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Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Overview
• Importance of animal agriculture • Biological risk management• Routes of transmission• Prevention practices• Summary
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal AgricultureIowa 2006
• #1 pork, eggs– 17.2 million pigs– 51.6 million chickens (layers)
• #2 red meat– 6.5 billion pounds– 3.9 million cattle
• Cash receipts– Turkeys - $123 million– Dairy cows - $530 million– Sheep, lambs - $22.2 million
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Food Production Changes
• Number of farms decreasing• Animal numbers rising on some farms• Opportunities
– Increasing intensity/specialization – Efficient food source: U.S. and world
• Challenges– Disease control and eradication– Devastating economic effects
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Minimizing Disease Spread
• Occupation may require farm visits• As a farm visitor, recognize and
minimize the risk of introducing a disease
• Farms becoming more concerned about who/what is entering– Visitors, employees, animal traffic
• Ask and follow farm biosecurity plan
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Overall process of awareness education, evaluation, and management
• Designed to improve disease control – Foreign and domestic diseases
• Provide tools to minimize risk
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Disease risk cannot be totally eliminated– Animal, its environment– Decrease exposure to
disease agents• Minimize threat to
animals and humans• No one-size-fits-all answer
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Routes of Transmission
• Apply to all infectious agents• Animal must be exposed to
develop disease• Understand different routes of
transmission = Gain control• Risk areas must be identified
– Design protocols to minimize exposure
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Routes of Transmission• Spread of disease agents
– Animal animal– Animal human
“zoonotic”• Different modes
of transmission– Oral– Vector-borne– Zoonotic
– Aerosol– Direct contact– Fomite
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Environmental Contamination
• Disease organism in environment– Survive in soil, organic material
• Animals and humans can acquire agent(s) through:– Inhalation (aerosol)– Direct contact– Fomites– Oral consumption – Vectors
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Preventing Entry
• Some animal viruses can be carried by fomites– Truck tires, wheel wells, undercarriage,
footwear, clothing• Walking/driving through animal areas• Pick up viruses/bacteria• Deposit on the road, next farm• Proper cleaning and disinfection is
important
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Preventing Entry
• Park in designated area• Carry equipment
to the site– Inspect equipment
before leaving vehicle• Wash contaminated
objects on farm • Follow posted protocols,
biosecurity plans
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Preventing Spread
• Limit contact with animals• Wear protective clothing, footwear• Between animal groups and
prior to leaving operation– Change soiled
protective clothing– Wash, disinfect
soiled footwear– Clean, disinfect soiled equipment
• Leave trash on farm
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Preventing Zoonosis
• Protective outer clothing– Coveralls, water-resistant barriers– Footwear
• Overshoes that can be cleaned, disinfected
• Disposable– Gloves
• Sick, unknown health status animals
• Remove soiled items before leaving• Wash hands
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Zoonotic Disease• Livestock producers work
with animals daily– Most have immunity
to various diseases• Immunocompromised
population more vulnerable to zoonoses– Young and old– Chemotherapy– Diabetes
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Summary
• Animal agriculture in Iowa is important
• All diseases are transmitted by a few common routes
• Disease risk can be managed• Awareness education is essential• You play a critical role!
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentationwas funded by a grant from the
Iowa Homeland Securityand Emergency Management and
the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship to the
Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
Contributing Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Gayle Brown, DVM, PhD