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Manifest Destiny,1835-1848
Chapter 9
THE WESTERN PIONEERSChapter 9 Section 1
Americans Head West
• Reasons for heading west:– Religious– Masters of their domain– Manifest Destiny – the idea that God had given
the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle western lands.
• Farming the New Lands– Squatters who settled on lands they did not own,
claimed the land from the Federal government.
Americans Head West
• John Deere’s steel bladed plow.
• Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper.
• Reduced the amount of labor needed and time spent working.
Reviewing Information
• Question #1 – What were some of the reasons Americans decided to head west?
Settling the Pacific Coast
• Oregon Territory– 1818: U.S. and Britain agree to co-occupancy– Missionaries who worked to convert Native
Americans persuade many to come.• Populating California– California government relied on foreign settlers
(Americans) to populate the territory.– John Sutter’s trading post and cattle ranch
Settle The Pacific Coast
• The Trails West• Mountain men carve out east-to-west passages
Settling the Pacific Coast
• Wagon Train Life– The first wagon trains hired mountain men to guide them.– Overlanders found their own way with the help of
guidebooks.– Donner Party– 5 – 6 month journey
• Native Americans– Emigrants feared attack, but attacks were rare– Native Americans feared buffalo herds being disrupted– Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) – promised that designated
territories would belong to Native Americans forever.
Reviewing Information
• Question #2 – What were the difficulties facing Western settlers?
The Mormon Migration
• 1844: Brigham Young leads his followers west, forming the Mormon Trail.
• Valuable route west• Settled at the Great Salt Lake
Oregon Trail: Board Game
Task: This project is about using your own creativity to put together a board game that the class can try out and play. This is designed for you to have a better understanding of the Oregon Trail and what the people of the time went through during their westward migration. Along with learning, an important goal is to have fun with this project.
Oregon Trail: Board Game
• Group Project (5-6 members)• Roles:– Project manager/Researcher– Rule Maker (2)– Board Designer (1-2)– Card Maker
• Materials You Will Need:– Posterboard, dice, game pieces/accessories, index
cards
Oregon Trail: Board Game
• Procedures:1. Use provided material to research2. Brainstorm!!!3. State the purpose of the game.4. Make a complete list of rules. Be precise!5. How much $$ will you start out with?6. Create minimum of 10 cards to draw from (some
good, some bad)7. Design your board– Must include pictures…hand drawn or print out
INDEPENDENCE FOR TEXASChapter 9 Section2
Opening Texas to Americans
• Mexico was unable to convince tejanos, Spanish speaking inhabitants, to est. settlements in the northern Indian territory.
• Mexico passed Colonization laws, offering cheap land to anyone willing to come.– Must become Mexican citizens– Live under Mexican law– Convert to Catholicism
Opening Texas to Americans
• 26 empresarios encouraged Americans to settle the region.– Stephen F. Austin was the most successful
• Few American settlers adopted the Mexican customs, resulting in the Americanizing of Texas.– Independent nation of Fredonia declared– 1830, Mexico closed its borders to immigrants and
raises taxes on imported goods hoping to discourage trade with the United States.
Texas Goes to War
• 1834, President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna declares himself dictator.
• 1835, Stephen F. Austin encourages Texans to raise an army against him.
• Early Battles.– Political instability in Mexico City led to a poorly
led, trained, and supplied army.– Americans earn early victories at Gonzales and
San Antonio– Sam Houston takes command
Texas Goes to War• The Alamo– Santa Anna organized a force of about 6,000– 180 American Rebels– Wanted to delay Santa Anna and give Houston
more time to prepare.
Travis’ Appeal for aid at the Alamo
1. According to William Travis, why do they fight?
2. In what ways does he appeal for help?3. What do you think Travis meant by “The
American character”4. Was this letter successful in its intended
purpose, to rally support? Why?
Texas Goes to War
• Remembering The Alamo– 13 day standoff– March 6, 1836, Santa Anna stormed the Alamo,
taking no prisoners.– During the seize, Texas declares independence
• The Goliad– Mexican forces executed 300 rebels
Texas Goes to War
• The Battle of San Jacinto, April 21– “Remember the Alamo”, “Remember Goliad”– Lasted less than 20 minutes– Santa Anna captured and forced to order his
troops out of Texas and sign a treaty recognizing independence for the Republic of Texas.• Mexico refused to accept treaty but didn’t want to fight
– Texas wins the war!
The Republic of Texas
The Republic of Texas
• Sam Houston elected first president.• Voted in favor of annexation, or become part of
the U.S. • Northern members of Congress opposed
admitting Texas as a slave state.• Avoiding increasing North-South tensions,
President Jackson made no moves toward annexation.
• Officially recognized Texas as an independent nation.
“Remember the Alamo”: Debating the Legacy of the Alamo
• What were the causes that led to the American inhabitants of Texas wanting to gain independence from Mexico?
Forget the Alamo?
1. Summarize the argument made by Don Santina.
2. What evidence does he use to substantiate his assertions?
Round Table Discussion
1. After, reading Santina’s article, do you believe slavery, manifest destiny, the Americanization of Texas, Mexican policies towards Americans, or another reason was the motivating factor for Texas independence?
2. Whatever you believe to be cause, were the American rebels justified?
3. As historians, what lessons can we learn from the Texas Revolution?
THE WAR WITH MEXICOChapter 9 Section 3
Texas and Oregon Enter the Union
• John Tyler’s defends slavery in Texas.– Northern Senate members vote against
annexation.• The Election of 1844
Texas and Oregon Enter the Union
• Oregon– “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”– Settled at 49 degrees North latitude
• Texas Annexation– Feb. 1845, Texas joins the Union.• Outraged Mexico.
– The Texas-United States claim covered far more territory than the Mexico claim.
The War With Mexico
• Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to cross the Nueces River – in Mexico’s view, an invasion of it’s territory.
• May 1846, Congress votes in favor of war.• Calling All Volunteers– 73,000 answered the call
The War With Mexico
• The Fighting Begins
– John C. Fremont declares California independent, renames it Bear Flag Republic.
The War With Mexico
• The Peace Treaty– Sept 1847: General Winfield Scott capture the
capital Mexico City.– Feb. 2, 1848 Mexico’s leaders signed the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo.– Mexico ceded, or gave up more than 500,000
square miles of territory to the U.S.
What Does the U.S. Victory Mean?
•MANIFEST DESTINY IS REALIZED!!!!!
Chapter 9 Study Guide
• Key Terms (pg. 314)– Identify key term and its significance
• Critical Thinking1. How did technological advances of the early 1800s
contribute to westward expansion?2. Identify the so called Americanizing of Texas and how it
was a motivating cause for the Texas Revolution.3. Explain why the Alamo was the turning point of the Texas
Revolution.4. Summarize the controversy between Mexico and the
United States over Texas.5. How did realization of Manifest Destiny after the War with
Mexico contribute to growing sectionalism?
Essay Question
• Choose TWO1. Describe the so called Americanizing of Texas
and how it was a motivating cause for the Texas Revolution.
2. Explain why the Alamo was the turning point of the Texas Revolution.
3. Summarize the controversy between Mexico and the United States over Texas.
4. Analyze elements in the photo and how it relates to Manifest Destiny.
Unit 3 Project
• The United States faced many challenges in its early years. Internal improvements and industrial development began to reshape the nation, but this reshaping also highlighted the growing differences between North and South.
Unit 3 Project
• Select 1 major event from this unit that you believe contributed to the crisis that would soon engulf the nation.
• Write a 1 page paper analyzing its significance to this growth in division. Your paper must include the following information: – Background to the event– About the event– How did the event lead to division and crisis?
Possible Topics
• Industry in the North and South• The Missouri Compromise• The Election of 1824 and the “Corrupt
Bargain”• The Nullification Crisis• The Second Great Awakening• The Reform Movement• The Abolitionist Movement• The Annexation of Texas
