Malcolm Ellis on behalf of the Detector Working Group.

NuFact06U.C. Irvine

24th August 2006

ISS Detector Working Group Report

http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm

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Outline

Working Group’s Composition and Mission Detectors studied:

Water Cherenkov Magnetised Segmented Detectors

Iron / Scintillator sandwich (MINOS like) Totally Active Scintillating Detector (Minerva like)

Liquid Argon TPC Hybrid Emulsion Detectors Beam Diagnostic Devices Near Detector

Test beam facility for Neutrino Detector R&D Total Neutrino Detector R&D Programme Matter Effects Executive Summary Conclusions

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Mission

“Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems with a view to defining a baseline set of detection systems to be taken forward in a subsequent conceptual-design phase”

ISS Talk by A. Blondel:http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/ISS-4/ISS4-Blondel-summary-

22-08-2006.ppt

“Provide a research-and-development program required to deliver the baseline design Funding request for four years of detector R&D “2007-2010” (but more likely “2008-2011”)

ISS Talk by P. Soler:http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/ISS-4/ISS4-

NeutrinoDetectorRnD-Soler.ppt

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Organisation

Detector ‘council’ (i.e. steering group) role: ensure basic organization, and monitors progress wrt objectives

Alain Blondel (Geneva) Paul Soler (Glasgow)Alan Bross (Fermilab) Paolo Strolin (INFN)Kenji Kaneyuki (ICRR) Dave Wark (Imperial) Mauro Mezzetto (Interface with physics)

Working Groups

Water Cerenkov Detectors: Kenji Kaneyuki, Jean-Eric Campagne

Magnetic Sampling Detectors: Jeff Nelson --> Anselmo Cerverahttp://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm

TASD: Malcolm Ellis Large Magnet: Alan Bross

Liquid Argon TPC: Scott Menary, Andreas Badertscher, Claudio Montanari, Guiseppe Battistoni (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS’) http://www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/

Emulsion Detectors: Pasquale Migliozzi http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html

Near Detectors: Paul Soler http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_Detector.html

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Water Cherenkov

Suitable for low energy neutrino detection (~ 0.2-1 GeV) Excellent e separation

Electron-like Muon-like

Impossible to put a magnetic field around it, so not suitable for neutrino factory.

Baseline for low energy beta-beams or super-beams

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Photo Detector R&D in Japan (Tokyo & KEK)

Aihara’s presentation at the 2nd internationalWorkshop on a Far detector in Korea for theJ-Parc neutrino beam (July/13-14/2006)

13inch HPD prototype

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Photon Detector R&D in Europe

Choice of photomultiplier (PMT), Hybrid-PMT and Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD)

Size vs. CostIPNO with PHOTONIS, tests of PMT, comparison 20” vs. 12” Diameter 20“ <=> 12“ projected area 1660 615 cm² QE(typical) 20 24 % CE 60 70 % Cost PMT 2500 800 € Cost/PE 12.6 7.7 €/PE =PM cost/(areaxQExCE)

• 30% coverage (12’’) gives the same # of PE/MeV as 40% coverage (20’’)

• the required # of 12’’ PMTs is twice the # of 20’’ PMTs

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Magnetised Segmented Detectors

Golden channel signature: “wrong-sign” muons in magnetised calorimeter

Baseline technology for a far detector at a neutrino factory Issues: electron ID, segmentation, readout technology (RPC or

scintillator?) – need R&D to resolve these Technology is well understood, R&D needed to determine details,

natural progression from MINOS Magnetisation of volume seems to be most challenging problem A ~100 kton detector with a B-field of 1.4 T is feasible (Nelson)

9xMINOS (5.4 kT)9xMINOS (5.4 kT)

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Magnetic Iron Detector

NC backgroundCC background

Qt=Psin2

Signal

New analysis this ISS meeting: CerveraCan go to lower threshold in muon momentum Main background: production of charmNo estimation of electron performance

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Comparison with Previous Analysis

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Totally Active Segmented Detector

Simulation of a Totally Active Scintillating Detector (TASD) using Noa and Minera concepts with Geant4

3 cm

1.5 cm15 m

15 m

15

m

100 m

3333 Modules (X and Y plane) Each plane contains 1000 slabs Total: 6.7M channels

Momenta between 100 MeV/c to 15 GeV/c Magnetic field considered: 0.5 T Reconstructed position resolution ~ 4.5 mm

Ellis, Bross

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TASD Performance

Muon reconstructed efficiency Muon charge mis-ID rate

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Large Magnetic Volumes

10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beamEach: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules)Coil: Aluminium

Possible magnet schemes for MSD Camilleri, Bross, Strolin

Steel

15 m x 15 m x 15m solenoid modules; B = 0.5 T

Magnet

Superconducting coil magnet cost extrapolation formulas:• Use stored energy – 14M$/module• Use magnetic volume – 60M$/module• GEM magnet extrapolation – 69 M$/module

x10 modules!

Warm coil magnets:• Total cost: $5m x 10 = $50M• Problem: operational cost (>$13M/year with factor of 3 uncertainty)

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High Tc Magnet Possibilities

The technological status moves so fast, that even powerpoint engineering has a hard time to keep up!

Recently announced cable has 3X the current carrying capability at somewhat smaller cost.

So the 200X cost (over conventional SC) is now maybe 60. So look closer (with thanks to Bob Palmer)

Assume Operation at 35K

– Still allows for foam insulated cryostat (no vacuum loading)– Higher current carrying capacity

Superconductor cost for 30,000 m3 (USD) (newly announced cable)

$50M Foam Insulated vessel (based on GLACIER studies)

$50M Engineering (WAG)

$50M $150M

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Magnetised Segmented Detectors

R&D programme: Baseline option: segmented iron-scintillator detector

Optimisation geometry: lateral and longitudinal segmentation, performance muon charge identification, backgrounds

Mechanics Scintillator with Multi-anode PMT or Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC)

option (gain stability, ageing, …) Cost

Non-baseline: Totally Active Scintillation Detector (TASD) or hybrid

Magnetisation of volume: how to do it, reduction of cost Optimisation of geometry: segmentation, muon and electron charge

ID, backgrounds Mechanics. Scintillator: liquid or solid (extruded), optic fibre light transmission Scintillator readout: Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) or other Readout electronics, DAQ, …

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Liquid Argon TPC

Liquid argon detector is the ultimate detector for e (“platinum channel”) and appearance (“silver channel”). Simultaneous fit to all wrong and right sign distributions.

ICARUS has constructed 2x300 t modules and observed images

Main issues: inclusion of a magnetic field, scalability to ~15-100 kT Two main R&D programmes: Europe & US

Badertscher, Menary, Rubbia

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Liquid Argon TPC - GLACIER

LAr

Cathode (- HV)

E-f

ield

Extraction grid

Charge readout plane(LEM plane)

UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs

E≈ 1 kV/cm

E ≈ 3 kV/cm

Electronic racks

Field shaping electrodes

GAr

A tentative detector layout(GLACIER)

Single detector: charge

imaging, scintillation, possibly

Cerenkov light

Single detector: charge

imaging, scintillation, possibly

Cerenkov light

Magnetic field problem not solvedField 0.1-1 T?

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Very Large LArTPC R&D in Europe

Electron drift under high pressure (p ~ 3 atm at the bottom of the tank) Charge extraction, amplification and imaging devices

•Charge readout: Large Electron Multiplier (LEM)•Light readout: PMT with wavelength shifting coating

Cryostat design, in collaboration with industry Logistics, infrastructure and safety issues (in part. for underground sites) Tests with long 5-20 m drift length (“Argontube” detector)

Cooling and purification Cockcroft-Walton acceleration: drift

very high voltage (Greinacher circuit)

Study of LAr TPC prototypes in a magnetic field

• tracks seen and measured in 10 lt prototype

• R&D high temperature superconductor at LAr temperatures

• Test beam magnet CERN PS East Area

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Proposed NuMI LArTPC R&D Path

or maybe 50

kton

Fermilab, Michigan State, Princeton, Tufts, UCLA, Yale, York (Canada)

from our*

submission toNuSAG(Fermilab FN-0776-E)

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Hybrid Emulsion Detectors

Plastic base

Pb

Emulsion layers

1 mm

Emulsion detector for appearance, a la OPERA: “silver channel”

Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC)

Issues: high rate, selected by choosing only “wrong sign” → events Assume a factor of two bigger than OPERA (~4 kt)

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Magnetised Emulsion Detectors

Electronic det:e/ separator

&“Time stamp”

Rohacell® plateemulsion filmstainless steel plate

spectrometertarget shower absorber

Muon momentum resolution Muon charge misidentification

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Hybrid Emulsion Detectors

Transverse dimension of a plane: 15.7x15.7 m2 (as in Nova) 1 brick: 35 stainless steel plates 1 mm thick (2 X0,, 3.5 kg) Spectrometer: 3 gaps (3 cm each) and 4 emulsion films A wall contains 19720 bricks Weight = 68 tons For 60 walls 1183200 bricks 4.1 kton Emulsion film: 47,328,000 pieces (in OPERA there are

12,000,000) Electronic detector: 35 Nova planes (corresponding to 5.3 X0 )

after each MECC wall 2100 planes Total length of detector is: ~ 150 m

Possible design of a hybrid emulsion-scintillator far detector

Synergy emulsion-magnetic scintillation detector

Golden and silver channels simultaneously!

R&D plans: Improvement automatic scanning (speed, accuracy, …) Further R&D reconstruction magnetic fields (test beams) Magnetisation emulsion volume (with hybrid detector)

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Beam Diagnostic Detectors

Beam Current Transformer (BCT) to be included at entrance of straight section: large diameter, with accuracy ~10-3.

Beam Cherenkov for divergence measurement? Could affect quality of beam.

storage ring

shielding

the leptonic detector

the charm and DIS detector

Polarimeter

Cherenkov

BCT

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Beam Diagnostic Detectors

Muon polarization:

Build prototype of polarimeter

Fourier transform of muon energy spectrum

amplitude=> polarization

frequency => energy

decay => energy spread.

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Near Detector

Near detectors should be able to measure flux and energy of and Calibration and flux control (inverse muon decay):

High event rate: ~109 CC events/year in 50 kg detector ~ 105 inverse muon decays/year/ton

e

Measure charm in near detector to control systematics of far detector (main background in oscillation search is wrong sign muon from charm)

ee

Other physics: neutrino cross-sections, PDF, electroweak measurements, ... Possible technology: fully instrumented silicon target in a magnetic detector.

ee

What needs to be measured

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Possible Near Detector

Muon chambers

EM calorimeter

HadronicCalorimeter

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Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&D

Request test beam in East Area at the CERN PS, with a fixed dipole magnet for dedicated Neutrino Detector R&D

Liquid Argon tests, beam telescopes for

silicon pixel and SciFi tests, calorimetry …

Neutrino detector test facility: community resource forneutrino detector R&D

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Matter Effects

for NUFACT:

work on systematic errors on matter effect

A preliminary study was made by

E. Kozlovskaya, J. Peltoniemi, J. Sarkamo,

The density distribution in the Earth along the CERN-Pyhäsalmi baseline and its effect on neutrino oscillations. CUPP-07/2003

the uncertainties on matter effects are at the level of a few%

J. Peltoniemi

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Recommendations

Errors in density

1.5%1.8%Oceanic 9000 km

1.7%2.0%Continental 9000 km

1.7%2.6%Oceanic 2500 km

2.9%4.7%Continental 2500 km

“best”“a priori”location length

Errors are ~2 sigma(errors not really Gaussian)

Recommendations

Avoid:

• Alps

• central Europe

• thick crust (e.g. Fenoscandia)

• Europe to Japan

Recommendations

Best profiles:

• Western Europe to Eastern US

• Atlantic Islands (Canaries, Maderia, Azores) to Portugal, western Spain, NW France, southern Ireland, western England

Such a study, in collaboration with geophysicistswill be needed for candidate LBL sites

ISS-3 at RAL Warner

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Executive Summary – Baseline Detectors

beam Far detector R&D needed

sub-GeVBB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K)

Megaton WC photosensors!cavern and infrastructure

few GeVBB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB, WBB)

no established baselineTASD (NOvA-like)or Liquid Argon TPCor Megaton WC

photosensors and detectorslong drifts, long wires, LEMs

Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km)

~100kton magnetized iron calorimeter (golden)

+ ~10 kton non-magnetic ECC (silver)

straight forward from MINOSsimulation+physics studiesibid vs OPERA

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Executive Summary – Beyond the baseline

beam Far detector R&D needed

sub-GeVBB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K)

Liquid Argon TPC(100kton)

clarify what is the advantage wrt WC?

few GeVBB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB)

no established baseline

Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km)

platinum detectors! large coil around TASDLarg ECC

engineering studyfor magnet!simulations and physics evaluation;photosensors, long drift, etc…

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Executive Summary – Near Detector

beam BI, ND R&D needed

sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) T2K example….

CONCEPT for precision measurements?

concept simulationstheory

few GeV BB and SB(off axis NUMI, high BB)

NOvA example.. CONCEPT for precision measurements?

ibid

Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km)

beam intensity (BCT)beam energy +polarizationbeam divergence meastshieldingleptonic detectorhadronic detector

need study--need studyneed conceptsimul+studysimul+study+Vtx det R&D

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Conclusions - I

The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion a range of activities that are happening in the world.

A number of new results were obtained and baseline detectors were defined.These are feasible systems with well understood performance.

For low energy beams, the Water Cherenkov can be considered as a baseline detector technology at least below pion threshold. An active international activity exists in this domain.

1Mton ~(0.5-1) G€

For medium energy (few GeV) there is comptetiton and it is not obvious which detector (WC, LArg or TASD) gives the best performance at a given cost.

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Conclusions - II

For the neutrino factory a 100 kton magnetized iron detector can be built at a cost of 200~300 M$ for the golden channel.

New analysis of low E muons should improve sensitivities.

A non magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) detector for tau detection can be added with a mass of ~5 kton

There is interest/hope that low Z detectors can be embedded in a Large Magnetic Volume. At first sight difficulties and cost may be large. This should be actively pursued.

Electron sign determination up to 10 GeV has been demonstrated for MECC, and studies are ongoing for Liquid Argon and pure scintillator detector.

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Conclusions - III

Near detector, beam instrumentation and cross-section measurements are absolutely required.

The precision measurements such as CP violation constitute a new game wih respect to the present generation

For the super-beam and beta beam the near detector and beam diagnostic systems need to be invented.

There is a serious potential problem at low energy due to the interplay of muon mass effect and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made at the occasion of the study.

NUFACT flux and cross sections should be calibrated with a precision of 10-3. An important design and simulation effort is required for the near detector and diagnostic area. (Shielding strategy is unknown at this point)

Finally, matter effects were discussed with the conclusion that a systematic error at 2% seems achievable with good collaboration with geologists.

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Conclusions - IV

The next generation of efforts should see a first go at the design effort and R&D towards the design of precision neutrino experiments

There is a motivated core of people eager to do so and this activity should grow.