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Making of a Making of a RevolutionRevolution
Changes in British PolicyChanges in British Policy
Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763– Closed land West of AppalachiansClosed land West of Appalachians
Sugar Act 1764Sugar Act 1764– Designed to raise $Designed to raise $– New punishments for smugglingNew punishments for smuggling
Quartering/Billeting Act 1765Quartering/Billeting Act 1765 Stamp Act 1765Stamp Act 1765
– ClearlyClearly designed to make $$$ designed to make $$$
Stamp Act Crisis (1765)Stamp Act Crisis (1765)
Stamp ActStamp Act passed in March but was to passed in March but was to take effect in Novembertake effect in November
In October, delegates from 9 colonies In October, delegates from 9 colonies metmet
Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress– James Otis of MassachusettsJames Otis of Massachusetts– ““No taxation w/out representation”No taxation w/out representation”– Petitioned the King and ParliamentPetitioned the King and Parliament
Colonial merchants organized a boycottColonial merchants organized a boycott
Groups sprang up to enforce the Groups sprang up to enforce the boycottboycott– Sons/Daughters of LibertySons/Daughters of Liberty– Mob action Mob action – By November, most collectors By November, most collectors
resigned/fledresigned/fled
Stamp Act repealed in March, 1766Stamp Act repealed in March, 1766– (British Merchants protested Act)(British Merchants protested Act)
Rising Tensions in ColoniesRising Tensions in Colonies
Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act passed passed same daysame day as repeal of Stamp Act (1766)as repeal of Stamp Act (1766)– Parliament had authority to make laws Parliament had authority to make laws
“in all cases whatsoever”“in all cases whatsoever” 1767, authority reasserted with 1767, authority reasserted with
passage of passage of Townshend ActsTownshend Acts– Duties on imports (tea, glass, etc.)Duties on imports (tea, glass, etc.)– $ used to pay salaries of royal governors$ used to pay salaries of royal governors
Violence Erupts in BostonViolence Erupts in Boston
March 5, 1770, unruly crowd in March 5, 1770, unruly crowd in Boston threatens squad of British Boston threatens squad of British SoldiersSoldiers
Five colonists are left dead/dying in Five colonists are left dead/dying in what becomes known as Boston what becomes known as Boston MassacreMassacre
Unhappy Boston! fee thy Sons deplore,Unhappy Boston! fee thy Sons deplore,
Thy hallow’d Walks befmear’d with Guiltlefs Thy hallow’d Walks befmear’d with Guiltlefs Gore:Gore:
While faithlefs and his favage Bands,While faithlefs and his favage Bands,
With murd’rous rancor ftretch their bloody With murd’rous rancor ftretch their bloody Hands;Hands;
Life fierce Barbarians grinning o’er their Prey,Life fierce Barbarians grinning o’er their Prey,
Approve the carnage and enjoy the Day.Approve the carnage and enjoy the Day.
- Paul Revere, 1770- Paul Revere, 1770
“ “The The Bostonians Bostonians Paying the Paying the Excise Man” Excise Man” (1774)(1774)
Parliament Responds to Parliament Responds to MassacreMassacre
Cancels Townshend Acts in May, 1773 Cancels Townshend Acts in May, 1773 except for tax on TEAexcept for tax on TEA
1773, 1773, Tea ActTea Act provides BEIC right to provides BEIC right to sell tea in America w/out paying sell tea in America w/out paying normal taxesnormal taxes
American merchants protestedAmerican merchants protested– Several port cities refused ships carrying Several port cities refused ships carrying
teatea– 1773 Boston Tea Party1773 Boston Tea Party
Parliament Punishes Parliament Punishes ColoniesColonies
Spring 1774, Spring 1774, Coercive ActsCoercive Acts passed passed Bad timing?Bad timing? Colonists call for a united response to Colonists call for a united response to
“Intolerable Acts” “Intolerable Acts”
June, 1774, Quebec ActJune, 1774, Quebec Act– Govt. w/ no representative assemblyGovt. w/ no representative assembly– Expanded borders into Mississippi ValleyExpanded borders into Mississippi Valley– Guaranteed free practice of CatholicsGuaranteed free practice of Catholics
1st Continental Congress1st Continental Congress
Sept. 5, 1774, convened in Sept. 5, 1774, convened in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia– 56 delegates from almost every colony56 delegates from almost every colony– Agreed to boycott British goodsAgreed to boycott British goods– Called on colonists to Called on colonists to arm themselvesarm themselves
Delegates 1Delegates 1stst appeal to the king appeal to the king
““The foundation of English liberty, and of all The foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right of the people free government, is a right of the people to participate in their legislative council: to participate in their legislative council: and as English colonists are not and as English colonists are not represented, and…cannot properly be represented, and…cannot properly be represented in the British Parliament, they represented in the British Parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved.”representation can alone be preserved.”
-Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, -Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, 17741774
On October 26, the Congress endedOn October 26, the Congress ended– Members vowed to meet again in the Members vowed to meet again in the
spring if the crisis was not resolvedspring if the crisis was not resolved
November 18, the King November 18, the King
writes: writes: – ““The New England The New England
governments are in a state governments are in a state
of rebellion”of rebellion”
““Gentlemen may cry, ‘Peace! Peace!’- Gentlemen may cry, ‘Peace! Peace!’- but there is not peace…. The next but there is not peace…. The next gale that sweeps from the north will gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!...Is life so dear, or resounding arms!...Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but for what course others may take; but for me, give me liberty or give me me, give me liberty or give me death!”death!”
- Patrick Henry (1775)- Patrick Henry (1775)
Shot Heard Round the WorldShot Heard Round the World
Americans that King George labeled Americans that King George labeled “rebels” called themselves “rebels” called themselves PatriotsPatriots
Formed militias Formed militias (armies of trained civilians)(armies of trained civilians) and began to gather guns and and began to gather guns and ammunitionammunition
Concord, 20 miles from BostonConcord, 20 miles from Boston Late at night, April 18, 1775, 800 Late at night, April 18, 1775, 800
British troops marched toward British troops marched toward Concord Concord
Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott sent on horseback to alert Prescott sent on horseback to alert Patriot leadersPatriot leaders
British forces encountered 70 militia British forces encountered 70 militia (“minute-men”) at Lexington(“minute-men”) at Lexington
Destroy some supplies at Concord, Destroy some supplies at Concord, but are met by thousands of Patriots but are met by thousands of Patriots as they return to Bostonas they return to Boston
Over ¼ killed or woundedOver ¼ killed or wounded Is war inevitable?Is war inevitable?
Siege of BostonSiege of Boston Following L&C (April, 1775), ~20,000 Following L&C (April, 1775), ~20,000
armed Patriots surround Boston to prevent armed Patriots surround Boston to prevent 6,000 British troops from crushing the 6,000 British troops from crushing the rebellionrebellion
In May, Vermont’s militia captured Fort In May, Vermont’s militia captured Fort Ticonderoga in NYTiconderoga in NY
June, two hills north of Boston occupiedJune, two hills north of Boston occupied– G.B.’s third attempt to capture hills successfulG.B.’s third attempt to capture hills successful– 1,100 of 2,400 British killed or wounded1,100 of 2,400 British killed or wounded– Patriot casualties numbered 400Patriot casualties numbered 400
Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress Convene May, 1775 in PhiladelphiaConvene May, 1775 in Philadelphia
Create Continental ArmyCreate Continental Army– G.W. as commander of G.W. as commander of American forcesAmerican forces
Support Olive Branch PetitionSupport Olive Branch Petition– T.J. and DickinsonT.J. and Dickinson– Rejected outright by KingRejected outright by King
Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common SenseCommon Sense
Pamphlet appeared in Pamphlet appeared in
Philadelphia in January, 1776Philadelphia in January, 1776 Message to the colonists was blunt:Message to the colonists was blunt:
““The Period of debate is closed. Arms as the The Period of debate is closed. Arms as the last resource decide the contest…. Every last resource decide the contest…. Every thing that is right or natural pleads for thing that is right or natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ‘TIS TIME weeping voice of nature cries, ‘TIS TIME TO PART.”TO PART.”
Meanwhile, in Boston…Meanwhile, in Boston…
G.W. placed cannons that had G.W. placed cannons that had arrived from Fort Ticonderoga on arrived from Fort Ticonderoga on Dorchester HeightsDorchester Heights
He could shell British forces in Boston He could shell British forces in Boston and ships in Boston Harborand ships in Boston Harbor
British, defenseless, abandon Boston British, defenseless, abandon Boston in March of 1776in March of 1776
Estimated Population of Estimated Population of Colonies in 1770Colonies in 1770