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8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Energy consumption in
the Maldives
Landand sea transport is very important regarding energy useand GHGemissions.
And electricity use inHouseholds and Resortsis relevant.
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonN
eutralityintheMaldives,April16,
2013
2
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Energy consumption in
the Maldives
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonN
eutralityintheMaldives,April16,
2013
3
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
4/25
Public
electricity production for Male
20002010 STELCO
Notincluded:
Fresh water supply and
sewerage (MWSCoperates
own generation)and other
selfgenerators
Annualincrease inthe past 512%a.Furthergrowth insimilar range expected for years ahead (810%/a).
Demandforecast for 2020is 54MW(peak load of STELCO)according to USAID2010.D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonN
eutralityintheMaldives,April16,
2013
4
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Electricity consumption per
capita 2009
Electricity consumption percapita relatively highcompared to other countriesinthe region
(butapparently here alsoincluding the tourism sector)
Source:IRENA,2012
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonNeutralityintheMaldives,April16,
2013
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8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Electric Demand
Forecast
Electricity demand expected to increase by 8%/auntil 2020
CO2eqemissions expected to increase from 1.3Mt (2009)to 2.5Mt (2020)inbusinessasusual scenario
Tourism expected to increase by more than 8%/ainthe coming years (931,000arrivals in2011;1.5m
expected for 2020)
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonNeutralityintheMaldives,April16,
2013
7
Greater Malearea
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonNeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
8
Energy consumption for electricity
and related CO
2
emissions
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
9/25
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonNeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
9
Regional
electricity consumption
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Priority sectors
Transport
sector (marine,
land 51%
of total
energy consumption in
2009)
Domestic sector (46%of totalelectricity consumption,excluding resorts)
Tourism sector Resortsand transport for tourism (36%of allGHG
emissions in
2009,
increase of 67%
expected until 2020;
resorts produceand consume 60%of nationalelectricity)
Geographically:MaleGreater Area(responsible for 33%of allGHG
emissions)
10
Maldives emit about 4.1tCO2eqpercapita,while the international
goal has to be 2tCO2eqpercapita by 2050!
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Challenges Renewable Energy I
Limitedspace for REinstallations
Possible building owner PVoperator conflict:
Suitable roofs in
Male
and other islands are on
private
and
public buildings whos owners or users are notwilling or capable of making REinvestments
Energy produced by solaror windnotreflected inequivalent reduction of diesel consumption (mismatchbetween electric load and generation capacity)
Concerns about disposal of batteries
Private
operators will
have to provide financing
local credits not
available or extremely costly Foreign banks willask for longtermguarantee of repayment or add extrarisk costs (debt situation of STELCO
is notfavourable)
Duty exemption for REequipment notclearly defined customs indoubt what belongs to REand what not.
Othertax incentives are based ondiscrete decisions of the GoM,butthere is no legalentitlement
Paralleloperation of REsystems and diesel generators by separateparties may create conflicts onsmallerislands.
Exploitable REpotentialis limited(either dueto low resources,suchas windand biomass,or duetounavailable commercial technology,suchas inthe case of ocean energy);PVon1%of land area cangenerate about 660GWh/a current electricity already higher
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonNeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
11
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Challenges Energy Efficiency
II
Current building requirements donotfully target EEaspects (only minimumwindow area for natural ventilation is determined)
No standards for minimum energy efficiency of appliances inplace
Consumers notaware of energyrelated aspects
Tariffs notcostcovering and subsidies across allconsumption levels reducing
incentive for lowering energy demand +high
burden for MoG budget
Continuous statistics onenergy supply and demand and assessment of energyconsumption invarious sectors notyet available (MEAworking ondata collection)
Electricity generation inMalealready operating atthe upper limit highrisk offuture blackouts or unserviced demand
Highenergy consumption growth counterproductive for any efforts of increasing
REshare
Trainingof professionalsonREand EEis essential
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbonNeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
12
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
13/25
Subsidies for electricity
Subsidies only for Malewere Rf 13.5min2011.
Morethan 50%of this amount went to customers with amonthly bill of more than RF1000.
Onaverage 57%of domestic electricity costs is covered by subsidies.
Subsidies should be targeted atlowincome households and atregions where electricity
generation costs are excessively high.
Subsidies should notbe paid to utilities,but to people inneed.
Generalsubsidies are providing the wrong signal for energy efficiency.
Subsidies are needed where nonsupportwould lead to major economic downturns and
social conflicts.
Subsidies should notassist ingenerally maintaining lower prices for energy supply (this will
lead to increasing burdens for the nationalbudget if fuel market prices go up).
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
13
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Renewable Energy:
Outer Islands
Bringing REto outer islands is important as asocial measure (if generation costs can be lowered) and for
securing energy supply,but
relatively low impact on
national
GHG
mitigation.
REsupply should be tendered always with the objective to take over the complete island supply as IPP(includes operationof diesel generator).Grid operation and distribution (including consumption metering)should be left with FENAKA.
Within tenders,the GoM should request minimum shares of REelectricity generation;this share should be
incrementally raised over the contractual period.Sanctions need to be determined in
case of non
compliance.
ThePowerPurchase Agreement(PPA)should be based onthe price offered by the bidder.If subsidies areneeded to cover costs they should notbe higher than inthe lastyear of 100%fossilfuel based generation.
Consumertariffs should be raised stepbystep to the point of full cost recovery for generation and
distribution (including profit margin).
Local administrations should be involved inany decisionmaking processes (and possibly even participateactively inthe generation process this would raise the acceptance among the local population).
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
15
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
16/25
Renewable Energy:
Greater Malearea
Some roof space exists inMale
for PV,
but
it needs to be assessed if it can house 11
MW
(SREP).
All
new highrise buildings should be obliged to reserve roof space for PVinstallations.
Newdevelopments onHulhumale offer sufficient room for PVinstallations:HDCcould sign contract
with third parties for installation and operation of PVsystems onsocial housing complexes.Private
developers could be inspired to use PV.
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
16
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Renewable Energy
Netmetering /FIT/Auctions
Netmeteringfor those REoperators that primarily produce forselfconsumption; bankingpossible into
future billing periods,but
no reimbursement for excess electricity.
Due
to space limitations options to allowforwheelingof electricity should be considered (RE
generation remote
from location of electricity
consumption)
FeedinTariffs (FIT)should be paid only to those inthe private,commercial or public sector intheGreaterMaleareathat are exclusively operating REplants andfeed allor part of the generated electricity into thegrid.
FITshould be well below consumer tariff level and reflect costs for maintaining diesel backup andtransmission. (Thecurrent production cost of STELCOis inthe range of US$0.30perkWh. Thedifferencebetween full costs and FITneeds to cover transmission,administration and backup power.)
PowerPurchase AgreementforOperatorsof hybridgeneration systems(wind/solarwith diesel)onouterislandsbased onoffer inbidding process (auctions).PPAprice needs to be lower than former generationcosts inclusive of subsidies.
Acceptable price levels for FITand PPA(maximum)need to be established !
Administrativerequirements and costs for permissions should be kept atthe very minimum !
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
17
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Interconnection
in
Greater Male
region
Cablebetween Maleand Hulhumale should be realized as soon as possible.
PreFeasibility study already existing.D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
18
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Energy Efficiency
Energy audits for largerbuildings could be undertaken
and encouraged by GoM and STELCO(starting withpublic buildings),benchmarking of major buildings
Utilitiesshould provide EEinformation to theircustomers (e.g.saving tips onbackof bills)
Retailers and staff should be encouraged and trainedto display and explain energy efficiency labels if theycome with imported electrical appliances and arerelevantfor the Maldives
Website/brochure with information onEEof major
domestic appliances Comparative consumption measurements of
appliances inpublic places (stores etc.)
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
18
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
20/25
Energy Efficiency
Replacement programmes for outdatedrefrigerators and a/c
units (old units use up to 4
times more energy than new ones)
Indication of quality standards for CFLs
EEbuilding standards for new housingsettlements,
in
particular in
Hulhumale (HDC
in
the lead)
Guidelinesfor energyefficient buildings (GEFProject)
Informationand Awareness campaigns for
consumers (see example of St.Vincent)
20
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Transport
Sector
Use of imported biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel)
for either replacing 100%conventional fuel (diesel)
or for blending with regular fuel (gasoline) integralassessment needed
Landand sea based transport:Taxing of CO2
emission instead of engine capacity Motorbikeand car sharing as aviable solution ?
Pilotproject with hybridsolarferry for shortdistance transport (example of HongKong)
Introduction of bikerental system in
Male
and
nearby islands (example of MexicoCity)
D
.Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
21
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Resort
Islands
Within the licensing process,GoM could set criteria for
energy efficiency,minimum use of RE
sources and otherCCmitigation initiatives
E.g.,GoM could request that allresorts supply hot watereither from solarwater heaters or from generator wasteheat
Bilateralagreements could be signed between touroperators,GoM and resort owners
GoM/MATIcan promoteuse of internationalGreen
Labels
or provide own Award
or Label
for CC
commitment of resort operators/owners.Background
needs to be transmitted downto the individualtourist(need for ecological rating)
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
22
8/10/2019 Maldives: First considerations on the Roadmap for Climate Neutrality (2013)
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Financing
Carbon tax could be considered onimport of fossilfuels which would feedinto the Green
Fund
and finance extra
costs (see example of Mauritius)
Local banks should be brought onbord;normalinterest rates could becompensated by limitedgrants from the GreenFund
Guarantee issue needs to be solved for longtermREinvestments
Fiscal incentives need to be clear and nonnegotiable (reduction or waivingof duties and sales taxes)
Airportdeparture tax (currently US$12included inflight ticket)could beraised and increment used for feeding the GreenFundor direct CCmeasures in
the tourism sector
Priority spending sectors from GreenFundneed to be defined
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives,
April16,
2013
23
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Education
/
Capacity building
Advanced training needed for professionalsonEEand RE(electricians,architects,sales personnel etc.)
Technicaleducation institutions need to be made fitfor suchtraining
Trainingfor technical personnel should have astrongpractical
component (possibly small PVinstallation needed for demonstration)
Some training can be done through internationaloffers of distanceelearning onthe internet
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives
,April16,
2013
24
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25/25
Institutional capacity
Energy Agency
D.
Loy:RoadmaptoCarbon
NeutralityintheMaldives
,April16,
2013
25