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MANIFEST DESTINY WESTWARD EXPANSION
REASONS FOR EXPANSION…
Political – desire & necessity
Economic – more land meant more
opportunity to make money
Social – Spread religion and open up
more space to live
POLITICAL
NATIONALISM – Americans loved their
country
◦ Spread democracy from sea to shining sea!
NATIONAL SECURITY – Feared we might be
endangered by foreign powers.
◦ To conquer that fear, conquer more land!
BY FORCE – Expand across the continent. Use
force if necessary
◦ Indians and Mexicans
ECONOMIC
FAMILY FARMERS – Dreamed of owning own farms. ◦ Frontier land was cheap and sometimes free!
BUSINESSMEN – Non-farmers could start their own business.
UNEMPLOYED – When faced with unemployment in cities, they were advised, “Go West, young man!”
SOUTHERN SLAVEHOLDERS – Soil in plantations were depleted of minerals. ◦ Land ownership associated with wealth and political power.
SEA MERCHANTS – Merchants on the East Coat wanted to trade with countries in the Pacific.
SOCIAL
RELIGIOUS MISSION – America was destined by God to expand its borders.
WHITE SUPREMACY – White man had the right to destroy anything and anyone who got in the way. ◦ Indians and Mexicans
PROGRESS – Could make better use of the land than those who occupied it. ◦ Brought God, technology, and civilization.
OUTLET FOR POPULATION – Population increase due to a high birth rate and immigration.
◦ Between 1820 and 1850, 4 million moved West!
DONE IN STAGES…
Up to 1776 East Coast Colonies
After 1783 E. of Mississippi R. Treaty of Paris (HL)
After 1787 G.Lakes & Ohio R. Valley Ordinance of 1787 (HL)
After 1803 Mississippi R. Valley Louisiana Purchase (HL)
After 1819 Gulf of Mexico War of 1812 (HL)
After 1835 Oregon The Oregon Trail
After 1848 California Gold Rush/ 49’ers
After 1860 The Great Plains Homestead Act
of 1862 (HL)
WAYS TO TRAVEL:
Land: Go Across the Great Plains and the
Rockies.
◦ It took 6 months!
Sea: “Go around the Horn”
◦ Cape Horn in South America
Considered to be the most southern
tip of S.A.
◦ It still took 6 months!
INCENTIVES
FUR TRADERS: Moved to the Rockies Sold Beaver
Pelts
FARMERS: Moved to Oregon Free farmland in the
Willamette Valley
COTTON PLANTERS: Moved to Texas and carried
slaves with them
GOLD SEEKERS: In 1848, gold was discovered in
California!
TIME PERIOD 1800-1820
Explorers ~
◦ Lewis and Clark
◦ Zebulon Pike
Land Deals ~
◦ Missouri Compromise
Conflict ~
◦ Sectionalism (Slavery vs. Industry)
Ways to Go West ~
◦ Mississippi and Missouri Rivers became very
significant during this time period.
FAMOUS EXPLORERS:
LEWIS AND CLARK (1804) (HL)
◦ President Jefferson sent them to explore the Louisiana
Territory.
◦ They explored 8,000 miles.
◦ Sacakawea would join the group to become their
guide. US would claim Oregon.
EXPLORERS…
ZEBULON PIKE (1806) (HL)
◦ Expeditioner, explorer, and hunter.
◦ A frontier businessman!
◦ Climbed the Rockies (they were his favorite!)
Named a peak “Pike’s Peak”
LAND DEALS…
MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820) – (HL)
Missouri a slave state; Maine a free state
TIME PERIOD 1820 - 1840
Explorers ~
◦ Jim Bridger
Land Deals ~
◦ States that dealt with M.C. guidelines
◦ Erie Canal
Conflict ~
◦ Continued Sectionalism
Ways to Go West ~
◦ Waterways = Trade
Trade = POWER
◦ Wagon Train Trails
EXPLORERS…
JIM BRIDGER (1824) (HL)
◦ A trapper, hunter, fisher, and explorer
◦ A trail guide to the West
◦ Went out to find the ocean… Came across a huge
body of water and mistook it for the Pacific. Actually
stumbled across the Great Salt Lake!
LAND DEALS…
ERIE CANAL (1825) (HL)
◦ 1000 laborers will dig by hand
4 feet deep!
◦ Connected the North with the West
◦ Revolutionized trade and transportation
WAYS TO GO WEST…
The five major trails leading West were:
Oregon Trail (1843) (HL)
California Trail (1845) (HL)
Santa Fe Trail (1821) (HL)
Mormon Trail (1846) (HL)
Old Spanish Trail (1830) (HL)
Each took a specific route around and through the
Rocky Mountains and/or the Sierra Nevadas, leading
the wagon trail to a desired territory.
TRAILS…
The American Fur Company
Created by John Jacob Aster
Created a business relationship between
clothing businesses and mountain men.
Western fur traders and trappers
Jedediah Smith, Manuel Lisa, Jim Bridger, and Jim
Beckwourth
After beaver pelt fashion died out (and the fact that
the animal quantity didn’t succeed either!),
mountain men’s stories back east lured people to
Oregon Territory.
TRAILS…
Going west cost an average of $600 for a
family of four.
A man’s salary was only $1.50 per day.
Oregon Trail
2,000 – mile – long trail that stretched from
places such as Independence, Missouri west into
Oregon Country.
Forked after Rocky Mountains
One end location: Willamette Valley, Oregon
Another end location: CALIFORNIA TRAIL, led to
California.
TRAILS…
Santa Fe Trail
Led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe,
New Mexico.
More a trade route, which successful travelers
received high profits on the cargo they carried.
TRAILS…
Mormon Trail
A group traveled west searching for religious
freedom.
Religious group was called Mormons and
originated by Joseph Smith.
Followed the Book of Mormon.
Religious persecution killed Smith, and Brigham
Young became the next leader.
Chose Utah for their new home, near the Great Salt Lake.
By 1860, there were about 40,000 Mormons in Utah.
TRAILS…
Old Spanish Trail
A trade route that connected Santa Fe, New
Mexico to Los Angeles, California.
A very difficult and challenging trail.
Explored by John C. Fremont.
Called “Old Spanish”, since the territory was
owned by the Spanish previously.
TIME PERIOD 1840 - 1860
Explorers ~
◦ John C. Fremont
Land Deals ~
◦ Annexation of Texas
Conflict ~
◦ Texas Revolution
◦ Spanish-American War
Ways to Go West ~
◦ Trails ~ Wagon Trains
Oregon Trail and California Trail ~ Most important
because of the GOLD RUSH!!
◦ Transcontinental Railroad
◦ Telegraph (Communication)
EXPLORERS…
JOHN C. FREMONT (1840’S) (HL)
◦ Explored the region between the
Rockies and the Pacific Ocean
◦ Nicknamed “The Pathfinder”
◦ He led four expeditions
South Pass – Mapped a plateau in the Rockies
Oregon Trail – Find a trail NW of Missouri River, across Rockies,
and into Oregon
Great Basin to Pacific Coast
Find a railroad route from Missouri to California – didn’t work!
◦ Created the first official map of the American West
LAND DEALS…
ANNEXATION OF TEXAS (1845) (HL) – When
James K. Polk (pro-slavery) was elected President,
Congress passed a law approving the annexation
of Texas (would be a slave state). Texas was still
owned by Mexico! This brought war with Mexico.
◦ Free Soil Party (HL) (1848) – Party born in reaction to
the war with Mexico. They opposed the spread of slavery
to the West. (They would accept it in the South)
WAR!
The first major war/conflict driven by Manifest
Destiny was war with Mexico.
◦ MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846 – 1848) (HL)
◦ Polk wanted to seize large amounts of Mexican land.
◦ Offered to buy CA and NM for $25 million
◦ Mexico refused
◦ This is where the Battle of Alamo comes in…
◦ Americans will win the war by occupying Mexico’s
capital – Mexico City!
The Texas Revolution
In this section, you will need to write EVERYTHING that is in red.
Use the space provided in your note packet.
Mexico vs. Texas
Mexican Independence ◦ Father Miguel Hidalgo y
Castilla led a rebellion of 80,000 that failed.
◦ Rebellion grew and eventually Mexico achieved independence.
◦ New Mexican gov’t hired empresarios – land agents to bring settlers to Texas.
◦ Settlers didn’t always follow the law.
◦ Mexico was ruled by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Texas Independence ◦ 3/2/1836 (HL)– Texas
declared Independence from Mexico
◦ Named Sam Houston as leader of their Army.
Battle of the Alamo – February-March 1836 (HL) ◦ Texans surrounded for
over two weeks.
◦ Eventually all were killed in battle.
◦ Santa Anna ordered the execution of 350 prisoners
Battle of San Jacinto – April 21, 1836 (HL) ◦ Texans captured Santa
Anna and forced him to sign over control of Texas
Texas gains Independence
Treaty of Velasco (May 14, 1836) (HL) ◦ The treaty created
the Republic of Texas.
Recognized by Britain, France, and eventually the U.S.
Protection from Mexico = Texas Rangers
Chuck Norris as Walker, Texas
Ranger
The Mexican American War
Manifest Destiny Many Americans had
a belief in Manifest Destiny – obvious fate
The question needing an answer was that of slavery – should it be allowed in new lands?
Election of 1844 –question was Texas – both candidates wanted it to be a part of the U.S.
Acquiring New Land Britain and U.S.
had agreed to occupy Oregon together.
Many settlers wanted to join the U.S.
A new border was drawn and U.S. took everything south of 49th parallel.
Oregon joined as a territory in 1848
Texas agreed to become part of the U.S in 1845 (HL)
Mexican gov’t = VERY upset
Mexico still controlled other areas.
Ended the mission system in CA and gave land to wealthy settlers
California Vaqueros – cowboys
who managed the land in CA
Early California settlers = Californios
Reputation of being extremely hospitable.
Many new settlers began to call for Independence from Mexico.
Mexican-American War War began over
territory dispute ◦ U.S. wanted more
land, Mexico didn’t want to give it up.
Bear Flag Revolt June 14, 1846 (HL) ◦ Americans declared
CA to be independent
◦ Led by John C. Fremont
◦ Goal was to keep CA independent, not join U.S.
End of the War: ◦ Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo ~ February 2 1848 (HL)– officially ended the war
◦ Mexican Cession – increased the U.S. by 25%
Cost: $15 Million
Gadsden Purchase: U.S. Paid $10 million in exchange for parts of AZ and NM
LAND DEALS…
OREGON TERRITORY (1846) (HL) – Over
500,000 people traveled the Oregon Trail
throughout it’s existence. The emigration
lasted for several decades.
◦ Between 10-12% will die on the trail.
Purchased from
Great Britain.
LAND DEALS… GADSDEN PURCHASE (1853) (HL)
◦ The US bought a little strip of land from Mexico for $10 million.
◦ It lies in southern Arizona and New Mexico.
◦ It was needed to build the southern route of another transcontinental railroad.
KANSAS – NEBRASKA ACT (1854) (HL) ◦ The transcontinental railroad wanted this territory to
become a state.
◦ Will repeal the Missouri Compromise by stating the people get to decide if the state should be slave or free.
GROUPS GOING WEST… DONNER PARTY (1846) (HL)
◦ 9 covered wagons set out West
◦ James Reed ignored the advice to take the safer route – will take Hasting’s Route This will take them 5 days instead of 2 in the desert!
◦ One group will become snowbound in the Sierra Nevadas. Some turned to cannibalism to survive.
MORMONS (1847) (HL) ◦ Left Nauvoo, Illinois and headed West
◦ Brigham Young will convince them to settle at Salt Lake City.
OTHER LAND EXPANSIONS…
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH (1848) (HL)
◦ There was a saw mill built for a man named Sutter.
When milling, they found gold!
Became known as Sutter’s Mill (near Sacramento, CA)
◦ In 1849, 80,000 prospectors (the 49’ers) showed up
to mine gold.
◦ The settlers established towns and cities
(boomtowns) and sped up the drive for statehood.
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH Gold first discovered by
Sutter and James Marshall, a carpenter.
Tried to keep it a secret but were unable to do so.
Dec. 1848 – Polk mentions it in farewell address to Congress.
1849 – 80,000 forty-niners – gold seeking migrants come to California.
Most who traveled, stopped in San Francisco first. ◦ 1848 – 800 people (HL) ◦ 1850 – 25,000 people (HL)
California Mining Camp
Staking a Claim
Forty-niners would prospect – search for gold, along the banks of shallow streams
First person would stake the claim; groups worked together.
Oftentimes, disputes would break out over who was first.
Placer mining – use pans to wash gold out of lose rock
Some became very rich; MOST did not.
Mining Camp Life
Wherever there were people, there was a camp.
95% of those in camps were men.
Inflation was huge
Many made wages off of the rush and not mining ◦ Samuel Brannan –
California’s First Millionaire
Immigrants and Impact Immigrants
◦ Came from China, Europe, Mexico, and South America
◦ Chinese came to escape economic hardship (mid-1840’s) (HL)
Many times, they were treated VERY poorly. Forced to pay higher taxes and were attacked.
◦ Many intended to go back home but never did.
◦ Levi Strauss – stayed and made pants
Population ◦ California was able to
become a state after only two years
Economy ◦ People discovered
they could make a living farming and ranching.
◦ Distance made things difficult
No way to get supplies in and out quickly
EXPANSIONS TO THE WEST…
TRANSCONTINENTAL TELEGRAPH (1861) (HL) ◦ In 1860 (HL), the Pony Express was the best form of
communication. ◦ Employers wanted orphans (risky job) ◦ This only lasted 19 months! ◦ Replaced by the telegraph, which was invented by
Samuel Morse (think Morse Code!)
EXPANSIONS TO THE WEST… TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD (1869)
(HL)
◦ Made settlement in the West much easier
◦ United the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railways
◦ Promontory Point, Utah
Where the two railroads met.
A golden spike is driven into the railway connecting
the two.
STOP! 1. RECEIVE AN ENVELOPE…
DON’T OPEN IT!
2. YOU ARE GOING TO TRY TO “STRIKE IT RICH” BY BECOMING A 49’ER!
3. YOU BEGIN YOUR TRIP TO CALIFORNIA WITH $95.
4. OPEN YOUR ENVELOPE…
5. READ YOUR “CHALLENGE” OR “LUCKY MOMENT” OUT LOUD.
6. DON’T FORGET TO ADD OR SUBTRACT YOUR MONEY!
7. RECEIVE MONEY FROM TEACHER.
8. STAND IN LINE FOR YOUR PAN AND “MINERALS”!
5. PAY FOR YOUR PAN AND SUPPLIES - $10
6. PAY FOR FOOD AND WATER - $10 FOOD AND WATER CAN “WAIT” BUT MUST
BE PURCHASED ONCE BEFORE END OF CLASS!
7. PAY FOR EXTRA SCOOP (OPTIONAL) - $30
DON’T HAVE ENOUGH $$? YOU MAY HAVE TO BORROW FROM A BUDDY!
ROUND ONE
8. BEGIN PANNING! YOU’RE LOOKING FOR GOLD! ANYTHING
ELSE, SIFT BACK INTO BOWL!
GOOD LUCK!
AFTER FIRST ROUND OF PANNING…
DIDN’T FIND ANYTHING??
* ADDITIONAL SCOOP - $15
* BORROW FROM BUDDY IF FUNDS AREN’T AVAILABLE!
GOLD FINDERS?
* CASH IN FOR ANOTHER SCOOP
* HOLD ON TO IT AND PAY $15 FOR ANOTHER SCOOP
FIND A BELL??
* HOLD ON TO IT FOR A SPECIAL OPPORTUNITY!
ROUND TWO
OKAY! TIME TO STOP!!!
DID YOU FIND ANY GOLD??
NO! – STAND BESIDE #1 BOX
1-5 PIECES! – PICK 1 PIECE OF PAPER
6-9 PIECES! – PICK 2 PIECES OF PAPER AND CHOOSE ONE
10+ PIECES! – PICK 3 PIECES OF PAPER AND CHOOSE ONE
BELL-FINDERS! – GET READY FOR A 50/50 CHANCE!
CHOOSE A “PRIZE” FROM BOX #2
#1 BOX:
NOT QUITE THE RISK-TAKER,
WHICH ENDS UP MAKING IT SAFER.
YOU ARE NEITHER RICH, NOR POOR.
YOU BECOME THE OWNER OF A GENERAL STORE!
CHOOSE A “PRIZE” FROM BOX #1
#2 BOX:
EVEN WITH GOOD LUCK,
YOU ENDED UP LOSING A BUCK!
GOLD FEVER OVERCOMES YOUR CHANCE AT WEALTH,
NOW IT’S BACK TO STARVATION AND FILTH!
PICK A “PRIZE” FROM BOX #3!
#3 BOX:
YOUR RISKS TURN OUT TO BE GREAT!
YOU SHOULD BE HAPPY WITH THE WAY YOU PLAYED!
YOU STRUCK IT RICH WITH YOUR GOLD…
LIVE LIFE TO THE FULLEST, UNTIL YOU’RE GOOD AND OLD!
BELL-FINDERS!
YOUR SIGHT IS STRONG.
YOU SPOTTED A TREASURE.
NOW IT’S YOUR CHOICE
TO GO ON FURTHER…
YOU ARE GOING TO GO ON…
CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING BOXES:
1 2
YOU FOUND THE BELL!
UNFORTUNATELY,
GOLD FEVER FOUND YOU!
YOU LOSE EVERYTHING!!!
YOU FOUND THE BELL!
YOU HAVE STRUCK IT RICH, AGAIN!
ONE FREE ASSIGNMENT FOR HISTORY!
As you are beginning to see, 49’ers had it rough… This gold-mining was hard stuff…Not everyone struck it rich! Even those who did find gold may have ended up penniless in just a quick minute. Everything was by chance!
For your assignment, write down a quick reflection of your gold-panning experience from today… This is your ticket out the door!
Have a GREAT and PROFITABLE weekend
