Prehistoric Period

• Malaysians prehistory begins with the earliest known traces of human habitation around 40 millenniums ago, and extend through the prehistoric period to the founding of Melaka Sultanate in the 1400, the date commonly used as the starting point of the historic era.

Prehistoric Period

• The earliest evidence of human occupation in Sarawak is a 38,000-year-old skull from the Niah Caves whereas the earliest evidence from the Peninsula is an 11,000-year-old skeleton from Gua Gunung Runtuh in Perak.

• The oldest artifacts are Paleolithic stone stools from Kota

Tampan, Perak, dated back to 34,000 years ago, while the earliest Borneon artifacts are stone tools from Tingkayu, Sabah produced between 28,000 and 18,000 years ago.

• Hunter-gatherer lifestyles changed dramatically about 5,000 years ago when they acquired the knowledge of producing polished stone tools and earth ware. Evidence of Neolithic culture can be found either on its own, or at Mesolithic sites, including the Niah caves in Sarawak, Gua Cha in Kelantan and Gua Kechil in Pahang.

Prehistoric Period

• Malaysia was one of the earliest homes of Man. Stone implements found at Lenggong in Perak and the remarkable finds in the Niah Cave of Sarawak provide evidence of this. The earliest of the present day inhabitants of Malaysia are the Orang Asli of the Peninsula and people such as the Penan of Sarawak and the Rungus of Sabah. Their presence in the country probably dates back to over 5,000 years.

Malay Sultanate of Melaka

• The ancient Malay Sultanate of Melaka was a sultanate whose rein of government was entirely in the hands of the rulers and the Malay officials. The Malay rulers of Melaka originated from Singapore that was after the defeat of the Malay kingdom of Singapore by the Siamese.

• The Malay Sultanate of Melaka lasted for little over a century, stretching from the end of the fourteenth century to the early part of the sixteenth century that is from 1394 to 1511.

Malay Sultanate of Melaka

• Parameswara was a prince of Palembang. In 1330 he married a daughter of the Majapahit Emperor and became a vassal of the his father-in-law. Not long after he threw off his allegiance to the Majapahit

• Emperor, who at once sent warriors to drive him out of Sumatra. Parameswara fled to Tumasek, which was actually old Singapore with his family and followers.

Malay Sultanate of Melaka

• When Parameswara failed to establish a kingdom at two places in Muar, that is, Biawak Busuk and Kota Buruk, he led his followers to a place known as Sening Ujung or now known as Sungei Ujong. He continued his journey from here until he came to the mouth of the Bertam River where he founded Melaka and became the first ruler around the year 1394.

• However, during this time, Parameswara was still a Hindu. Hence a Malay kingdom was therefore established in Melaka to continue the existence of the Malay kingdom of Singapore which had fallen.

Malay Sultanate of Melaka

• After Melaka was founded, Parameswara began to develop the place and ordered his men to cultivate the lands with banana, sugar cane, yam and other crops for food. Parameswara himself carried on trade in Melaka.

• Within a short period of time, news about the town of Melaka begun to spread all over Malaya, Sumatra, Java and India which resulted in a large number of traders coming to trade in Melaka. Two years after Parameswara founded Melaka, the population had soared to two thousand.

Reasons the Reasons the PortuguesePortuguese

Came to the EastCame to the EastGloryGlory GodGod GoldGold

•Prince Henry the Navigator

•reconnaissance mission

•the 15th century -Portugal’s Age of Discovery

• spread the Christian Gospel

•the 11th century - Crusade War

• mythical priest - King Prester John

•Asian Spices - expensive, because

• high demand

• many middle men

• monopolized by the Muslim merchants

Why Choose Why Choose MalaccaMalacca

Trading Centre

Islamic Centre

Why Malacca fell ???Why Malacca fell ???

Weak Ruling Government

Feeling of Hostility among the Races

Disloyalty

Superiority of the Portuguese Army

Weak Ruling Weak Ruling GovernmentGovernment

• Tun Putih - weak & old

• Tun Mutahir - practised favoritism

• Sultan Mahmud - not efficient

• Sultan Ahmad Shah -too young & lack

experience

DisloyaltyDisloyalty

• A Chinese merchant - lent 5 huge barges to the Portuguese

• A Tamil merchant, Ninachatu - supplied information on Malacca’s defense system

• The Javanese hired army - ran away

The Strength of the The Strength of the Portuguese armyPortuguese army

• disciplined & experienced

• advanced weapons, eg: guns & cannons

• Alfonso d’Albuquerque, capable & experienced

The fall of Malacca• 1509• Lopez de Sequeira was sent to Malacca• Gujerat merchants incited Bendahara. • Tun Mutahir captured Portuguese army• Sequeira ship was burned• He ran to Goa and informed Albuquerque• 1 July 1511• Albuquerque reached Malacca and asked for 3 things:• 1- compensation 2- free all Portuguese people

• 3- asked for permission to built a fort

• 25 July 1511

• First attacked from Portuguese

• Albuquerque received secret messages about Malacca defense from Ninachatu

• Malacca bridge was captured by Portuguese army- Portuguese failed

• 10 August 1511- second attacked and Portuguese successful

The Impact of The Impact of Portuguese ConquestPortuguese Conquest

Ended the Malacca Sultanate

No longer played a role as Islamic & trading centre

Inter-racial marriages - Serani

Enriched the Malay language

Introduced Roman writing

Ushered the birth of 2 new kingdoms, Johor and Perak

Introduced the joget dance & the song of Jingkling Nona

SULTANS OF MALACCA

• PARAMESWARA- 1400-1414• SLTN MEGAT ISKANDAR SYAH- 1414-1424• SULTAN MUHAMMAD SYAH- 1424-1444• SULTAN ABU SYAHID - 1444-1445• SULTAN MUZAFFAR SYAH - 1445-1456• SULTAN MANSUR SYAH- 1456-1477• SLTN ALAUDDIN RIAYAT SYAH- 1477-1488• SULTAN MAHMUD SYAH- 1488-1511

• 1580, Philip II of Spain, closed the port of Lisbon to Dutch & British sailors in the 1594

Linschoten’s famous book : Itenerario

• contained detail information about routes & navigational conditions in eastern waters

2 reasons the native 2 reasons the native states welcomed the states welcomed the

DutchDutch The Dutch were rivals of the Portuguese

Any form of rivalry among the European nations increased demand for spices

The Relationship Between The Dutch & Johor

• Tringular War between Johor , Acheh & Portugis in Malacca

•The Dutch & the Johor Government recognized the mutual benefits of co-operating with one another

JOHORDUTCH

The Dutch - potential-allies

Needed Johor’s assistance to attack the Portuguese in Malacca

The Dutch promised to be the peace mediator between Acheh & Johor peace treaty 1941

Johor assisted the Dutch by transporting vital materials, preventing the enemy from fleeing into the jungles and providing moral support

Batavia - As the important base of VOC in the East

- centre of all economic operation

Malacca - As a guardpost protecting shipping through the Straits

- as a supply base especially tin

Signed treaties with the Sultan of Perak, Kedah, Ujung Salang & Bangeri to enable them to monopolize the tin trading