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58 TOWNSEND LETTER for DOCTORS & PATIENTS APRIL 2006

ChemicalExposures at theWorld Trade Center

by Marie A. Cecchini, MS; David E. Root MD, MPH;

Jeremie R. Rachunow, MD; and Phyllis M. Gelb, MD

Use of the Hubbard SaunaDetoxification Regimen toImprove the Health Status ofNew York City Rescue WorkersExposed to Toxicants


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TOWNSEND LETTER for DOCTORS & PATIENTS APRIL 2006 59

BackgroundOn September 11, 2001, the

a t t a c k a n d c o l l a p s e o f t h e

g iga n t ic Wor ld Tra de C en ter

t o w e r s c a u s e d a n e n o r m o u s

release of toxic substances into

a d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d u r b a n

environment . These inc luded

a s b e s t o s , r a d i o n u c l i d e s ,

b e n z e n e , d i o x i n s , p o l y -

chlorina ted biphenyls (PCBs) ,

fibergla ss, mer cury, lead, s ilicon,

s u l f u r i c a c i d 29 a g e n t s

associated w ith cancer a s w ell as

severe lung pa thology , neuro-

l o g i c a l a n d c a r d i o v a s c u l a r

disease, a nd a myr iad of immune

dysfunctions.

E m e r g e n c y w o r k e r s w e r e

exposed t o unprecedented levelso f t h e s e c h e m i c a l s a n d

breakdown products dur ing the

e n s u i n g e i g h t a n d o n e - h a l f

month r escue and cleanu p effort.

Dai ly exposures cont inued as

firefighters, par a medics, police,

c l e a n - u p c r e w s , a n d o t h e r

p e r s o n n e l c o n t i n u e d t h e i r

efforts, working long hours for

o v e r e i g h t m o n t h s a f t e r t h e

a t t a c k . P e r s o n a l P r o t e c t i v e

E q u i p m e n t ( P P E ) w a s n o ta l w a y s a v a i l a b l e o r w a s

g e n e r a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e i n

preventing the rescue workers

from a bsorbing contamina nts by

inhala t ion, ingest ion, or dermal

exposure.8

There i s no doubt tha t the

tens of thousands of men and

women who part icipated in the

rescue and recovery operations

w ere exposed to a w ide ran ge of

toxins, ma ny of which are knownto accumulate in body t issues,

w i t h h a l f - l i v e s m e a s u r e d i n

years or decades.12.28 Exposure

symptoms have not a bat ed with

t i m e ; i n s t e a d , a s u b s t a n t i a l

number o f those exposed a re

experiencing worsening health

sta tus involving m ult iple orga n

systems. Studies demonstra te a

definite link betw een exposures

t o W TC - d e r i v e d a i r b o r n e

p o l l u t a n t s a n d r e s p i r a t o r y

disease.2

T h e a c u t e c o m p l a i n t s o f

e m e r g e n c y r e s p o n d e r s w e r e

often pulmonar y.14,19,38 However,

o t h e r d e b i l i t a t i n g h e a l t h

c o n s e q u e n c e s e x i s t . T h e

d e p r e s s i o n , a n g e r , a n d l o w

motivat ion commonly report ed

a m o n g t h i s p o p u l a t i o n a n d

a s s i g n e d t o P o s t -Tr a u m a t i c

Stress Disorder are more likely

indica t ive of toxic encephalo-

pathy .16 Other major concerns

inc lude persis tent pulmonary

an d digestive tra ct inflamma tory

s y n d r o m e s , s u c h a s r e a c t i v e

a irways dysfunct ion syndrome

(RADS), rea ctive upper airw a ys

dysfunction syndrome (RUDS),

gast roesopha geal r eflux disease

( G E R D ) , a n d i n f l a m m a t o r y

p u l m o n a r y p a r e n c h y m a l

s y n d r o m e s , a s w e l l a s

r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t a n d n o n -

respira tory ma lignancies.5,10,47

Sauna DetoxificationT h e m e t h o d o f d e t o x i f i c a t i o n

developed by Mr. Hubba rd is a precise

protocol document ed for mobilizing fa t-

s t o r e d t o x i n s a n d e n h a n c i n g t h e i r

eliminat ion while restoring metabolic

balance. The protocol has long beenes t a b l i s h ed a s s a f e . 45 P r ev iou s c a s e

reports,39,51 as w ell as a number of non-

r a n d o m i z e d , c o n t r o l l e d s t u d i e s o f

e x p o s e d w o r k e r s ( i n c l u d i n g

f i r e f i g h t e r s ) ,21 d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t

detoxifica tion reduces body burdens of

PCBs , PBBs , d iox ins , va r ious drugs ,

a n d p e s t i c i d e s 44,46 w i t h c o n c u r r e n t

symptomatic improvement .44,20,22

P u b l i c a t i o n s o v e r t h e p a s t t w o

decad es also show tha t th is regimen can

improve memory, cognitive functions,

i m m u n e p a r a m e t e r s , a n d g e n e r a l

physical condit ion in dif ferent s tudypopulations.44,46

T h e d e t o x i f i c a t i o n p r o t o c o l i s

s t a n d a r d i z e d 17 a n d i n c l u d e s t h e

following:

A d a i l y r eg im en of ph y si ca l

e x e r c i s e , i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w e d b y

forced swea ting in a sau na at 140-180F

for two-and-a-half to f ive hours with

short breaks for hydra t ion to offset t he

loss of body fluids a nd cooling.

N u t r it i on a l s u pp le m en t a t i on

centered on gra dually increasing doses

of crystalline niacin (nicotinic acid) to

promote l ipid mobiliza t ion of s tored

toxicant s and s t imulat e circula t ion.

Ad m i n is t r a t i on of a d d it i on a l

v i t amins , minera ls , e lect ro ly tes , andoils includes vitamins A, D, C, E, B

complex, B1; multi-minera ls including

c a l c i u m , m a g n e s i u m , i r o n , z i n c ,

ma nga nese, copper, an d iodine; sodium

a n d p o t a s s i u m ; a n d a b l e n d o f

p o lyu n s a t u r a t ed o i l s in c lu d in g s o y ,

wa lnut , peanut , and saff lower.

Ea ch of these program components

ha ve biologic roles tha t support hea ling.

The integrity of physiological systems

i n c l u d i n g t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

detoxification, cellular repair, immune

processes , and neural and endocrine

funct ion depends upon nut r i t iona land vitamin s ta tus . Of note are niacin

a n d t h e u s e o f o i l s a s a s o u r c e o f

essentia l fat ty a cids. The inclusion of a

b a l a n c ed c o mp lemen t o f a dd i t io n a l

n u t r i e n t s i s a i m e d a t m a i n t a i n i n g

s u p p l i e s a d e q u a t e f o r i n c r e a s e d

demand.

Niacin can shift the adipose-blood

equilibrium of toxin concentrations by

st imulat ing release of fa t ty a cids from


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Sauna Detox

1. Reference thyr oxine (T4) levels a re 4.0-12.0 ug/dL; reference T3 is 24-39%;

refer ence free th yroxin e is 1.1-4.5 ug/dL; a nd ref erence TSH is 0.27-4.2 uIU/mL

2. S ta t i s t i ca l ly s i gn i f ican t (p < 0 .05).

Figure 1: Improvement in Health-RelatedQuality of Life

Figure 2: Change in Symptom Severitywith Detoxification

Figure 3: Change in Use of Medications withDetoxification: N = 324

Figure 4: Change in Balance Test: N-53

Figure 5: Change in Reaction Time withDetoxification: N=58

Figure 6: Average Thyroid Hormone Levels

Number of Medicat ions a t

Completion


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P C B s . 7 N i a c i n r a i s e s h i g h d e n s i t y

cholesterol (HDL-C) more effectively

t h a n e i t h e r o f t h e c o m m o n

pharm acologic intervent ions , s ta t in or

f ibrate thera py, and ha s been proven to

r e d u c e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e v e n t s i n

monothera py s tudies .4

Niacin coenzym es are necessary for

more than 500 enzymat ic reac t ions ,

part icularly in the form of nicotina mide

adenine dinucleotide (NAD).36 Niacin

c o e n z y m e s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r

biotra nsforma tion of foreign compounds

a s a s t e p i n e l i m i n a t i n g t h o s e

compounds fr om th e body.24 They also

regulate l iver detoxif ica t ion pathw ays

so tha t the act ivat ed radicals of phase

I detoxif ica t ion are rapidly conjugated

with gluta thione or other compounds

dur ing phase I I .48 Further , margina l

de f i c ien c ies in f o l a t e , v i t a min B 12 ,

n iac in , and z inc increase the ra te o f

s p o n t a n eo u s c h r o mo s o me da ma ge . 9

Niacin coenzymes regulat e DNA stra nd

break repair.30,54

Inc lus ion o f polyunsa tura ted o i ls

e n h a n c e s d e t o x i f i c a t i o n a n d a l s o

r e p l a c e s t h e e s s e n t i a l f a t t y a c i d s

mobilized from stores. The wa lnut a nd

soy oils used in this regimen contain

high levels of omega-3 fatty acids; the

safflower, soy, and peanut oils are rich

in omega-6 fat ty a cids. Polyunsa tura ted

oils can l ine the int est ine and prevent

r e- u p t a k e o f t o x in s t h a t h a v e b een

e l i m i n a t e d t h r o u g h l a r g e i n t e s t i n e

p a t h w a ys .40 Oils may a lso have a direct

effect on toxin elimina tion. 33,41,42

T h i s r e h a b i l i t a t i v e t h e r a p y i sprovided on a daily ba sis , seven day s a

w e e k , a n d a v e r a g e s 3 3 d a y s f o r

complet ion . (The range was 23-106

days .) Body weight , pulse, and blood

pressure are monitored before an d a fter

each da i ly sess ion wi th body weight

kept constant throughout . Physicians

monitor individual client progra ms.

Rehabilitating Rescue WorkersRecogniz ing tha t they had had an

unprecedented exposure , a group o f

f irefighters a nd union off icia ls felt t hat

a progra m should be availa ble to rescuew o r k er s t h a t s p ec i f i c a l l y a ddr es s ed

body accumula t ions o f tox ins . They

c o n t a c t e d t h e F o u n d a t i o n f o r

A d v a n c e m e n t s i n S c i e n c e a n d

E du c a t ion ( F ASE ) f or a s s i s t a n c e in

m a k i n g t h e d e t o x if i ca t i on r e g i m e n

a vaila ble to exposed personnel.

An independent facil i ty funded by

p r i v a t e d o n a t i o n s w a s s e t u p i n

September 2002 in lower Manhat tan,

providing this therapy w ithout charge.

To da te, more tha n 500 ha ve completed

t h e p r o gr a m in M a n h a t t a n a n d a t a

second fac i l i t y es t ab l ished on Long

Is land. The great majority have been

uniformed rescue workers , including

f i r e f i gh t e r s , p a r a medic s , s a n i t a t io n

workers, a nd police. A sma ll number of

individuals who lived or w orked in th e

W T C o r n e a r t h e s i t e h a v e a l s o

completed the program.

The primary goal of this project is

to restore qua lity of life an d job fitness

to those exposed to toxic materials at

the WTC site. The focus to date has

been to identify individua ls who ar e not

responding, or not recovering fully, a fter

r ec e iv in g med ic a l t r ea t men t s b e in g

offered to WTC exposure victims.

Outcome MeasuresI n d i v i d u a l s a r e r e f e r r e d t o t h e

project because of persistent sy mptoms

followin g exposure t o WTC t oxins. The

projects reha bilitat ive goal empha sizes

res tored qua l i t y o f l i fe ( wel lness ) .

A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e p r o j e c t i n c l u d e s

ongoing tests to ident ify the full ra nge

of hea l th e f fec t s a ssocia ted wi th the

WTC ex po s u r es a n d ev a lu a t in g t h e

efficacy of detoxification in resolving

specific effects. A complete set of tests

a r e g i v e n b e f o r e a n d a f t e r

detoxification.

To evalua te the effectiveness of this

rehabili ta t ive therapy, part icipant s are

g i v e n a s t r u c t u r e d m e d i c a l

e x a m i n a t i o n . P a r t i c i p a n t s a l s o

c o m p l e t e a c o m p r e h e n s i v e H e a l t h

H i s t o r y a n d S y m p t o m S u r v e ydeveloped specifically for this project.

This survey ga thers basic demographic

informat ion; employment his tory and

r e l e va n t w o r k e x p os u r e q u e s t i o n s ;

recent symptoma tology focusing on the

c l u s t e r o f s y m p t o m s c o m m o n t o

e n v i r o n m e n t a l e x p o s u r e s ; a n d t h e

number of los t w orkdays . Clients a lso

u n d e r g o i n t e l l ig e n c e q u o t i e n t (I Q )

tes t ing, a s w ell a s a panel of s t anda rd

l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s i n c l u d i n g C B C ,

comprehens ive metabolic pa nel, thyr oid

panel, l ipid panel, ECG, and urinalysis .

The First Three Years:Review of 484 Cases

As previously noted, more tha n 500

men a nd w omen who were exposed to

World Tra de Center conta mina nts h ave

completed the detoxification program.

This report summ ar izes a recent review

of medical folders from t he 484 men a nd

women who enrolled in the program

b e t w e e n S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 2 a n d

September 2005: 273 firefighters, 52

sanit a t ion w orkers , 19 par am edics , 23

police officers, a nd 117 other s. Of th ese,

63 individuals lef t the program prior t o

complet ion. These results indicate a

r a n g e o f b e n e f i t s t h a t s u m u p t o

improved qua lity of life a nd job fitness.

The number in each tes t s ample

var ies to some extent . Cer t a in tes t s

were added or changed as the project

evolved, and th erefore not all tests w ere

performed on a ll cl ients . Results are

described only for those individuals w ho

had mult iple data points on that tes t .

E m p h a s i s h a s b e e n p l a c e d o n t h e

findings of greatest interest .

A. Healthy Days and J ob FitnessThree core questions from th e CD C

H e a l t h - R e l a t e d Q u a l i t y o f L i f e

i n s t r u m e n t a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e

structured health his tory an d symptom

survey. These quantify the number of

days phys ica l and menta l hea l th was

not good, as w ell as how m an y da ys poor

p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l h e a l t h k e p t

i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m d o i n g t h e i r u s u a l

act ivit ies , such as self-care, work, or

recreation. These were completed by all

clients who underwent detoxif ica t ion

after J une 2005.

P r i or t o e n r ol lm e nt i n d i vi d ua l s

averaged 4.4 days of l imited act ivity

an d 2.1 day s missed work per month.

Af t e r de t ox if ic a t i on , t h es e

individua ls reported 0.2 days of missed

work or limited a ctivities (this includesthe month they underwent therapy) .

(See Figure 1.)

A ma jorit y of rescue workers seeking

detoxif ica t ion t reatm ent a re concerned

tha t th eir health problems might force

them to leave their jobs. The majority

of these individua ls are betw een 35 and

45 years of ag e (ra nging from 20 to 77

y e a r s ) ; m a n y h a v e y o u n g c h i l d r e n .

While forced retirement of these men

would be costly t o the city, the d isability

b e n ef i t s t h a t e a c h i n d i vi d u a l m a n

m i g h t e x p e c t a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o

support a fa mily. Thus, a nxieties abouthea l th a re compounded by f inancia l

concerns and further complicated by a

determinat ion to cont inue on the job

with out mentioning symptoms.

B. Symptom SeverityThe Health History and Symptom

Su rvey consists of 50 items on t en scales

f o r s y s t ems c o mmo n ly imp a c t ed b y

chemical exposure and is used t o assess

Sauna Detox


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changes in symptoms over the course

of sauna detoxification. Responses are

norma lized to ta ke into account the fa ct

t h a t t h er e a r e d i f f e r en t n u mb er s o f

quest ions per category of symptoms.

Improvements on a ll symptom scales

( m a n i f e s t a t i o n s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h

exposures to the range o f tox icants

known to be released at the WTC site)

wer e especially str ong. (See Figur e 2.)

C. Need for MedicationT h e c a s e r e v i e w r e v e a l e d t h a t

a lmost half the individuals were taking

as many as 16 medicat ions to relieve

their exposure symptoms. At program

complet ion, 84% of th ose clients no

longer required medica t ion because

their exposure symptoms aba ted. Of the

seven percent st ill taking medicine, use

wa s reduced to only a single medicationi n m o s t c a s e s . A s t h e s e s y m p t o m s

abate, clients are able to reduce and

ul t ima tely e l imina te the medica t ions

they a re ta king. (See Figure 3.)

These clients work in professions

t h a t r equ i r e a h igh l ev e l o f f i t n es s .

Those who ha d been on medicat ions for

a n extended period experienced the side

effects a s unw elcome (if not da ngerous)

impediments to both t heir a ccustomed

sta te of well-being an d th eir job fitness.

D. Vestibular Function

Impa irment of vestibula r function isassocia ted in the l i tera ture with toxic

exposures. 34,35 The postural swa y test is

a s e n s i t i v e a n d r e l i a b l e m e t h o d o f

measuring balance developed for field

use measuring the mean speed a long

the pa th moved wi th eyes open and

w h e n e y e s a r e c l o s e d . 23 P re /pos t

d e t o x i f i c a t i o n b a l a n c e t e s t i n g w a s

c o m p l e t e d o n a r a n d o m c o h o r t o f

f iref ighters exposed to WTC toxins .

T h e r e i s a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t

difference (p = 0.012) betw een swa y test

results before a nd a f ter detoxifica t ion,

w i t h t h e p r e - d e t o x i f i c a t i o nmeasurements s ignif icant ly impaired,

a s demo n s t r a t ed b y in c r ea s ed s w a y

speed, compa red wit h predicted results

of reference populat ions (see th e zero

line in F igure 3).

Ba lance is crucia l to f iref ighters . I f

balance is impaired, a f iref ighter may

not be able to rema in upright in a da rk

a r e a . F o ll ow i n g d e t o x if i ca t i on , t h e

ex po s ed f i r e f i gh t e r s h a v e s w a y t es t

v a l u e s t h a t a p p r o a c h t h o s e o f a n

unexposed reference population. (See

Figur e 4.)

E. Reaction TimeImpa irmen t of Choice Rea ction Time

(CRT) has been previously shown in

firef ighters exposed to PCBs.21,32 C RT

tes t ing measures cogni t ive funct ion :

vigilance, discrimination, and speed of

react ion (abili t ies that are obviously

c r u c i a l t o f i r e f i g h t e r s , p o l i c e , o r

par a medics) . P re/post detoxif ica t ion

C R T t e s t i n g w a s c o m p l e t e d o n a

random cohort of firefighters exposed

to WTC t oxins.

F i r e f i g h t e r s h a v e f a s t e r t h a n

p r e d i c t e d m e a s u r e s o f b o t h S i n g l e

Rea ction Time (SR T) and CR T, as seen

in the negat ive varia nce from predicted

r e s u l t s . T h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n C R T

following detoxification is statistically

s i g n i fi ca n t (p


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Sauna Detox

Canal Street on September 11, 2001,

r e p r e s e n t i n g 2 5 % o f t h e t o t a l

resident ia l populat ion south of Canal

St reet at the time, a ccording to the 2000

U S C e n s u s . E n r o l l m e n t i n t e r v i e w s

b e t w e e n S e p t e m b e r 5 , 2 0 0 3 a n dNovember 20, 2004 indica te persist ent

r e s p i r a t o r y a n d m e n t a l h e a l t h

symptoms in this populat ion.26

A l t h o u gh E P A o f f i c i a l s in i t i a l l y

downplayed the potent ia l hazards o f

W T C a i r a n d d u s t , s u b s e q u e n t

g o v e r n m e n t r e s p o n s e r e f l e c t s

s i g n i f i c a n t c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g t h e

p o t e n t i a l p u b l i c i m p a c t o f t h i s

unprecedented exposure event. Public

funds now support six healt h screening

p r o g r a m s t o m o n i t o r g r o u n d z e r o

workers .

While this w ork is importa nt , i t isma de complicated by the near ly infinite

var ia t ions in indiv idua l exposure in

such incidents including the number

an d t ype of toxic agents involved, the

level of each toxin present a t a specific

loca tion, th e form of the toxic particle,

and the route o f exposure . Fur ther ,

l i t t le is being done to determine w hat

forms of t reatment and rehabili ta t ion

might be appropria te in the a f terma th

of a toxic event of this ma gnitude.

T h i s o m i s s i o n h a s p r e c e d e n t s .

Veterans r eturning from Vietnam an d

th e first Gulf Wa r, convinced tha t th eir

health h ad been impaired by chemical

exposures, have been offered lit t le in

the w ay of relief. P ublic health efforts

an d government funding ha ve focused

o n c h a r a c t e r i z i n g e x p o s u r e s a n d

i d e n t i f y i n g r e l a t i on s h i p s b e t w e e n

observed hea l th e f fec t s and speci f ic

toxins.

Advis ing health care providers an d

p u b l i c h e a l t h a g e n c i e s r e g a r d i n g

r es p o n s e t o t e r r o r i s t in c iden t s t h a t

might involve chemical weapons, the

C en t er s f o r D i s ea s e C o n t r o l ( C DC )

r e c en t l y o b se r v e d t h a t , Tr e a t i n g

exposed persons by chemical synd rome

ra ther th an by specif ic agent probably

is the most pragma tic approach to the

t r e a t m e n t o f i l l n e s s e s c a u s e d b y

chemical exposure.6

There ar e good rea sons to apply this

p e r s p e c t i v e t o o c c u p a t i o n a l a n d

environmental exposures , increasing

t h e e m p h a s i s o n p r o v i d i n g r e l i e f

w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e . G i v e n t h e

probability of future terr orist events or

chemical accidents, proactive remedies

for known effects of chemical exposure,

including chronic effects that, though

not l i fe-threatening, are suff icient to

d e s t r o y q u a l i t y o f l i f e , m u s t b e

ident if ied a nd implemented.

The Hubbard method is the only

such treatment being offered to New

Y o r k r e s c u e w o r k e r s . T h e

improvements a t ta ined in a lmost 500cases argue for broader implementat ion

of the program, supported by additiona l

evaluat ion a nd research efforts . Tha t a

large percentage of those a f fected by

9/11 exposures a re not r espondi ng t o

exis t ing t rea tments a f ter more than

f o u r yea r s ; t h a t t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o

i m p r o v e t h e j o b f i t n e s s o f f i r s t

responders in one of the na tions most

impor tan t c i t ies ex is t s ; and tha t the

p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s y n d r o m e s b e i n g

t rea ted a s pos t t ra umat ic s t ress a re

in f a c t t h e r es u l t o f t o x in - in du c ed

damage a ll this argues s trongly for

and a dds urgency to this init ia t ive.

Marie Cecchini, MS, is the Research

D i r e c t o r o f t h e F o u n d a t i o n f o r

A d v a n c e m e n t s i n S c i e n c e a n d

Educa t ion (FASE) ; Dav id Root , MD,

MPH is the Medica l Direc tor o f the

S a c r a m e n t o O c cu p a t i o n a l M e d i c a l

Gr oup; and J onnie Rachunow, MD a nd

P hyllis M. Gelb, MD ar e both a ssociat ed

with the New York Rescue Workers

Det oxificat ion P roject, New York, New

York.

CorrespondenceMarie Cecchini

FASE Foundation for Advancements

in Science and Educat ion

4801 Wilshire B lvd, S uite 215

Los Angeles, Ca lifornia 90010 U SA

323-937-9911

www.fasenet .org

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9/9


Sauna Detox

The stunning photographs appearing with this article were taken by MarkRoddenberry, who generously donated their use. Roddenberry, a professionalphotographer, moved to New York in November 2000 to pursue his career. OnSeptember 11th, he was in his studio, eight blocks north of the World TradeCenter. On that day and on the days that followed, Roddenberrys access to thearea, his close ties to the community, and his brilliant eye allowed him to capturethe devastation of the site and the American peoples initial efforts to cope.Roddenberry, too, was grasping for understanding as he set out to record theoverwhelming tragedy.

Once I got to the front door, there was one split second when I almost wentback, he said. where there was normally a steady flow of traffic, there werenow 10,000 people walking, like there was a parade going northI turned back.I couldnt do it. It just broke my heartI remember grabbing the doorknobit wasas though a voice said. Hold on one second. If you do not take these pictures, youwill forever regret it.

Thanks to Mark Roddenberry, these remarkable and tragic images will remainforever in the worlds view.

An exhibit of Roddenberrys 9/11 photographs, entitled Avenue of theStrongest, will be on display at the San Antonio (Texas) Public Library throughoutthe month of March. A portion of this exhibit can be viewed online atwww.avenueofthestrongest.us.

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