Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2 Chapter 20: Doping in Sports Alcohol Abuse Among Athletes Psychology of Sport Nov 13-16, 2009 Classes #33-34

Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2

Chapter 20: Doping in SportsAlcohol Abuse Among Athletes

Psychology of SportNov 13-16, 2009Classes #33-34

Doping

The use of an expedient (substance) which is potentially harmful but can enhance an athletes performance International Olympic Committee (2005)

Why do they do it?

Faustian PhilosophyWin at all costs

14% said they would take a pill that would make them a world-class athlete but would also kill them in 10 years

3% would still take the pill if it would kill them in 5 years

PsychologicalStressors Unique to Athletes

Time ManagementHow to fit athletics with academics

and social activities. Performance Issues

The athlete’s opinion of their abilities/performance, as well as teammates and coaches opinions.

Self EsteemCan be driven to a large part by how

they perform as an athlete.

Today’s Student-Athlete

Who are they?

What do they believe?

What substances are they using?

How can we help them?

Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?

They don’t know Len Bias.

They weren’t around when he died in 1986 of a cocaine overdose.


They weren’t born when the NCAA membership passed drug testing legislation in 1986

They weren’t born when Brian Bosworth wore his “NCAA” t-shirt (National Communists Against Athletes) on national TV after failing a pre-bowl drug test that same year.


This year’s freshman class wasn’t even born in 1988 – the year Ben Johnson tested positive for steroids at the Olympics in Seoul


They more likely know the name of an athlete who died after using ephedra.

Ephedra

The National Football League banned players from using ephedra as a dietary supplement in 2001 after the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle Korey Stringer

The substance is also banned by the National Basketball Association


They are more likely to have used someone else’s Ritalin or Adderall or know someone who has.


They might know this player used “andro” and that it was legal

But probably can’t name a pro football player who injected steroids and died from cancer Can you?


A generation that we can’t assume fully understands the negative side effects of taking steroids: Acne and cysts Male pattern

baldness Facial hair Depression Suicidal thoughts

What Do They Believe?

Most college athletes support drug testing by their schools and the NCAA.

College athletes should be randomly tested by NCAA.

NCAA drug testing deters use.

What Substances Are Athletes Using?

Most athletes do not use drugs.

Drug and supplement use differs between sports.

Use began in high school or middle school.

Drug Use

Major problems facing sport today Growing attention Deaths of elite athletes Increasing attention of media

Contrary to the ethical principles of athletic competition

Wide spread among athletes

The BALCO Scandal

Scandal involving the use of banned substances by professional athletes

The Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative was a San Francisco Bay Area business accused of supplying steroids to Major League Baseball players

The incident surrounds a 2002 US Federal government investigation of the laboratory

The BALCO Scandal

Founded in 1984 by Victor Conte

Sport supplement company

Types of drugs included Erythropoietin, Human Growth Hormone, Modafinil, Testosterone cream, and Tetrahydrogestrinone

Bonds is still being investigated...

Supplement use among general adolescent population from 19 – 25%

Among HS athletes, between 23 – 58%

Supplement use increases as age, grade and number of sports increase

Girls cite – lose weight, lose fat and look good

Boys cite – gain weight, increase muscle size and lose body fat

6.8% of male HS seniors and 5.3% of female HS seniors have used steroids

38% started before age 16

Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports

Men’s Lacrosse

7.0% amphetamines

2.2% steroids 5.5% ephedrine 47.9% marijuana 32.2% spit tobacco

Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports

Women’s Soccer

4.6% amphetamines

0.5% steroids 6.7 % ephedrine 32.4% marijuana 3.5% spit tobacco

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

CNS StimulantsAmphetamines

Delay fatigue, increase alertness, enhance speed, power, endurance, concentration

Hypertension, angina, vomiting, abdominal pain, cerebral hemorrhage, dependence, death


CNS Stimulants Caffeine

Shortened reaction time, improved concentration, diuresis

Glycogen sparing leading to delayed fatigue

> 12 ug/mL is a positive urine per IOC Dyspepsia, cardiac damage, combination

with other stimulants (e.g. ephedrine) may be fatal


Systemic stimulantsAdrenalin

In local anestheticsEphedrine and pseudoephedrine

Cold and allergy remediesPhenylpropanolamine

Diet pills Similar effects to the amphetamines in high

doses


Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Derivatives of testosterone First use generally later than other drugs Drug and method sought for maximum

anabolic and minimum androgenic properties Sprinting, weight lifting, body building Acne, abnormal LFTs, feminization,

virilization, premature closure of the epiphysial plates, behavioral changes “roid rage”, CVAs, cardiomyopathy

Adonis Complex

AAS use prevalent among adolescents


Beta 2 agonists Isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine Sympathomimetic amines, anabolic

properties Cardiac arrhythmias in overdose,

headaches Peptide hormones: HCG

Increases testosterone Maintains testicular volume with anabolic

steroid use Ovarian cysts


Pituitary and synthetic gonadotropins Increases testosterone, anti-estrogenic Ovarian cysts

Corticotropins Increase testosterone Rare and related to excess corticosteroids-

pituitary suppression, immunity, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia


Human Growth Hormones (HGH) Increase muscle mass & decrease fat

mass Gigantism, acromegaly,

hypothyroidism, cardiac disease, myopathies, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, impotence, osteoporosis

HGHHGH

OffersOffers……

StrengthStrength

Growth Growth

Bone strengthBone strength

Tissue repairTissue repair

Protein formationProtein formation

Problems…Problems…

Considered Considered cheatingcheating

Highly Highly counterfeitedcounterfeited

AcromegalyAcromegaly– excessive growth... excessive growth...

Hands/feet enlarge, and Hands/feet enlarge, and jaw protrudes jaw protrudes

© 2006 The National Center for Drug Free Sport


Erythropoietin (EPO) Stimulates RBC production Increases oxygen carrying capacity CVAs

Blood doping RBC transfusion, artificial oxygen

carriers Increases oxygen carrying capacity Allergic reactions, sludging of blood


Diuretics and other masking agentsMisused in sports requiring precise

weight managementBoxing, gymnastics, and

wrestling are examples

Gene Doping

Non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or the modulation of gene expression to enhance athletic performance is prohibited

FOOD SUPPLEMENTS

Viewed as legal means of gaining edge 76-100% of athletes use vs. 50%

general population May or may not contribute to enhanced

performance Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium

bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids Adverse effects not investigated

Stop Giving Mixed Messages

• Alcohol sponsorships

• Dietary supplement sponsorships

http://www.advocare.com/store/home.do

http://www.gnc.com/

This would be better...

NCAA Initiatives for Student-Athlete Well-Being

Health and Safety Alcohol and Other Drugs Nutrition and Performance Mental Health Promotion GLBT issues Hazing Prevention

College Students: Alcohol is Still #1

Use Within Last 30 days:

Alcohol 70% Tobacco 20% Marijuana 19% Other drugs 3%

Alcohol and Athletes

We expect athletes to avoid alcohol because their success depends on physical & mental health

However, athletes use at a higher rate than non-athletes

80% of athletes use alcohol

Higher rates of heavy drinking among athletes

Alcohol and AthletesAlcohol and Athletes

More athletes report experiencing More athletes report experiencing alcohol-relatedalcohol-related harms than non- harms than non-athletes. athletes.

These includeThese include… … Academic problemsAcademic problemsEmergency room visitsEmergency room visitsGetting into trouble with the policeGetting into trouble with the police

We’ll present the facts…you decide.We’ll present the facts…you decide.

AlcoholAlcohol

Interferes with the loading of Interferes with the loading of carbohydrates in muscles (carbohydrates in muscles (muscle muscle glycogen synthesisglycogen synthesis), ),

Lengthens the recoveryLengthens the recovery and and rehabilitation from injury. rehabilitation from injury. Alcohol and Athletic Performance

Jacqueline R. Berning, Ph.D., R.D.University of Colorado1996


Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…

Reduces motor coordination for Reduces motor coordination for up up to 12 to 18 hours after drinkingto 12 to 18 hours after drinking..

Results in Results in decreased aerobic capacitydecreased aerobic capacity and negative impact on endurance and negative impact on endurance for up to for up to 48 hours48 hours after the last after the last drink has been consumed.drink has been consumed.


Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…

Can Can cut supplies of vitaminscut supplies of vitamins to below to below normal levels. normal levels.

The body The body excretes calcium at twice excretes calcium at twice the normal ratethe normal rate

Sleep patterns are affectedSleep patterns are affected by even by even moderate alcohol intake moderate alcohol intake

Middlebury College - Middlebury, Vermont,

http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/healthed/

The days afterThe days after

Alcohol negatively effects Alcohol negatively effects performance performance 25 to 48 hours after the 25 to 48 hours after the last drinklast drink

The reduction in quality of The reduction in quality of trainingtraining and and sleepsleep in the period after its in the period after its consumption, may cause a reduction consumption, may cause a reduction in performance in performance over the days over the days following this periodfollowing this period..

Alcohol interferes with…Alcohol interferes with…

recoveryrecoveryprotein synthesisprotein synthesishydrationhydrationglycogen synthesisglycogen synthesismotivationmotivationmoodmoodnutrient intakenutrient intakesleepsleep

AlcoholAlcoholThe The liver treats alcohol like a poisonliver treats alcohol like a poison. .

Drinkers Drinkers throw upthrow up to prevent death to prevent death by alcohol toxicityby alcohol toxicity

Alcohol is a solvent that adversely Alcohol is a solvent that adversely affects every human cell affects every human cell except fatexcept fat

*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org

AlcoholAlcohol Alcohol is a Alcohol is a depressantdepressant

(blocks acetylcholine = decreased serotonin)(blocks acetylcholine = decreased serotonin)

Alcohol leads to decreased GABA, leading Alcohol leads to decreased GABA, leading to to anxiety and depressionanxiety and depression symptoms symptoms long long after drinkingafter drinking

3 college students die each day3 college students die each day of alcohol of alcohol related problemsrelated problems

*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org

Credits

Some slides in this presentation prepared by the following website: http://spinner.cofc.edu/Betterthingstodo/

Presentations/Athletes%20substance%20abuse%20and%20peak%20performance.ppt#267,2,Athletes, substance use, and peak performance

Documents

Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2 Chapter 20: Doping in Sports Alcohol Abuse Among Athletes Psychology of Sport Nov 13-16, 2009 Classes #33-34