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Mangroves: in Need of Estuary-based Estuary-based
Management Plans
M. D. Subash Chandran&
TV R h dT.V. Ramachandra(CES, Indian Institute of Science)
MANGROVES: HABIT & HABITATS
Woody plants of intertidal habitats of estuaries and creeks – in tropics & sub‐
iMANGROVES: HABIT & HABITATStropics•Prefers muddy sediments•Salinity & water‐logging tolerant•34 genera & 79 species – 22 familiesg p•(about 40 spp. In India)•Substratum & water regime controlSubstratum & water regime control mangrove zonation
•Each species has its own range with•Each species has its own range withref to salinity
•Sea level rise: shift towards land
No. of Species: GlobalNo. of Species: Global
Sn Global region Natural species
Introduced species
Hybridsspecies species
1 West America 10 1 1
2 East America 9 1 1
3 West Africa 6 1 13 West Africa 6 1 1
4 East Africa 10 - -
5 Indo-Malesia 52 - 5
6 Australasia 43 - 5
Indian distribution No. of speciesS d b 32Sundarbans 32Orissa 30Godavari‐Krishna 17Cauvery delta 15Cauvery delta 15Kerala 18K t k 16Karnataka 16Goa 20Maharashtra 14Gujarat 10jAndaman & Nicobar 29
PRODUCTIVE ECOSYSTEMPRODUCTIVE ECOSYSTEM
• Spawning & nursery p g ygrounds of fish, crustaceans etc.
d f h ll f h• Producers of shell fish, oysters
• Habitat for birds• Habitat for birds• Timber, fuel, tannin, honey, medicine, foddery, ,
• Erosion control• Defense against gcyclones & tsunami
MANGROVE DECLINE: REASONSMANGROVE DECLINE: REASONS
Reclamation AquacultureReclamation Aquaculture
Death due to dyke constructionDeath due to dyke construction
Other reasons: Pollution, hypersalinity, Rising sea level
Conservation & ManagementConservation & Management
• Working plans for Sundarbans from 1769Working plans for Sundarbans from 1769
• Matang (Malaysia) from 1902
C i i i i i• Community participation in management: MSR Foundation, Chennai (from 1993). M i WMangrove manageent programme in W. Bengal, Orissa, A.P & T. Nadu
Flaws in ManagementFlaws in Management
• Most afforestation not fine‐tuned to intrinsicMost afforestation not fine tuned to intrinsic features of estuaries – in the absence of comprehensive studiescomprehensive studies
• Restoration mostly monocultural – that could lead into imbalances in the ecosystemslead into imbalances in the ecosystems
• Mangroves degrade & disappear @1.5% /yr
• More of trial and error methods due to inadequate knowledge of ecological processes
Estuary‐based management plansEstuary based management plans
Ecological Restoration • Role of mangroves in co og ca esto at oProcess of assisting recovery of an
gecosystem functioning
• Estuarine historyyecosystem that has been degraded, d d
• Tidal dynamics, hydrology, soil & salinitydamaged or
destroyed – complex estuarine features to
salinity
estuarine features to be related to mangroves
Objectives of management: Prioritisation
• Overall ecosystem functioning
• Enhancing fisheries
• Meeting needs of local community• Meeting needs of local community
• Pollution control & containment
• Preventing erosion
• Landscape beautification
• Nature education/recreation
• Bio‐shieding• Bio‐shieding
Identification of suitable areasIdentification of suitable areas
Use of Geo‐informatics for mapping
• Mapping areas for lnatural regeneration &
enrichment planting• Afforestation using• Afforestation using multiple species based on physico‐chemical features, including pollution, erosion, siltationsiltation