

• ENERGY MODELING

• DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

• SUN/SHADE ANALYSIS

• THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS

DAYLIGHTING MODELING TOOLS

SchematicDesign

SchematicDesign

• Form, orientation,massing

• Daylighting• Systems

DesignDevelopment

DesignDevelopment

• How efficient?• Detailed Component

Evaluation

ConstructionDrawings

ConstructionDrawings

• Control Strategies• Confirm compliance• LEED Points, Cost

Savings, etc

BenchmarkingPrecedentsDaylighting ToolsEnergy Modeling

EE4/eQuest/VEQuality & AssuranceDaylighting ToolsEnergy Modeling

EE4/eQuest/VEConfirm DesignDaylighting ToolsEnergy Modeling

WHEN TO MODEL?ali.syed8

Slide 34

ali.syed8 remove OAA 2030 headerAli Syed, 9/20/2015

Program Free Paid Phase Output Expertise Needed Input Effort

SketchUp Ö PD/SD Shading analysis; sunlight penetration Low-Medium Low

Sefaira Ö SD Annual, non-hourly Low-Medium Low

Ecotect Ö SD/DD Point-in-time ill; Shading Analysis Medium Med

Daysim Ö DD/CD Annual, hourly Med-High Med-High

Radiance Ö DD/CD Annual, hourly High High

AGI 32 Ö DD/CD Point-in-time Med-High Med

IES-VE Ö DD/CD Annual, hourly High Med-High

SuperliteThese tools are not as widely used as the ones mentioned above.

Information on these and other tools can be found on the USDOE Building Energy Software Tools Directorywebsite (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/)

Lumen Micro

Lightscape

Daylite

SIMULATION BREAKDOWN

DAYLIGHTING TOOLS – ON-SITE MEASUREMENTS

• LIGHT SENSORS• DATA LOGGERS• LUMINANCE METERS• ILLUMINANCE METERS

ali.syed15

Slide 36

ali.syed15 talk in context of measurement options for LEEDAli Syed, 9/23/2015

CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS ANDSTANDARDS

LEED 2009 LEED v4

ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Current Reference Building Option; 10%energy cost improvement for EAp2

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

Reference Building Option forprojects registered after October 1,2016 or projects registered earlier

and electing to pursue v4.

MNECB 1997 Current Reference Building Option; 23%energy cost improvement for EAp2

NECB 2011 Overall 25% improvement in energyefficiency over MNECB 1997

Alternative Compliance Path toASHRAE 90.1-2010

Daylight CompliancePrescriptive or Simulation Path: achievebetween 108-5000 lux in 75% or more

of regularly occupied spaces

Prescriptive or Simulation Path:simulate daylight autonomy andsunlight exposure OR simulateilluminance OR measurement.

CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS + STANDARDS

CASE STUDY

UBC STUDENT UNION BUILDING

UBC STUDENT UNION BUILDING

UBC STUDENT UNION BUILDING

UBC STUDENT UNION BUILDING

UBC STUDENT UNION BUILDING

QUESTIONS?