Making The Case For Making The Case For Corrections Education: Corrections Education:

A Review Of Policy Research A Review Of Policy Research

Presented ToPresented To The 2006 California Jail Programs Association The 2006 California Jail Programs Association ConferenceConference

October 6, 2006October 6, 2006By Dr. K. Garth-James, Associate Professor & Director, By Dr. K. Garth-James, Associate Professor & Director,

Public Policy Service Administration ProgramPublic Policy Service Administration ProgramKentucky Wesleyan College, KY 42301Kentucky Wesleyan College, KY 42301

Consultant, KAGL & AffiliatesConsultant, KAGL & AffiliatesPO Box * Elk Grove, CA 95857PO Box * Elk Grove, CA 95857

www.kagl.infowww.kagl.info

PurposesPurposes Review the trends nation-wide and in California that Review the trends nation-wide and in California that

have an effect on crime choice. have an effect on crime choice. Explain crime theories as plausible reasons for Explain crime theories as plausible reasons for

committing crime.committing crime. Examine the education (work training) services on Examine the education (work training) services on

ex-offenders released from corrections (jails) back into ex-offenders released from corrections (jails) back into their neighborhoods.their neighborhoods.

Examine the long-term prospects and outcomes of Examine the long-term prospects and outcomes of ex-offenders with education services during ex-offenders with education services during post-release. post-release.

Identify what we (law makers, educators, corrections Identify what we (law makers, educators, corrections officials, sheriffs and probation) can learn from officials, sheriffs and probation) can learn from assessing policy research about education and ex-assessing policy research about education and ex-offender recidivism and reentry.offender recidivism and reentry.

NoteNote

The results of this analysis do not suggest The results of this analysis do not suggest that education (and employment training) that education (and employment training) guarantee ex-offenders successful guarantee ex-offenders successful reintegration into their neighborhoods. reintegration into their neighborhoods. Extant research indicates that other Extant research indicates that other factors (alcohol and drug addiction, poor factors (alcohol and drug addiction, poor family support, mental and health issues) family support, mental and health issues) which lead to the ex-offenders failure, which lead to the ex-offenders failure, must also be addressed to lead to positive must also be addressed to lead to positive outcomes during post-release.outcomes during post-release.

Background: Jane Doe’s StoryBackground: Jane Doe’s Story Jane Doe is from small town just Jane Doe is from small town just

30 miles from an urban city. Jobs 30 miles from an urban city. Jobs are scarce; and, low paying jobs are scarce; and, low paying jobs are in the shoe factory.are in the shoe factory.

Father died in a war. Mother Father died in a war. Mother works several jobs to raise 4 kids. works several jobs to raise 4 kids. She and Jane don’t get along; “My She and Jane don’t get along; “My mom always calls me slow and mom always calls me slow and ugly,” says Jane.ugly,” says Jane.

Jane is the second oldest, Jane is the second oldest, dropped out of school to work and dropped out of school to work and help with family expenses. help with family expenses.

Jane moved to the urban city to Jane moved to the urban city to “get a better job, more pay” and “get a better job, more pay” and found prostitution, drugs and a found prostitution, drugs and a hard life.hard life.

She is now 20 years, in jail and She is now 20 years, in jail and trying to understand trying to understand why. “What to why. “What to do?”do?”

Jane meets a correctional Jane meets a correctional counselor who encourages her to counselor who encourages her to finish high school. She meets a finish high school. She meets a correctional educator and….correctional educator and….

The programs we offer to the The programs we offer to the inmates allow them to work inmates allow them to work on unresolved issues while on unresolved issues while they are incarcerated. The they are incarcerated. The programs will also allow them programs will also allow them to learn different ways to to learn different ways to handle things and try to handle things and try to change their lives and change their lives and criminal behaviors, rather criminal behaviors, rather than, " than, " Just Serving TimeJust Serving Time". ".

Martinsville City Jail, VA.

History Of JailsHistory Of Jails For those of you who think that the term sheriff originated in the For those of you who think that the term sheriff originated in the

American old west, think again. The office of the sheriff can be traced American old west, think again. The office of the sheriff can be traced back to biblical times and the Book of Daniel in its account of  back to biblical times and the Book of Daniel in its account of  Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon. The modern county sheriffs departments Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon. The modern county sheriffs departments origins date back to the 9origins date back to the 9thth century England’s King Alfred the Great. IT century England’s King Alfred the Great. IT is the oldest law enforcement office within the common-law system. In is the oldest law enforcement office within the common-law system. In the United States, the office of sheriff is a direct continuation of its the United States, the office of sheriff is a direct continuation of its English predecessor,; its powers and duties almost the same as in English predecessor,; its powers and duties almost the same as in England over nine centuries ago. For example, jail administration England over nine centuries ago. For example, jail administration provides an important criminal justice function to maintain law and order provides an important criminal justice function to maintain law and order and preserve “domestic tranquility” (Former Deputy Sheriff Boyd, Suffolk and preserve “domestic tranquility” (Former Deputy Sheriff Boyd, Suffolk County, Mass., 2005) A sheriff is responsible to the citizens. There are County, Mass., 2005) A sheriff is responsible to the citizens. There are the political pressures that sheriffs and deputies must confront. the political pressures that sheriffs and deputies must confront. However, each locality is responsible for providing some funding to the However, each locality is responsible for providing some funding to the sheriff so hat jails may be built and maintained, deputies hired and sheriff so hat jails may be built and maintained, deputies hired and duties of the office carried out in a timely and efficient manner.duties of the office carried out in a timely and efficient manner.

Theories of Crime: From Neighborhoods to Theories of Crime: From Neighborhoods to IncarcerationIncarceration Explain Why People Commit Crime.Explain Why People Commit Crime. What are the theories? What are the theories? Social Disorganization and Conflict TheoriesSocial Disorganization and Conflict Theories

Biological. People born or have genetic or neurological dysfunctions; Biological. People born or have genetic or neurological dysfunctions; biochemical imbalances.biochemical imbalances.

Rational. People reason that crime is more profitable than punishment if Rational. People reason that crime is more profitable than punishment if get caught.get caught.

Chicago School. Social environment and behavior produces crime, Chicago School. Social environment and behavior produces crime, social and cultural deviance theories and strain theory. social and cultural deviance theories and strain theory.

Conflict Theory. Societal and political forces produce crime. Religion and Conflict Theory. Societal and political forces produce crime. Religion and crime (lack of morals); income and crime (lack of money). crime (lack of morals); income and crime (lack of money).

Does Poverty Cause Crime?Does Poverty Cause Crime? “Poverty Does Not Cause Crime" by The “Poverty Does Not Cause Crime" by The John Howard Society of Alberta. John Howard Society of Alberta. Crime and CriminalsCrime and Criminals. Tamara L. Roleff, Ed. . Tamara L. Roleff, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints® SeriesOpposing Viewpoints® Series. Greenhaven Press, 2000. "Poverty . Greenhaven Press, 2000. "Poverty Contributes to Gang-Related Crime" by Donna Hunzeker. Contributes to Gang-Related Crime" by Donna Hunzeker. Juvenile CrimeJuvenile Crime. . A.E. Sadler, Ed. A.E. Sadler, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints® SeriesOpposing Viewpoints® Series. Greenhaven Press, 1997. . Greenhaven Press, 1997.

Does Incarceration control crime?Does Incarceration control crime? Crimes are defined to meet the needs Crimes are defined to meet the needs of those in control of society. People want to feel safe, and the criminals of those in control of society. People want to feel safe, and the criminals locked away.locked away.

Explain what is the purpose of incarceration.Explain what is the purpose of incarceration. UtilitarianismUtilitarianism view of Jeremy Bent ham (1748-1832) believed view of Jeremy Bent ham (1748-1832) believed

punishment has 4 goals: prevent crime, criminal commit lesser offense, punishment has 4 goals: prevent crime, criminal commit lesser offense, dissuade criminal from committing crimes, and protect society.dissuade criminal from committing crimes, and protect society.

Projected Trends In CaliforniaProjected Trends In California By 2025, 25 percent of the 48 By 2025, 25 percent of the 48

million Californians will be million Californians will be foreign born (Latinos).foreign born (Latinos).

Inland cities will grow by 30%; Inland cities will grow by 30%; central valley towns will become central valley towns will become 22ndnd largest region; and, urban largest region; and, urban cities ( LA) will experience cities ( LA) will experience unemployment, crime among unemployment, crime among adults with poor literacy (or no adults with poor literacy (or no literacy) and work skills.literacy) and work skills.

California will be the 6California will be the 6thth largest largest economy in the world.economy in the world.

Will county sheriffs and jail Will county sheriffs and jail administration be affected by administration be affected by demographic and economic demographic and economic changes? (Source: CDE changes? (Source: CDE presentation, CCAE, 2006)presentation, CCAE, 2006)

Source: Public Policy Institute of California

Projected Trends Jobs:Projected Trends Jobs:

Service Industry Vs. Manufacturing Service Industry Vs. Manufacturing Services Industries, the bars Services Industries, the bars

on the far left, show the on the far left, show the greatest increasegreatest increase

Trade Industries show a Trade Industries show a slight increaseslight increase

Employment in government Employment in government jobs plateau, and jobs injobs plateau, and jobs in

Manufacturing, as well as the Manufacturing, as well as the rest of the industries, on the rest of the industries, on the declinedecline

What does this shift in What does this shift in employment demand mean employment demand mean to us in adult education?to us in adult education?

What does it mean to our What does it mean to our economy?economy?

What connection to the What connection to the crime? Strain Theory?crime? Strain Theory?

Projected Trends: Wage EarningsProjected Trends: Wage Earnings Growth in population Growth in population

favors groups that have favors groups that have typically attained lower typically attained lower levels of education – non-levels of education – non-foreign born Americans in foreign born Americans in poverty; immigrants and poverty; immigrants and children of immigrants.children of immigrants.

Potential mismatch Potential mismatch between education between education requirements of new requirements of new economy and amount of economy and amount of education of our future education of our future population.population.

Source: Public Policy Institute of California, 2005Source: Public Policy Institute of California, 2005

Trends in Income EarningsTrends in Income Earnings The Median Family Income The Median Family Income

rates further show the plight rates further show the plight that the traditional racial that the traditional racial and ethnic “minorities” are and ethnic “minorities” are faced with…This slide faced with…This slide shows…among US born shows…among US born Whites, Asians, Blacks and Whites, Asians, Blacks and Hispanics… Hispanics…

US born Whites and Asians US born Whites and Asians have the highest median have the highest median family income at $77,000.family income at $77,000.

US born Blacks and US born Blacks and Hispanics have a median Hispanics have a median family income of $50,000family income of $50,000..

Foreign-born WhitesForeign-born Whites, and , and Asians not born Asians not born Southeast Asia, have a Southeast Asia, have a median family income of median family income of $67,000.$67,000.

Foreign born Hispanics Foreign born Hispanics have the lowest median have the lowest median family income of $31,000. family income of $31,000. These individuals with the These individuals with the lowest median family lowest median family income are the majority of income are the majority of the population that need the population that need adult literacy and work adult literacy and work training.training.

Trends in High School Education Trends in High School Education California High School Exit Exam (CAHSEE)California High School Exit Exam (CAHSEE)

Trends, Theories and CrimeTrends, Theories and Crime

Jobs in industries thought of as “low-wage” or Jobs in industries thought of as “low-wage” or for the “less educated,” are fewer in the high for the “less educated,” are fewer in the high tech economy.tech economy.

But, service employment includes business, But, service employment includes business, professional, entertainment, recreation, health, professional, entertainment, recreation, health, and education. Compared to manufacturing, and education. Compared to manufacturing, these services require higher levels of these services require higher levels of education.education.

What about poverty and crime?What about poverty and crime?

U.S. Poverty Rates of Nativity Status, 1994-2000

EPI Economic Policy Institute—Author’s analysis of March population survey data

Trends in Poverty for Non-Foreign Born AmericansTrends in Poverty for Non-Foreign Born Americans

Trends, Education and PovertyTrends, Education and Poverty

Family income does impact children’s Family income does impact children’s academic readiness and academic successacademic readiness and academic success

Parents in poverty for both native and non-Parents in poverty for both native and non-native residents is a determinant of the native residents is a determinant of the percent of children in povertypercent of children in poverty

Only the children of college graduates have Only the children of college graduates have avoided increased poverty rates avoided increased poverty rates

Poverty status is related to problems of crime, Poverty status is related to problems of crime, recidivism, and reentry.recidivism, and reentry.

Crime RatesCrime Rates

Demographics and CrimeDemographics and Crime

Parent’s criminal Parent’s criminal history does have an history does have an effect on children’s effect on children’s involvementinvolvement

Ethnic minorities Ethnic minorities (African-American, (African-American, Latino) are at a higher Latino) are at a higher risk for arrest, risk for arrest, incarceration and poor incarceration and poor reintegration and reintegration and reentry once returned reentry once returned to their neighborhoods.to their neighborhoods.Source: BJS, Corrections Source: BJS, Corrections

Surveys, 2006)Surveys, 2006)

Jail FacilitiesJail Facilities At midyear 2004, 713,990 inmates were held in the Nation's At midyear 2004, 713,990 inmates were held in the Nation's

local jails, up from 691,301 at midyear 2003. local jails, up from 691,301 at midyear 2003. In 2004, jails reported adding 19,132 beds during the previous In 2004, jails reported adding 19,132 beds during the previous

12 months, bringing the total rated capacity to 755,603. 94% of 12 months, bringing the total rated capacity to 755,603. 94% of the rated capacity was occupied at midyear 2004. the rated capacity was occupied at midyear 2004.

In Indian country on June 30, 2003, 70 facilities were operating In Indian country on June 30, 2003, 70 facilities were operating with the capacity to hold 2,222 persons. These jails held 1,826 with the capacity to hold 2,222 persons. These jails held 1,826 inmates in custody and supervised an additional 82 persons in inmates in custody and supervised an additional 82 persons in the community. the community.

At midyear 2004 Prison and Jail populations: At midyear 2004 Prison and Jail populations: The Nation's prisons and jails incarcerated over 2.1 million The Nation's prisons and jails incarcerated over 2.1 million

persons. persons. In both jails and prisons, there were 123 female inmates per In both jails and prisons, there were 123 female inmates per

100,000 women in the United States, compared to 1,348 male 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 1,348 male inmates per 100,000 men. inmates per 100,000 men.

A total of 2,477 State prisoners were under age 18. A total of 2,477 State prisoners were under age 18. The number of inmates in custody in local jails rose by 22,689; The number of inmates in custody in local jails rose by 22,689;

in State prison by 15,375; and in Federal prison by 10,000. in State prison by 15,375; and in Federal prison by 10,000.

Part II

ExerciseExercise

Define RecidivismDefine Recidivism Define ReintegrationDefine Reintegration Define ReentryDefine Reentry What is the value of research?What is the value of research? How should policy makers use research to How should policy makers use research to

make decisions about jail operations and make decisions about jail operations and management?management?

Do you use research in your work?Do you use research in your work?

The ProblemThe Problem Crime control policies resulted in “record numbers” being Crime control policies resulted in “record numbers” being

incarcerated in federal and state institutions (GAO Report, incarcerated in federal and state institutions (GAO Report, 2001). 2001).

Although serving longer sentences than “a decade ago,” many Although serving longer sentences than “a decade ago,” many are not serving life sentences and will return to their/our are not serving life sentences and will return to their/our neighborhoods (GAO, 2001)neighborhoods (GAO, 2001)

Offenders released from correctional facilities (jails and Offenders released from correctional facilities (jails and prisons), face challenges that seem insurmountable to prisons), face challenges that seem insurmountable to reintegration back into reintegration back into our our neighborhoods.neighborhoods.

The racial differences in the crime rate are one of the most The racial differences in the crime rate are one of the most controversial areas of the criminal justice systemcontroversial areas of the criminal justice system

Employment, education and imprisonment trends are related to Employment, education and imprisonment trends are related to theories of crime.theories of crime.

The R’s have an effect on communities and ex-offenders: The R’s have an effect on communities and ex-offenders: LiteLiteRRacy, Woacy, WoRRk, k, RRecidivism, ecidivism, RReentry and eentry and RReintegration.eintegration.

Time Served: Return To Our Time Served: Return To Our Community is CertainCommunity is Certain

Source: Gaines & Miller, 2005

Doing Time In The Neighborhood:Doing Time In The Neighborhood:Probation In AmericaProbation In America

Source: Gaines & Miller, 2005

Related Policy and ResearchRelated Policy and Research On March 28, 1990, Senate Hearing on ISL and DSL, organized by Dr. On March 28, 1990, Senate Hearing on ISL and DSL, organized by Dr.

Garth-James for Senator Kenneth Maddy (deceased), heard expert Garth-James for Senator Kenneth Maddy (deceased), heard expert testimony that examined the relationship between sentencing laws and testimony that examined the relationship between sentencing laws and sentencing purposes (punishment, rehabilitation). sentencing purposes (punishment, rehabilitation).

Research in the 1990’s, revealed California faced the challenges of Research in the 1990’s, revealed California faced the challenges of sentencing and housing lower-level custody “non-violent” offenders to sentencing and housing lower-level custody “non-violent” offenders to secure facilities:secure facilities:

In the mid-1990s, the Little Hoover Commission released several reports In the mid-1990s, the Little Hoover Commission released several reports that examined the crime control strategy of prevention and urged that it that examined the crime control strategy of prevention and urged that it be made “more of a priority;” and that juvenile and adult corrections be made “more of a priority;” and that juvenile and adult corrections consider rehabilitation programs (education, vocational training, consider rehabilitation programs (education, vocational training, counseling and treatment) effect on and successful reintegration. counseling and treatment) effect on and successful reintegration.

Public policy such as passage of the Public policy such as passage of the Substance Abuse and Crime Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000Prevention Act of 2000 (Proposition 36) amended sentencing laws to (Proposition 36) amended sentencing laws to divert drug offenders (convicted of possession of one gram of cocaine) divert drug offenders (convicted of possession of one gram of cocaine) from incarceration (prison/jails) to community-based treatment from incarceration (prison/jails) to community-based treatment alternatives.alternatives.

Policies created new felony categories which amended sentencing laws to Policies created new felony categories which amended sentencing laws to divert “non-violent” offenders (property, burglary) and drug offenders from divert “non-violent” offenders (property, burglary) and drug offenders from prison to local custody (jails).prison to local custody (jails).

Crime Trends TodayCrime Trends Today Crime, Race, and PovertyCrime, Race, and Poverty

The highest crime rates in the United States are The highest crime rates in the United States are consistently recorded in the low-income, urban consistently recorded in the low-income, urban neighborhoods with the highest unemployment neighborhoods with the highest unemployment rates,rates,

Lack of education, another handicap most often Lack of education, another handicap most often faced by low-income citizens, also seems to faced by low-income citizens, also seems to correlate with criminal activity,correlate with criminal activity,

Official crime data seem to indicate a strong Official crime data seem to indicate a strong correlation between minority status and crime: correlation between minority status and crime: African Americans are overrepresented in African Americans are overrepresented in arrest-, crime-, and victimization rates.arrest-, crime-, and victimization rates.

Policy, Research and RecidivismPolicy, Research and RecidivismIn 1990-2000s, Recidivism studies indicate an association between education and In 1990-2000s, Recidivism studies indicate an association between education and crime and employability and crime:crime and employability and crime: Texas CJ Policy Council evaluates prisoner education and vocational Texas CJ Policy Council evaluates prisoner education and vocational

programs and “prospects” for lowering recidivism rates reveal positive programs and “prospects” for lowering recidivism rates reveal positive association (C.E., 2002) .association (C.E., 2002) .

The Forensic Case Management Program investigated jail recidivism factors and The Forensic Case Management Program investigated jail recidivism factors and found that ex-offenders (clients) were “likely to be returned to jail” if mentally ill, found that ex-offenders (clients) were “likely to be returned to jail” if mentally ill, homeless, and formerly incarcerated in a large urban facility” (Health & Social homeless, and formerly incarcerated in a large urban facility” (Health & Social Work, 1995)Work, 1995)

University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, research on expanding degree-University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, research on expanding degree-granting higher-education programs to jailed inmates “greatly reduced recidivism” granting higher-education programs to jailed inmates “greatly reduced recidivism” (Chronicles, 1992).(Chronicles, 1992).

In West Virginia, Marshall University research findings at Huntsville Correctional In West Virginia, Marshall University research findings at Huntsville Correctional Facility, indicate prisoners enrolled in GED and vocational training reported a Facility, indicate prisoners enrolled in GED and vocational training reported a recidivism of 6.71%; no educational participants recidivism rate was 26% recidivism of 6.71%; no educational participants recidivism rate was 26% (C.E.,2003).(C.E.,2003).

Syracuse University research of 100 women in New York Correctional facility and Syracuse University research of 100 women in New York Correctional facility and enrolled in vocational plumbing program, found that “ the program emphasized enrolled in vocational plumbing program, found that “ the program emphasized self-esteem, hands-on work, building confidence, literacy” leading to reduction in self-esteem, hands-on work, building confidence, literacy” leading to reduction in recidivism through re-arrest, re-incarceration. recidivism through re-arrest, re-incarceration.

In 2004, the Russell Sage and National Science Foundations supported the In 2004, the Russell Sage and National Science Foundations supported the research found in “research found in “Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality,” Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality,” which which indicates the “mass incarceration of low-education” ethnic minorities “conceals the indicates the “mass incarceration of low-education” ethnic minorities “conceals the unemployment and inequality in wages” for this population (p.2).unemployment and inequality in wages” for this population (p.2).

Education and Employment PolicyEducation and Employment Policy

In 1990s, federal policies created the Workforce In 1990s, federal policies created the Workforce Investment Act to replace the JTPA(1980s) with Investment Act to replace the JTPA(1980s) with emphasis on:emphasis on: Employment training (or re-training) for adults Employment training (or re-training) for adults

(Title I)(Title I) Adult Literacy for “the most in need” and Adult Literacy for “the most in need” and

“hardest to serve” adults (Title II, Sections 231 “hardest to serve” adults (Title II, Sections 231 and Section 225, for educating the and Section 225, for educating the incarcerated, with nearly $600 million dollars.incarcerated, with nearly $600 million dollars.

Employment and Education Policy Employment and Education Policy In California In California

California WIA, Title I, supports One-Stops services California WIA, Title I, supports One-Stops services employment training and retraining for clients.employment training and retraining for clients.

California WIA, Title II, Section 231/225 grant totals about $78 California WIA, Title II, Section 231/225 grant totals about $78 million to serve 1.4 million adults (278 literacy providers).million to serve 1.4 million adults (278 literacy providers).

In 2003, the Public Policy Institute of California, released a In 2003, the Public Policy Institute of California, released a report that supports the policy purposes and findings of the report that supports the policy purposes and findings of the federal governments:federal governments: Demographic “determinants of education” is the “single Demographic “determinants of education” is the “single

most” important factor to understand why ethnic/racial most” important factor to understand why ethnic/racial minority adults have low literacy. (62% of men and 63% of minority adults have low literacy. (62% of men and 63% of women have not completed 9-12 grade/no diploma, p. 3).women have not completed 9-12 grade/no diploma, p. 3).

There is “rising” value of education and employment training There is “rising” value of education and employment training to the California labor market. Ex-offenders are part of that to the California labor market. Ex-offenders are part of that labor market.labor market.

2002 2012 Number Percent1 Medical assistants 365 579 215 59% Moderate-term on-the-job training2 Network systems and data communications analysts 186 292 106 57% Bachelor's degree3 Physician assistants 63 94 31 49% Bachelor's degree4 Social and human service assistants 305 454 149 49% Moderate-term on-the-job training5 Home health aides 580 859 279 48% Short-term on-the-job training6 Medical records and health information technicians 147 216 69 47% Associate degree7 Physical therapist aides 37 54 17 46% Short-term on-the-job training8 Computer software engineers, applications 394 573 179 46% Bachelor's degree9 Computer software engineers, systems software 281 409 128 45% Bachelor's degree

10 Physical therapist assistants 50 73 22 45% Associate degree11 Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors 183 264 81 44% Postsecondary vocational award12 Database administrators 110 159 49 44% Bachelor's degree13 Veterinary technologists and technicians 53 76 23 44% Associate degree14 Hazardous materials removal workers 38 54 16 43% Moderate-term on-the-job training15 Dental hygienists 148 212 64 43% Associate degree16 Occupational therapist aides 8 12 4 43% Short-term on-the-job training17 Dental assistants 266 379 113 42% Moderate-term on-the-job training18 Personal and home care aides 608 854 246 40% Short-term on-the-job training19 Self-enrichment education teachers 200 281 80 40% Work experience in a related occupation20 Computer systems analysts 468 653 184 39% Bachelor's degree21 Occupational therapist assistants 18 26 7 39% Associate degree22 Environmental engineers 47 65 18 38% Bachelor's degree23 Postsecondary teachers 1,581 2,184 603 38% Doctoral degree24 Network and computer systems administrators 251 345 94 37% Bachelor's degree25 Environmental science and protection technicians 28 38 10 37% Associate degree26 Preschool teachers, except special education 424 577 153 36% Postsecondary vocational award27 Computer and information systems managers 284 387 103 36% Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience28 Physical therapists 137 185 48 35% Master's degree29 Occupational therapists 82 110 29 35% Bachelor's degree30 Respiratory therapists 86 116 30 35% Associate degree

FASTEST GROWING OCCUPATIONS OVER THE NEXT 10 YEARSEmployment (000s) Expected Growth

Most significant source of education or trainingOccupation

Some College

Some High School

Associate Degree

Some College

Bachelor’s Degree

Master’s Degree

$22,400

$29,200

$34,300

$36,400

$47,000

$56,600

9.2%

5.3%

4.8%

4.0%

3.1%

2.9%

High School Graduate

Some College

Associate Degree

Bachelor’s Degree

Master’s Degree

High School Dropout

Do Offenders Need Literacy?Do Offenders Need Literacy?

Immigration Policy, focus on security, education and employment Immigration Policy, focus on security, education and employment training of immigrant (incarcerated) adults.training of immigrant (incarcerated) adults.

The Refugee Resettlement Act allocates millions of dollars for The Refugee Resettlement Act allocates millions of dollars for integration services that include adult literacy and employment integration services that include adult literacy and employment training, some are former lawbreakers.training, some are former lawbreakers.

Federal Law for Adult Literacy (WIA, Even Start, Barbara Bush Federal Law for Adult Literacy (WIA, Even Start, Barbara Bush Foundation Grant), including families of ex-offenders.Foundation Grant), including families of ex-offenders.

Research from the National Assessment of Adult Literacy Research from the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAALs) Survey 2003, indicates 63 million adults have literacy (NAALs) Survey 2003, indicates 63 million adults have literacy deficiency and a “significant” number are incarcerated.deficiency and a “significant” number are incarcerated.

In August, 2005, In August, 2005, Focus on Basics Connecting Research to Focus on Basics Connecting Research to PracticePractice, , dedicated the entire volume to corrections education dedicated the entire volume to corrections education research and understanding how long-term outcomes for ex-research and understanding how long-term outcomes for ex-offenders returned to our communities with literacy and offenders returned to our communities with literacy and employment training can improve chances for employmentemployment training can improve chances for employment . .

Jail Population In CaliforniaJail Population In California At the end 2003, California county jails housed about 76,000 At the end 2003, California county jails housed about 76,000

inmates (see chart). inmates (see chart).

Source: Source: Jail Profile Annual Report, 2003Jail Profile Annual Report, 2003, California Board of , California Board of Corrections.Corrections.

Average Daily Population 1996-2002

55,000

60,000

65,000

70,000

75,000

80,000

85,000

96-1

96-3

97-1

97-3

98-1

98-3

99-1

99-3

00-1

00-3

01-1

01-3

02-1

02-3

Correctional Education In CaliforniaCorrectional Education In California

In 2004-05, there are 32 WIA, Title II, Section In 2004-05, there are 32 WIA, Title II, Section 225 programs operating in local jails, or a 225 programs operating in local jails, or a halfway house, and community college halfway house, and community college prisoner transition program.prisoner transition program.

In 2004-05, state-funding for Jail Education In 2004-05, state-funding for Jail Education totaled nearly $14 million.totaled nearly $14 million.

California Jail Education California Jail Education Access to postsecondary education has become increasingly important for Access to postsecondary education has become increasingly important for

economic success. The enrollment of jail inmates in adult education courses economic success. The enrollment of jail inmates in adult education courses has increased from 41,000 respectively in 2001-02, to over 50,000 in 2003-04 has increased from 41,000 respectively in 2001-02, to over 50,000 in 2003-04 (see bar chart). (see bar chart).

Source: Comprehensive Student Assessment System Data (CASAS) Data, 2004.Source: Comprehensive Student Assessment System Data (CASAS) Data, 2004.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Learners

Enrollment in WIA Title II 225 Programs 2003-04

N 33,666 5,618 2 11,676 50,962

Percent(%) 66.1 11 0 22.9 100

ABE ESLESL-

CitizensASE

TOTAL

Nearly One-Fourth (1/4) Of the Jail Inmates In Adult Nearly One-Fourth (1/4) Of the Jail Inmates In Adult Education Are Age 16-30 YearsEducation Are Age 16-30 Years

Source: CASAS Data, 2004Source: CASAS Data, 2004

Adult Learner by Age in 225/231 and/or EL Civics Programs 2003-04

16-206%

21-3017%

31-4014%

41-509%51-64

3%

TOTAL50%

Learner Age

65 or older1%

Nearly Thirty Percent (30%) of Jail Inmates in Nearly Thirty Percent (30%) of Jail Inmates in Adult Education Speak SpanishAdult Education Speak Spanish

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

Learners

225 231and/orELC

TOTAL

Adult Learner by Native Language in WIA Title II 225/231 and/or EL Civics 2003-04

Native Language English

Spanish Southeast Asian Languages

Chinese Tagalog

Russian Farsi

Other Total

Nearly Half of the Jail Inmates Have Nearly Half of the Jail Inmates Have Less Than 12 Years Of SchoolingLess Than 12 Years Of Schooling

Source CASAS Data 2004Source CASAS Data 2004

Adult Learners in WIA Title II 225 Programs by Years of Schooling 2003-04

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Years in School

Le

arn

ers

Years of Schooling <=3 years 4 - 6 years

7 - 9 years 10 -11 years 12 years

13 + years TOTAL

More Than Half Of The Jail Inmates More Than Half Of The Jail Inmates Are Enrolled In A Career Technical Are Enrolled In A Career Technical Certificate ProgramCertificate Program

Source: CASAS Data 2004Source: CASAS Data 2004

Adult Learner in WIA Title II 225 Programs by Degree 2003-04

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Le

arn

ers

Degree None GED Certificate High School Diploma

Technical Certificate AA or AS Four Year Graduate Graduate Student

Other TOTAL

Part IIIEducation Reduces Crime

Making The Case For Educators To Making The Case For Educators To Develop Stronger Develop Stronger

Relationships With Sheriff’s Relationships With Sheriff’s Good Relationships Depend On YouGood Relationships Depend On You Agency Capacity Agency Capacity Intensity and Duration (instruction and curriculum)Intensity and Duration (instruction and curriculum) Data Reporting and PerformanceData Reporting and Performance

(Learning Gains)(Learning Gains)

Funding Funding BudgetBudget TechnologyTechnology Working around Lock-downs Working around Lock-downs Public Policy and Community SupportPublic Policy and Community Support Partnerships Do WorkPartnerships Do Work

Making The Case For Sheriffs Working Making The Case For Sheriffs Working Effectively With Educators: Understanding Effectively With Educators: Understanding

Constraints on Offender Education ProgramsConstraints on Offender Education Programs Overcrowding in correctional facilities.Overcrowding in correctional facilities. Routines as lock-downs and head counts interrupt training.Routines as lock-downs and head counts interrupt training. Inadequate funding for offender education and vocational Inadequate funding for offender education and vocational

programs.programs. Inadequate equipment and materials for training programs (Paul, Inadequate equipment and materials for training programs (Paul,

1991; C.E., 2002).1991; C.E., 2002). Inadequate teachers, problems with guards and lack of Inadequate teachers, problems with guards and lack of

administrative support.administrative support. Offenders and ex-offenders have poor attitude about literacy and Offenders and ex-offenders have poor attitude about literacy and

work training.work training. Transportation, transitory life-style interrupt services.Transportation, transitory life-style interrupt services. Lack of family and community support.Lack of family and community support. Peer pressure to continue as predator versus contributor.Peer pressure to continue as predator versus contributor.

Making The Case For Coordination: Making The Case For Coordination: Understanding How The Jail Facility Effects Understanding How The Jail Facility Effects

Offender Education and ReentryOffender Education and Reentry

Making The Case For Community Involvement: Making The Case For Community Involvement:

Addressing The Concerns of RecidivismAddressing The Concerns of Recidivism

Making The Case For Opportunity: The Ex-Making The Case For Opportunity: The Ex-offender Returns To The Neighborhoodoffender Returns To The Neighborhood

Ex-offender Reentry Success: What Can Teachers Do? Ex-offender Reentry Success: What Can Teachers Do? Successful literacy and vocational programs are learner centered.Successful literacy and vocational programs are learner centered. Use learners strength to shape their learning by sharing results. Use learners strength to shape their learning by sharing results. Help with realistic goal-setting. What learning gains can the inmate Help with realistic goal-setting. What learning gains can the inmate

learner achieve in 3, 6 months? One year?learner achieve in 3, 6 months? One year? Motivate, build confidence and esteem.Motivate, build confidence and esteem. Recognize that prisoners have high incidence of disabilities, low Recognize that prisoners have high incidence of disabilities, low

academic skills and other challenges.academic skills and other challenges. Use standardized assessments to accurately pinpoint the literacy Use standardized assessments to accurately pinpoint the literacy

deficiencies and accomplishments of the learner.deficiencies and accomplishments of the learner. Use computer-assisted instruction and vocational programs.Use computer-assisted instruction and vocational programs. Help keep prisoners connected and on track to literacy and employment Help keep prisoners connected and on track to literacy and employment

training success when they are released back into the community.training success when they are released back into the community.Ex-offender Reentry Success: What Can Media, Public and PolicyEx-offender Reentry Success: What Can Media, Public and PolicyMakers Do?Makers Do?

Recognize offenders are returning to our communities either as Recognize offenders are returning to our communities either as predators or contributors.predators or contributors.

Advocate politicians pass and vote for smart policy that support reentry Advocate politicians pass and vote for smart policy that support reentry (family reunification services, victims support, adult literacy, employment (family reunification services, victims support, adult literacy, employment training) and improves ex-offenders readiness to come back home.training) and improves ex-offenders readiness to come back home.

Ex-offender Reentry Success: What Can Sheriffs and Probation Ex-offender Reentry Success: What Can Sheriffs and Probation OfficersOfficers

Do?Do? Use the literacy providers in the community as partners such Use the literacy providers in the community as partners such

as the Literacy Network, Nonprofit literacy providers, as the Literacy Network, Nonprofit literacy providers, Community Colleges, Library Literacy, and the Adult Community Colleges, Library Literacy, and the Adult Schools.Schools.

Consider expanding employment opportunities such as Consider expanding employment opportunities such as vocational training and prison industries—i.e. privatized vocational training and prison industries—i.e. privatized workshops and programs located in the jails.workshops and programs located in the jails.

Coordinate with educators scheduled activities that might Coordinate with educators scheduled activities that might interrupt education (lockdowns, other)interrupt education (lockdowns, other)

Use EC 1900 to establish Adult Education programs in your Use EC 1900 to establish Adult Education programs in your county jail.county jail.

Encourage offenders to work on their literacy skillsEncourage offenders to work on their literacy skills

Making The Case For Opportunity: The Ex-offender Making The Case For Opportunity: The Ex-offender Returns To The NeighborhoodReturns To The Neighborhood

Making The Case For Making The Case For Education in JailsEducation in Jails

What can educators do?What can educators do? Work with the county sheriffs to establish Adult Work with the county sheriffs to establish Adult

Education programs in jails pursuant to the Education programs in jails pursuant to the Education Code Sections 1900 and Budget Item Education Code Sections 1900 and Budget Item XXX-158XXX-158

Structure education activities using evidence-based Structure education activities using evidence-based curricula and teaching methodscurricula and teaching methods

Stress realistic goal-setting so that the offender Stress realistic goal-setting so that the offender participates in tracking their learningparticipates in tracking their learning

Coordinate education activities with deputies ( elicit Coordinate education activities with deputies ( elicit their support)their support)

Making A Case For Making A Case For AccountabilityAccountability

Ex-offender Reentry Success: What Can Ex-offender Reentry Success: What Can Business Do?Business Do? Establish meaningful partnerships with Establish meaningful partnerships with

corrections and build joint ventures work shops corrections and build joint ventures work shops behind bars that offer marketable job skills behind bars that offer marketable job skills training to offenders.training to offenders.

Use the joint venture laws to provide training that Use the joint venture laws to provide training that is hands-on, builds confidence, addresses is hands-on, builds confidence, addresses attitudinal concerns, and pays marketable wages attitudinal concerns, and pays marketable wages with appropriate deductions.with appropriate deductions.

Making The Case For Making The Case For Coordinating With StakeholdersCoordinating With Stakeholders

Ex-offender reentry, what can probation and Ex-offender reentry, what can probation and

community organizations do?community organizations do? Remember that probation and community Remember that probation and community

organizations (drug abuse recovery service organizations (drug abuse recovery service providers, literacy providers, faith-based providers, literacy providers, faith-based service providers) can help reduce the harmful service providers) can help reduce the harmful destabilizing effect upon the ex-offender’s destabilizing effect upon the ex-offender’s return to the neighborhood. return to the neighborhood.

Probation should coordinate support services Probation should coordinate support services for the ex-offender upon reentry.for the ex-offender upon reentry.

SummarySummaryAssessing policy and research about the 3Rs Assessing policy and research about the 3Rs

of Recidivism, Reentry and Reintegration of Recidivism, Reentry and Reintegration and connection to work helps and connection to work helps Make The Make The

Case For Corrections Education Programs Case For Corrections Education Programs In County JailsIn County Jails

Bridges * HOPE * Fathers *Elk Grove Jail Bridges * HOPE * Fathers *Elk Grove Jail Women AftercareWomen Aftercare

Should the success of Literacy, Work Should the success of Literacy, Work programs be solely judge by recidivism?programs be solely judge by recidivism?

END. THANK YOUEND. THANK YOU