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Management of the Reniform Nematode Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cottonin Cotton
Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant PathologyKathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant Pathology
Stan Usery, Jarrod Jones, Amy Dismukes and Taylor Boozer, Stan Usery, Jarrod Jones, Amy Dismukes and Taylor Boozer, Graduate research assistants Graduate research assistants
Bill Gazaway, Dale Monks, Charlie Burmester, James Akridge, Don Bill Gazaway, Dale Monks, Charlie Burmester, James Akridge, Don Moore, Yucheng Feng, Bob Goodman, Andy Price Moore, Yucheng Feng, Bob Goodman, Andy Price
NematodesNematodes
• Microscopic worm like animals that are parasites of plants and animals
NematodesNematodes
Marine Nematodes Animal Parasites
Beneficial Nematodes Plant Parasites
Plant-Parasitic NematodesPlant-Parasitic Nematodes
• All plant-parasitic nematodes possess a Stylet
• A stylet is a protrusable mouth structure used to penetrate the cells of the plant.
Plant-Parasitic NematodesPlant-Parasitic Nematodes
• Are obligate parasites that require a living host on which to feed and complete their life cycle.
Shape of Plant-Parasitic NematodesShape of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Spiral Nematode
Plant-Parasitic NematodesPlant-Parasitic Nematodes
• 300 to1000um long
• 15 to 35um wide
• Transparent
• Visible with a microscope
Plant-Parasitic NematodesPlant-Parasitic Nematodes
LeavesWhite Tip on RiceSeed
Seed Gall on Wheat
RootsRoot-knot on Tomato
StemsPinewood Nematode
Nematode Soil SampleNematode Soil Sample
• Only true way to determine if nematodes are present
Nematode Soil SampleNematode Soil Sample
• Divide the field into manageable blocks.
• Sample in a zig-zag manner across each block.
Nematode Population DensityNematode Population DensitySeasonal FluctuationsSeasonal Fluctuations
0100200300400500600700800900
1000JA
N
FE
B
MA
R
AP
R
MA
Y
JU
N
JU
L
AU
G
SE
P
OC
T
NO
V
DE
C
Nematode Population
Nem
atod
es /
pint
soi
l
Nematodes Associated With Cotton
• Root-knot Meloidogyne incognita
• Reniform Rotylenchulus reniformis
Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot NematodeField SymptomsField Symptoms
• Elliptical areas in the field with stunted growth.
• Small to several acres in size.
• Later in the season areas of excessive weed growth
Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot NematodeField SymptomsField Symptoms
• Knots or galls on the roots.
Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot Nematode
• Each gall contains one or more adult root-knot females
Root-knot NematodeRoot-knot Nematode
• Second-stage juveniles (J2).
• Small - 425um long• Small delicate stylet but
very damaging to the roots.
• The infective stage for the nematode
Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot NematodePopulation ThresholdsPopulation Thresholds
• Spring
1010 J2 / 100cc soil.
• Fall
40 - 5040 - 50 J2 / 100cc soil.
Root-knot NematodeRoot-knot Nematode
• Meloidogyne incognita– Race 1, 2, 3, & 4
• M. arenaria– Race 1 & 2
• M. javanica• M. hapla
Reniform NematodeReniform NematodeField symptomsField symptoms
• Uneven or up and down plant heights
• Once established there are few to no symptoms.
• Crop continues to produce lower yields each year.
Reniform Nematode on a Cotton RootReniform Nematode on a Cotton Root
• Reniform (kidney) in shape
• Anterior part of body is embedded in the root with the posterior to the outside.
Reniform NematodeReniform NematodeRoot SymptomsRoot Symptoms
• Difficult to see
• Small egg masses covered with soil particles
• Root necrosis
Juvenile Female
MaleGravid female
Reniform NematodeReniform Nematode
– Vermiform female is the infective stage
– Small - 600um in length– Sclerotized cephalic region
Reniform NematodeReniform NematodePopulation ThresholdsPopulation Thresholds
SSttaattee FFaallll SSpprriinngg
Alabama 1000 100
Florida Field history Soil type
Georgia 250 none
Mississippi 1000 200
Tennessee 1000 200
Plant-Parasitic Nematode Plant-Parasitic Nematode ManagementManagement
• Resistant/Tolerant Varieties
• Crop Rotations
• Chemical Management
Resistant VarietiesResistant Varieties
Root-knot - Root-knot - Cotton – ST 5599 (resistant/tolerant)Cotton – ST 5599 (resistant/tolerant)
Soybean – resistance availableSoybean – resistance available
Reniform - Reniform - Cotton - no resistanceCotton - no resistance
Soybean - resistance availableSoybean - resistance available
Resistance and ToleranceResistance and Tolerance
• Resistance:Resistance:– Resistance is the effect of the cotton host on Resistance is the effect of the cotton host on
nematode reproduction: a completely resistant nematode reproduction: a completely resistant plant allows no nematode reproduction. plant allows no nematode reproduction.
• Tolerance:Tolerance:– Tolerance is the amount of cotton host injury: a Tolerance is the amount of cotton host injury: a
tolerant plant suffers little yield loss when tolerant plant suffers little yield loss when heavily infected with nematodes.heavily infected with nematodes.
Cotton cultivar EvaluationCotton cultivar EvaluationReniform nematodeReniform nematode
•150cc of sterile soil 150cc of sterile soil
•Inoculated 1000 Inoculated 1000 R. reniformisR. reniformis..
•60 days 60 days
•ReniformReniform were extracted combined were extracted combined gravity screening and sucrose gravity screening and sucrose centrifugal floatation.centrifugal floatation.
• Eggs extracted sodium hypochlorite.Eggs extracted sodium hypochlorite.
•Reproduction = Total reniform/initial Reproduction = Total reniform/initial number.number.
Reniform reproduction on 52 cultivars in the greenhouse
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
SG
105
FM
989
R
ST
X 6
848
R
ST
559
9 B
R
SG
521
R
FM
991
R
DP
434
R
DP
494
R
ST
X 5
454
B2R
FM
966
LL
DP
451
BR
FM
989
BR
FM
960
R
DP
541
5 R
DP
LX 0
2T57
R
FM
958
LL
DP
LX 0
2X39
BR
DP
488
BR
Rep
rod
uct
ive
Fac
tor
Cotton cultivar yield response to Cotton cultivar yield response to R. reniformisR. reniformis (tolerance)(tolerance)..
• Varieties planted with and without Varieties planted with and without
•a nematicide.a nematicide.
• Determine Determine R. reniformis R. reniformis numbers.numbers.
• Yield Yield
• with and without the nematicide.with and without the nematicide.
Field Trials Field Trials Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods
• Infested reniform nematodeInfested reniform nematode• Nematicides;Nematicides;
– Temik + Vydate Temik + Vydate – TeloneTelone
• Nematodes sampled at Nematodes sampled at planting, mid-season, and planting, mid-season, and harvestharvest
• 12 varieties tested 12 varieties tested • 4 reps4 reps• Seed cotton yields recordedSeed cotton yields recorded
Limestone Co. 2003-2004
-500
5001500
25003500
45005500
6500
DP5415
R
DP451BR
PM1218BR
ST4793
R
ST4892BR
DP444BR
DP449BR
ST5599BR
FM989BR
2003 1,3 D 2003 Untreated 2004 1,3 D 2004 Untreated
-1.2; +7.5+0.3; +19.4
+13.8; +2.1
Escambia Co., AL Escambia Co., AL 2003 Seed Cotton Yields
750
1250
1750
2250
2750
3250
FM
991BR
DP
555 BR
FM
991RD
P 33 B
DP
458 BR
DP
Delta
DP
5690 RD
P 448 B
PH
Y 510 R
DP
5415 RS
T 5303 R
DP
449 BR
SG
747S
G 215 B
RF
M 989 B
RD
P 491
FM
958 BF
M 960 B
RD
P 493
FM
989P
M 1218 B
RP
HY
410 RD
P 451B
RD
P 436 R
ST
4793 RS
G 521 R
ST
5599 BR
ST
4892 BR
FM
966B
CG
28 RD
P 444 B
RS
TX
0203S
eed
Co
tto
n k
g/h
a
1,3 D Untreated
2004, Huxford, AL 2004, Huxford, AL
• Thanks to a Thanks to a tropical storm tropical storm and hurricane and hurricane Ivan yields Ivan yields were not were not recorded in recorded in 2002 or 20042002 or 2004
Cotton cultivarsCotton cultivars
High yielding cultivars provide High yielding cultivars provide the most economic benefit the most economic benefit currently – currently –
Tolerance has varied by location Tolerance has varied by location and year.and year.
Crop Rotation
Root-knot - resistant soybeans
Reniform - resistant soybeans
- corn, grain sorghum, peanut
Soybean Variety EvaluationsSoybean Variety Evaluations Reniform Nematode Reniform Nematode
Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State University
Screened - 114 varieties Resistant
MG –IV, V, VI 8
University of ArkansasUniversity of Arkansas
Screened - 190 varieties Resistant
MG –III + IV - 190 4
Auburn UniversityAuburn University
Screened - 126 varieties Resistant
MG –IV - VIII 0
(8 MR)
Average Seed Cotton YieldAverage Seed Cotton YieldOne Year Rotation- W. GazawayOne Year Rotation- W. Gazaway
Escambia Co. ALEscambia Co. AL
2,808 2,739 2,7202,175 2,139
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
See
d C
ott
on
lb
/a
0
5
10
15
20
25
Reniform reproduction on common weeds
50+
Chemical Management
Nematicide Tests - 2005Nematicide Tests - 2005
Small Plots - Nematicides - Telone II
Vapam
Temik 15G
Vydate C-LV
Experimental Temik
Seed Treatments Avicta complete pack
Gaucho L1489A FS EC
Gaucho exp600003BFS SC
Biological N-Hibit
Material and MethodsMaterial and MethodsSmall Plot Tests - 2005Small Plot Tests - 2005
Variety ST 5599 BG/RRDP 444 BG/RR
Exp. Design Randomized complete block 5 -6 replicationsPlot Design 2 -4 row plots 25’ long & 36 -40” row spacingPlanting Date April 29 and May 1, 2005Nematodes Sampled MonthlyExtraction Technique Gravity screening and
centrifugal flotationHarvest Date Oct. 5, 2005
KSL ‘06
Avicta Complete Pak, Temik 15 G and VydateAvicta Complete Pak, Temik 15 G and Vydate C-LVC-LV 2005 Test 108A2005 Test 108ADP 444 BG/RRDP 444 BG/RR
Treatment Rate Application1. Dynasty+Cruiser --- ---2. AvictaCP 0.15 mg/seed Seed
treatment3. Dynasty+Temik 15G 5.0 lb In-furrow4. AvictaCP+Temik 15G 0.15mg+5.0 lb ST + IF5. Dynasty+Temik +Temik 15G 5.0+ 5.0 lb ST + IF + SD6. AvictaCP+Vydate 0.15mg+17oz ST+6LS7. AvictaCP+Temik+Vydate 0.15mg+5lb+17oz ST+IF+6LS8. Dynasty+Cruiser+Vydate 0.15mg+17oz ST+6TL
KSL ‘06
Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate in Belle Mina, 2005
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
0 30DAP 60DAP 90DAP 120DAP Harvest
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Dynasty+Cruiser AvictaB
Dynasty+Temik AvictaB+Temik
Dynasty+Temik+Temik AvictaB+Vydate
Dynasty+Temik+Vydate Dynasty+Cruiser+Vydate
Vydate
KSL 06
3427 36253009
39093454
3966
2854
4011
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser
Avict
aB
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik
Avict
aB+Tem
ik
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik+Tem
ik
Avict
aB+Vyd
ate
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik+Vyd
ate
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser+
Vydat
e
Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate in Belle Mina, 2005
LSD 657
KSL 06
198
-418
483
27
539
-573
584
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Seed cotton over the control Belle Mina, 2005
KSL 06
Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate on Reniform in Escambia Co., 2005
0
1000
2000
3000
0 30DAP 60DAP 90DAP Harvest
Ren
ifor
m/1
50cc
soi
l
Dynasty+Cruiser AvictaB
Dynasty+Temik AvictaB+Temik
Dynasty+Temik+Temik AvictaB+Vydate
Dynasty+Temik+Vydate Dynasty+Cruiser+Vydate
Vydate
KSL 06
25132255
2501 2488 2364 24372274
2539
0
1000
2000
3000
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser
Avict
aB
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik
Avict
aB+Tem
ik
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik+Tem
ik
Avict
aB+Vyd
ate
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik+Vyd
ate
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser+
Vydat
e
Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate in Escambia Co., 2005
LSD 343
KSL 06
-258.4
-11.6 -24.7
-148.6
-75.5
-238.6
25.7
-300
-200
-100
0
100
Seed
cot
ton
lb/A
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser
Avicta
B
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik
Avicta
B+Temik
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik+Tem
ik
Avicta
B+Vydat
e
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik+Vyd
ate
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser+
Vydat
e
Seed cotton over the control Escambia Co., 2005
KSL 06
Avicta Complete Pak 2005 Test 104A
DP 444 BG/RR ST5599BGRR
Treatment Rate1. Dynasty + Cruiser ---
2. AvictaCP 0.15 mga/seed
3. Dynasty + Temik 15G 5.0 lb
4. Dynasty + Temik 15G 7.0 lb
5. Allegiance + Baytan +
Thiram + Temik 15G 5.0 lb
GWL ‘06
Effect of Avicta and Temik on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 120 DAP 150 DAP
Ren
ifor
m/1
50cc
soi
l
Dynasty+Cruiser Avicta
Dynasty+Temik 5 Dynasty+Temik 7
Allegiance+RTUB-T+Temik 7KSL 06
3315 3487
173
3428
114
3547
233
3368
540
1000
2000
3000
4000
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser
Avict
a
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik 5
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik 7
Allegi
ance
+RTUB-T+Tem
ik 7
Effect of Avicta and Temik in Belle Mina, 2005LSD 458
KSL 06
173
114
233
54
0
100
200
300
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Seed cotton over the control, 2005
LSD 458
KSL 06
32863473
188
3148
-137-200
300
800
1300
1800
2300
2800
3300S
eed
cot
ton
lb/A
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser
Avict
a .15
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik 5
Average of four tests of Avicta and Temik in Belle Mina, 2005
KSL 06
Effect of Bayer Experimentals on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005
0
1000
2000
30004000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 120 DAP Harvest
Ren
ifor
m/1
50cc
soi
l
Untreated Gaucho FS
Gaucho L1489A FS EC Gaucho L1489A FS EC
Gaucho exp600003BFS SC Gaucho exp600003BFS SC
Temik 15GKSL 06
2504
3192
688
2753
249
2447
-58
2702
198
3166
662
2815
311
-100
900
1900
2900
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Effect of Bayer Experimentals in Belle Mina, 2005
LSD 786
KSL 06
Effect of Bayer Experimentals on Reniform in Escambia Co., 2005
-100
900
1900
2900
3900
0 30DAP 60DAP 90DAP Harvest
Ren
ifor
m/1
50cc
soi
l
Untreated Gaucho FS
Gaucho L1489A FS EC Gaucho L1489A FS EC
Gaucho exp600003BFS SC Gaucho exp600003BFS SC
Temik 15GKSL 06
1741
2119
377
1934
193
1998
257
2085
343
2179
438
1827
85-100
900
1900S
eed
cot
ton
lb/A
Effect of Bayer Experimentals in Escambia Co., 2005
LSD 302
KSL 06
Effect of Bayer Experimentals Temik Formulations on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005
-100
900
1900
2900
3900
4900
5900
6900
7900
0 30 60 90 120
Ren
ifor
m/1
50cc
soi
l
Gaucho FS Temik KC791232
KC791230 KC791232 +Temik KC791232 +KC791232
Temik+Temik KSL 06
Effect of Bayer Experimentals Temik Formulations on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005
25252288 2203 2367 2354 2442 2398
0
1000
2000
3000
0
Effect of N-Hibit on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2004
0
250
500
750
1000
0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 154 DAP
Ren
ifor
m/1
50cc
soi
l
Cruiser Vydate Temik N-HibitKSL 06
3997 4128
131
4215
217
4175
178
-100
900
1900
2900
3900
4900
See
d c
otto
n lb
/A
Cruise
r
Vydat
e
Temik
N-Hib
it
Effect of N-Hibit on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2004
LSD 451
KSL 06
Effect of Telone II, Vapam and Temik 15G on Effect of Telone II, Vapam and Temik 15G on Cotton YieldsCotton Yields in Belle Mina, 2004 in Belle Mina, 2004
4569
296
4657
384
4416
143
4334
229
4502
61
4273
00
500100015002000250030003500400045005000
See
d C
ott
on
Yie
ld (
lbs/
A)
KSL 06
Plant-Parasitic Nematode Plant-Parasitic Nematode ManagementManagement
• Resistant/Tolerant Varieties
• Crop Rotations
• Chemical Management
Root-knot NematodeRoot-knot NematodeCotton Tobacco Pepper Watermelon Peanut Tomato
M. i. R1 - - + + - +
M. i. R2 - + + + - +
M. i. R3 + - + + - +
M. i. R4 + + + + - +
M. a. R1 - + + + + +
M. a. R2 - + - + - +
M. j. + + - + - +
M. h. - + + - + +
Chemical Management
Chemical Application Cost / Acre
Aldicarb Temik In furrow $11.28-24.50
1,3-dichloropropene Telone II Fumigate $18.75-62.50
Sodium methyldithiocarb
Vapam Fumigate $19.50-40.00
Oxamyl Vydate Foliar Spray $10.65-11.29
Avermectin Avicta Seed $18.00-22.00
Seed Cotton Yield Loss by At-Plant Reniform Seed Cotton Yield Loss by At-Plant Reniform Nematode Population DensitiesNematode Population Densities
0
7
21
30
2227
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Yie
ld R
edu
ctio
n (
%)
3536.5 3587.5
51
3671.5
135
3786.5
2500
1000
2000
3000
4000S
eed
cot
ton
lb/A
Dynas
ty+Cru
iser
Avict
a .15
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik 5
Dynas
ty+Tem
ik 7
Average of Avicta and Temik in Belle Mina, 2004+2005
KSL 06
Economic Benefit
Chemical Yield
Cost / A Gross/A
Temik 5 – 7 lb/A 1259 $11.28-24.50 $612
Avicta 0.15mg/seed 1389 $18.00-22.00 $674
Dynsasty + Cruiser 1314 $657
KSL 06
Effect of Avicta and Temik on Reniform in Escambia Co., 2005
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP Harvest
Ren
ifor
m/1
50cc
soi
l
Dynasty+Cruiser Avicta
Dynasty+Temik 5 Dynasty+Temik 7
Allegiance+RTUB-T+Temik 7KSL 06
1853 1908
55
1741
-113
1514
-339
1659
-194-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
See
d c
otto
n l
b/A
Effect of Avicta and Temik in Escambia Co., 2005
LSD 235
KSL 06