Manual

Finite Elements

DynamicsFrameworks

Prestressing

CADInfoCAD 14.4User Manual

InfoCAD 14.4

User Manual

The description of program functions within this documentation should not be considered a warranty of product features.All warranty and liability claims arising from the use of this documentation are excluded.

InfoGraph is a registered trademark of InfoGraph GmbH, Aachen, Germany. The manufacturer and product namesmentioned below are trademarks of their respective owners.

This documentation is copyright protected. Reproduction, duplication, translation or electronic storage of this document orparts thereof is subject to the written permission of InfoGraph GmbH.

2015 InfoGraph GmbH, Aachen, Germany. All rights reserved.

Title image: Kaisersteg, Berlin.Courtesy of Krone Hamann Reinke Ingenieurbro GmbH, Berlin.

1Contents

Contents

Introduction 13

Installation and Configuration 14Licensing 14

Single User License 14Installation 14

Program Start 14

User Configuration 15

Language Selection 15

Design Codes 15

Page Frames 15

Updates 15

Uninstallation 16

Network License 16Network Configuration 16

Tasks on the Licensed Computer 16

Virtual Machines using VMware 17

Tasks on the Workstation 17

Program Start 18

User Interface 19Controls 19Standard Bar 19

Draw Bar, Snap Bar, View Bar 19

Structure Bar, Analysis Bar, Result Bar 19

Status Bar 20

Data Base Pane 20

Print List Pane 20

Layer Pane 20

Partial View Pane 20

Representation Area 20

Graphical View 20

Table View 21

Output Pane 21

Dialog Bar 22

Coordinate Input 22

Arithmetic 22

File 23Construction Stage 23

Print, Page Setup 27

Print List 28

Import and Export 29

Data Exchange between Project Files 29

Data Exchange with InfoGraph Interface Files 29

Data Exchange via DXF Format 30

IFC Data Transfer 31

File Service 35

Edit 35Undo / Redo 36

Cut 36

Copy 36

Insert 36

Delete 36

Select 36

Select Group 37

Select All 37

Deselect All 37

Move 37

Copy Directly 38

Generate 38

Color 39

Layer 39

Line Type 40

Modify 40

Modify Length 40

Modify Endpoint 40

Intersect 41

Wall Aperture 41

Divide 41

Join 41

Convert 42

View 42Redraw 43

Zoom 43

3D Representation 43

3D-View 43

Rotate 43

Projection 44

Hidden 44

Section Representation 44

Viewport 44

Layout 45

Partial View 45

Draw 46Line 46

Text 46

Circle 47

Arc 47

2D Solid 47

NURBS 48

Model 53

Edge 53

Hole 53

Property dialog for Edge and Hole objects 54

Wall 54

Column 55

Face 55

Cone 57

Solid 58

Dimension 59

Snap 60Relative Coordinates 60

Basepoint 60

Snap Settings 61

2Contents

Format 61

Options 62List 62

Distance 62

Area 62

Angle 62

Variable 62

Page frame 63

Archive 64

Auto Save 64

Finite Elements 65Basics 65Analysis Method 65

Element Library 66

Coordinate Systems 67

Foundation Models 69

Second-Order Theory 70

Buckling Eigenmodes 72

Contact 73

Equation Solver 76

Parallel Sparse Solver 76

Iterative Equation Solver 76

Substructure Technique 77

Singular System of Equations 78

Capacity Limit under Windows 79

Program Capacities 80

Analysis Results 80

Structure Description 85Mesh Generation 86

Form-Sensitive or Grid-Shaped from Model 87

Polygonal Area 87

Circular or Conic Shape 88

Parabolic Bordered Square 88

Triangular Area 88

Square - Grid on Four Edges 89

Square - Variable Grid on Two Edges 89

Square or Cuboid 89

Tetrahedron from Solid 89

Beam Series 90

Element Input 90

Element Properties 91

General 91

Equivalent Beam Length 91

Section 92

Area Section 94

Polygon Section 94

Rectangle Section 97

Beam Section 97

Tension Member 97

Composit Section 97

Shear Stresses 98

Material 98

Creep Coefficients 99

Bedding 100

Reinforcing Steel of an Area Section 101

Element Info 102

View 102

Mesh Check 103

Element System 104

Number Sort 105

Supports 105

Predeformation 106

Moving Nodes 107

Finding Nodes or Elements 107

Condense 108

Link Elements 109

Spring Elements 111

Line Hinges 112

Moduli of Compressibility 113

Arranging Elements 113

Models for the Downstand Beam 114

Load 115Input 116

General 116

Dead Load 116

Dead Load of an Element Selection 116

Influence Surface 116

Influence Line 117

Inserting of Load Case Data 117

Buckling Eigenvalues 117

Creep and Shrinkage 118

Support Displacement 118

Superposition of Load Cases 118

Theory 118

Temperature on Area and Solid Elements 119

Temperature on Beams and Cable Elements 119

Free Temperature on Solid Elements 119

Initial Strain 120

Prestressing 121

Dynamic Train Load 121

Dynamic Element Collapse 121

Predeformation 121

Fire Scenario 122

Thermal Action 122

Load Group 122

Point Loads 124

Free Point Load 124

Nodal Load 124

Point Load on Beams 124

Point Moment on Beams 124

Fixed-end Reactions of Beams 125

Line Loads 125

Free Line Load - global 125

Free Line Load - local 125

Local Line Load on Area and Solid Elements in theElement Direction 126

Line Load on Beams and Cable Elements 126

Trapezoidal Loads on Beams 126

3Contents

Free Line Moments on Beams and Area Elements 127

Line Torsional Moment on Beams 127

Area Loads 127

Area Element Load 127

Uniform Region Load on Area Elements 128

Free Area Load - Rectangle 128

Free Area Load - Polygon 129

Liquid Pressure on Area Elements 129

Area Load onto Beams 130

Database 130

Design objects 131Purpose 131

Definition 131

Example 131

Input 132

Editing 133

Integration 133

Analysis 134Settings Statics 135

Batch 136

Results 137Result Bar 137

Result Categories 138

Deformation Figure 138

Colored, Isosurfaces 139

Isolines 140

Numeric 141

Section View 142

Vectors 143

Solid Section 143

Support Lines 144

Result Graphs 145

Result Diagram 146

Section Stresses 146

Result List 148

Combination Information 148

Reinforcement Export 149

Punching Shear Check 149

Examples 150Slab with Mindlin-Reissner Elements 150

Buckling Eigenmodes of a Column 151

Lateral Torsional Buckling of a Shell Structure 153

Silo Foundation Based on the Modulus of CompressibilityMethod 155

Construction Stages, Creep Redistribution 157

Cable Mesh 159

High-Rise Based on the Substructure Technique 160

References 161

3D Frame 163Basics 163

Structure Description 164Element Input 164


General 165


Section 165

Polygon Section 167


Beam Section 170

Tension Member 170

Shear Stresses 170

Material 171

Bedding 172

Element Info 172

View 173

Mesh Check 174

Element System 174

Number Sort 174

Supports 175

Predeformation 175

Moving Nodes 176

Finding Nodes or Beams 176

Condense 177

Arranging Beams 177

Link Elements 177

Load 179Input 179

Dead Load 180

Influence Line 180




Temperature 181

Temperature, Initial Strain 181

Theory 181

Predeformation 182

Fire Scenario 182

Load Group 182

Point Load 183

Point Moment 183

Nodal Load 184

Line Load 184

Line Torsional Moment 184

Trapezoidal Load 185

Fixed-end Reactions 185


Batch 187




Numeric 190

Result Graphs 190


Result List 193

4Contents


Example - Steel Hall According to theSecond-Order Theory 194

2D Frame 198Basics 198Coordinate Systems 198



General 200


Section 200

Polygon Section 202


Beam Section 205

Tension Member 205

Shear Stresses 205

Material 205

Bedding 207

Element Info 207

View 207

Mesh Check 208

Element System 209

Number Sort 209

Supports 209

Predeformation 210

Moving Nodes 210

Finding Nodes or Beams 211

Condense 211

Link Elements 211

Arranging Beams 212

Load 213Input 213

Dead Load 214

Influence Line 214




Temperature 215


Theory 215

Predeformation 216

Fire Scenario 216

Load Group 216

Point Load 217

Nodal Load 217

Line Load 218




Batch 221

Results 221

Result Bar 222



Numeric 223

Result Graphs 223


Result List 226


Examples 227Reinforced Concrete Frame 227

Influence Lines 229

Axisymmetric Shell 231Basics 231Analysis Method 231


Element Bedding 233

Singular System of Equations 233

Analysis Results 233

Program Capacities 235



General 236

Section 236

Material 238

Bedding 239

Reinforcing Steel 239

Element Info 239

View 240

Mesh Check 241

Element System 241

Number Sort 241

Supports 241

Moving Nodes 242

Finding Nodes or Elements 242

Condense 242

Link Elements 243

Load 244Input 244

Dead Load 244


Point Load 245

Liquid Pressure 245

Nodal Load 245



Temperature 246


Theory 247


Load Group 248


Analysis 249

5Contents

Settings Statics 249

Batch 250




Numeric 252

Result Graphs 253

Result List 254


Examples 255Water Tank 255

Septic Tank 256

Load Case Combination 258Basics 258

Input 258

Analysis Settings 259

Results 259

Example 260Load Case Combination on a Multi-Span Girder 260

Load Case Combination for a Floor Slab 261

Prestressed Concrete 262Basics 262Composite Section 262


Actions from Prestressing 263

Tendon Group Geometry 265

Input 265Prestressing 265

Tendon Group Properties 266

Prestressing System 267

Prestressing Procedure 268

Examples for Prestressing Procedures 269

Tendon Group View 272

DIN 1045-1 Design 274Basics 274

Input 275Actions and Design Situations 275

Definition of an Action 276

Partial Safety Factors 277

Section Input 278

Checks 278

Base Values 279

Shear Section 280

Concrete Stress 281

Crack Width 282

Fatigue 283

Scattering Coefficients 284


Single Design 286


Prestressed Structures 289Internal Prestressing 289

External Prestressing, Mixed Construction 289

Scattering of Prestressing 289


Relaxation of Prestressing Steel 291

Checks in the Ultimate Limit States 292Design Combinations 292

Stress-Strain-Curves 293

Design Internal Forces 293

Design for Bending with and without Longitudinal Force orLongitudinal Force only 295

Minimum Reinforcement for Ensuring Ductile ComponentBehavior 296

Minimum Surface Reinforcement for Prestressed Members296

Design for Lateral Force 297

Design for Torsion and Combined Loads 299

Punching Shear 300

Check against Fatigue 303

Fatigue of longitudinal reinforcement, shearreinforcement and prestressing steel 303

Fatigue of concrete under compressive stress 304

Special characteristic of shell structures 305

Checks in the Serviceability Limit States 306Design Combinations 306

Stress Determination 306

Limiting the Concrete Compressive Stresses 307

Limiting the Reinforcing and Prestressing Steel Stresses 307

Check of Decompression 307

Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Width Limitation 308

Calculation of the Crack Width 309

Determining the Effective Area Ac,eff 311

Crack Width Check by Limitation of the Bar Distances 312

Limiting Deformations 312

Results 313

Examples 315Slab with Downstand Beam 315

Prestressed Roof Construction 321

Torsional Beam 331

Single Design Reinforced Concrete 332

Single Design Prestressed Concrete 333

References 333

EN 1992-1-1 Design 335Basics 335




Section Inputs 339

Checks 339

Base Values 340

6Contents

Shear Section 342

Stresses 343

Crack Width 344

Fatigue 346



Single Design 349








Stress-Strain Curves 355

Design for Bending With or Without Normal Force orNormal Force Only 355

Minimum Reinforcement against Failure Without Warning357

Surface Reinforcement 357


Design for Torsion and Combined Stressing 361

Punching Shear 362






Stress Analysis 369



Decompression Check 371


Crack Width Calculation 374



Results 378



Torsional Beam 396

Single Design Reinforced Concrete 397

Single Design Prestressed Concrete 398

References 400

OENORM B 4700 Design 402Basics 402




Section Input 406

Checks 406

Base Values 407

Shear Section 408

Stresses 409

Crack Width 410

Fatigue 411


Single Design 413









Design for Normal Force, Bending Moment (N, M, N and M)419

Minimum Reinforcement against Failure without Warning420


Design for Torsion 422

Punching Shear 423










Crack Dispersing Minimum Reinforcement 428

Limiting the Crack Width 429


Results 430

Example - Two-Span Girder with Cantilever 432

References 436

SIA 262 Design 437Basics 437




Section Input 440

Checks 440

Base Values 441

7Contents

Shear Section 442

Concrete Stress 443

Crack Control 444

Fatigue 445


Single Design 447






Checks in the Ultimate Limit States 452Stress-Strain-Curves 452

Design for Bending and Bending with Normal Force 453



Punching Shear 455





Checks in the Serviceability Limit States 459Limiting the Concrete Compressive Stresses 459

Minimum Reinforcement against Brittle Failure 459

Crack Reinforcement in Case of Restraint 460

Crack Width Limitation 461


Results 462



Torsional Beam 475

Single Design 477

References 478

DIN Technical Report BridgeChecks 479Basics 479

Input 480Type of Structure 480

Load Model 1 for Road Bridges 480

Tandem System of Load Model 1 481

Actions and Action Combinations 482


Definition of an Action Combination 485

Section Input 486

Checks 486

Base Values 487

Shear Section 489

Concrete Stress 490

Crack Width 491

Fatigue 492








Ultimate Limit State Design 498Design Combinations 499

Partial Safety Factors for Construction Material 499


Design for Bending with or without Longitudinal Force andLongitudinal Force only 500

Minimum Reinforcement against Failure without Warning501

Minimum Surface Reinforcement for PrestressedComponents 501



Punching Shear 506





Serviceability Limit State Design 509Design Combinations 509





Concrete Tensile Stresses in Bridge Transverse Direction 511


Calculation of the Crack Width 513


Crack Width Check by Limitation of the Bar Distances 516

Limiting Diagonal Principal Tensile Stresses 516


Results 518

Examples 520Road Bridge in Solid Construction 520

Railroad Overpass with Prestressed Concrete Superstructure529

Bridge Abutment 539

References 548

EN 1992-2 Bridge Checks 550Basics 550

Input 550Type of Structure 550

Load Model 1 for Road Bridges 551

Tandem System of Load Model 1 552

8Contents

Actions and Action Combinations 553


Definition of an Action Combination 556


Section Inputs 557

Checks 557

Base Values 558

Shear Section 560

Stresses 561

Crack Width 562

Fatigue 564



Single Design 568







Stress-Strain Curves 572

Design for Bending With or Without Normal Force orNormal Force Only 573

Minimum Reinforcement against Failure Without Warning574

Surface Reinforcement 574


Design for Torsion and Combined Stressing 578

Punching Shear 579






Stress Analysis 582



Decompression Check 584

Concrete Tensile Stresses in Bridge Transverse Direction 585


Crack Width Calculation 587


Limiting Diagonal Principal Tensile Stresses 589


Results 592

Examples 594Road Bridge in Solid Construction 594

Railroad Overpass with Prestressed Concrete Superstructure603

Bridge Abutment 613

References 622

DIN 18800 Steel Checks 624Basics 624

Input for Checks on the Entire Structure 624Actions and Design Situations 624




Input for Checks on the Equivalent Beam 627Settings 627

Section & Material 628

Load & System 629

Lateral torsional buckling parameters 630

Torsion spring 631

Checks in the Ultimate Limit States 632Design Combinations according to DIN 1055-100 632

Design Combinations according to DIN 18800-1 632

Design Values according to the Second-Order Theory 633

Characteristic Values 633



Longitudinal Stresses 634

Shear Stresses 634

Check 'Elastic-Elastic' 635

Check 'Elastic-Plastic' 636

Check against Lateral Torsional Buckling 638

Results 639

Examples 640Steel checks on the Entire System 640

Lateral Torsional Buckling Check of a Two-Hinged Frame645

Lareral Torsional Buckling Check of a Frame Column withTwo-Axis Bending and Normal Force 648

References 654

EN 1993-1-1 Steel Checks 655Basics 655

Input for Checks on the Entire Structure 655Actions and Design Situations 655



Input for Checks on the Equivalent Beam 659Settings 659

Section & Material 660

Load & System 661

Lateral torsional buckling parameters 662

Torsion spring 663

Ultimate Limit States 664Design Combinations 664




9Contents



Shear Stresses 666

Classification of Cross-Sections 667

Elastic Cross-Section Resistance 667

Plastic Cross-Section Resistance 668

Check against Buckling and Lateral Torsional Buckling 669

Serviceability Limit States 670Design Combinations 670


Results 671

Examples 672Checks on the Entire System 672

Lateral Torsional Buckling Check of a Two-Hinged Frame678

Lareral Torsional Buckling Check of a Frame Column withTwo-Axis Bending and Normal Force 681

References 686

DIN 1052 Timber Checks 688Basics 688






Ultimate Limit States 692Design Combinations according to DIN 1055-100 692

Design Combinations according to DIN 1052 692





Shear Stresses 694

Construction Material Properties 695


Moisture Content and Load-duration 695

Effect of Member Size 696

Cross-Section Checks 697

Tension parallel to the grain 697

Compression parallel to the grain 697

Bending 697

Combined bending and axial tension 697

Combined bending and axial compression 698

Shear from lateral force 698

Torsion 698

Combined shear and torsion 698

Buckling Check with Equivalent Beam Method 699



Results 700

Example Timber Checks on a Purlin with Joints701

References 704

EN 1995-1-1 Timber Checks 705Basics 705



Fire Exposures 708




Ultimate Limit States 711Design Combinations 711





Shear Stresses 713

Construction Material Properties 713


Moisture Content and Load-duration 713

Effect of Member Size 715

Design Method for Fire Conditions 715

Cross-Section Checks 716

Design Values of Strengths 716

Tension parallel to the grain 717

Compression parallel to the grain 717

Bending 717

Combined bending and axial tension 717

Combined bending and axial compression 717

Shear 718

Torsion 718

Combined shear and torsion 719

Buckling Check with Equivalent Beam Method 719



Results 720

Examples 721Timber Checks on a Purlin with Joints 721

Three-hinged Frame at normal Temperature and under FireConditions 724

References 730

Dynamics 733Basics 733Equations of Motion 733

Integration of the Equations of Motion 734

Undamped Natural Frequency Problem 734

Modal analysis 735

Direct Integration of the Equations of Motion 736

10

Contents

Stationary Response 736

System Excitation Caused by Soil Acceleration 737

Response Spectrum Method 737

Response Spectrum DIN 4149:2005 739

Response Spectrum DIN 4149:1981 740

Response Spectrum EN 1998-1 741

Response Spectrum OENORM B 4015 742

Response Spectrum SIA 261 743

Alternative Response Spectrum 744

Statistical Combination Methods 744

Earthquake action 745

Dynamic Train Crossing 746

Input 747Analysis Settings 747

Eigenvalues 748

Effect of the masses 748

Soil acceleration 748

Coefficients as per DIN 4149:2005 748

Coefficients as per DIN 4149:1981 749

Coefficients as per EN 1998-1 749

Coefficients as per OENORM B 4015 749

Coefficients as per SIA 261 750

Alternative response spectrum 750

Store static pseudo loads 750

Time step integration 751

Consider the following load cases 751

Consider defined node accelerations 751

Point Masses 751

Generate Masses from Loads 752

Node Accelerations 752

Modal Damping 753

Lehr's Damping Measure 753

Node-Related Load-Time Functions 754

Instationary Load-Time Function 754

Rayleigh's Damping 755

Viscous Damper 755

Excitation Frequency Range Response 756

Excitation Spectrum 756

Alternative Response Spectrum 756

Examples 757Linked Two-Mass Oscillator 757

Eigenvalues and eigenmodes 757

Stationary response 758

Periodic Load-Time Function (Modal Analysis) 759

Periodic Load-Time Function (Direct Analysis) 761

Constant Load-Time Function 762

Instationary Load-Time Function 764

Response spectrum DIN 4149:2005 765

Response spectrum EN 1998-1 766

Natural Ventilation Cooling Tower with Eigenmode 767

Earthquake Check according to DIN 4149:2005 768

Maschine Foundation with Multiple Exciters 775

Braced Mast 777

DynamicTrain Crossing 779

References 782

Nonlinear Structural Analysis 783Basics 783Area of Application 783

Analysis Method 783

Finite Beam Elements 784

Section Analysis 785

Reinforced Concrete Beams 785

Stress-strain-curves for the ultimate limit state check 786

Stress-strain-curves for the serviceability check 788

Torsional stiffness 790

Check of the limit strains (ultimat limit state check) 790

Automatic reinforcement increase (ultimate limit statecheck) 791

Concrete creep 791

Steel Beams 791

Beams of Free Material 792

Area Elements 793

Reinforced Concrete Area Elements 793

Area Elements of Steel and Free Material 796

Solid Elements 797

Notes on Convergence Behavior 798


Examples 799Crosscheck of Two Short-Term Tests 799

Reinforced concrete slab 799

Reinforced concrete frame 800

Calculation of the Deformation of a Ceiling Slab 802

References 805

Structural Analysis for FireScenarios 806Area of Application 806

Calculation of Section Temperatures 807Basics 807

Thermal Section 809

Addition of Section Parts 810

Edit Section Parts 814

Edit Section Boundaries 814

Generate FE Mesh 815

Settings for Thermal Analysis 816

Calculation of the Temperature Profile 816

Display Results 816

Nonlinear System Analysis for Fire Scenarios 817Basics 817

Load Case Definition 820


Results 821

Examples 822Gable Column 822

Steel Frame 823

Composite Girder 824

11

Contents

Tunnel Structure 825

Ceiling Slab under Fire Exposure 827

References 829

Thermal Analysis of SolidStructures 831Area of Application 831

Basics 832

Input Data 834Thermal Material Properties 834

Solid Surface 837

Thermal Actions 838

Thermal Analysis 839

Examples 840Instationary Temperature Progression in an AngularRetaining Wall 840

Comparative Calculation with and without Radiation 843

Stationary Temperature Destribution 844

References 845

Index 847

13

IntroductionThe InfoCAD program system is a civil engineering software package for analyzing 2D and 3D structures. The systemincludes the following analysis methods:

Computation of 2D and 3D beam and shell structures, cable structures and solid models. Geometrically and physically nonlinear analysis. Spring elements with nonlinear characteristic. Analysis of contact problems. Determination of buckling eigenmodes. Element support according to method of bedding or modulus of compressibility with layered subsoil; optional exclusion

of tensile bedding.

Bending design according to DIN 1045-1, OENORM B 4700, SIA 262, EN 1992-1-1. Shear and torsion design, punching shear and crack check according to DIN 1045-1, OENORM B 4700, SIA 262 and

EN 1992-1-1.

Steel structure checks according to DIN 18800 and EN 1993-1-1 (elastic-elastic, elastic-plastic and plastic-plastic). Lateral torsional buckling check according to DIN 18800 and EN 1993-1-1. Timber checks according to DIN 1052 and EN 1995-1-1. Section analysis for polygonal beam sections; profile database. Eigenvalue determination, time-step integration, dynamic train crossing, nonlinear cable dynamics. Response spectrum method for earthquake check according to DIN 4149, EN 1998-1, OENORM B 4015 and SIA 261. Thermal analysis of steel, timber, reinforced concrete and composite sections. Stability check under fire conditions

according to EN 1992-1-2, EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1995-1-2.

Prestressing of beam and shell structures as well as solid modells. Prestressed concrete checks according to DIN 1045-1, OENORM B 4750, SIA 262 and EN 1992-1-1. Bridge checks according to DIN Technical Report 102 and EN 1992-2. Computation of construction stages. Data exchange via DXF, IFC, steel construction and reinforcement interfaces.

Model editing, analysis control and results output for all structure types are performed in a standard 3D CAD user interfacethat includes functions familiar from Windows.

InfoCAD manages structures in project files. The information contained in a project file is organized in data sets which youcan access from the graphical view, the table view or the File Service command in the File menu. The structure type isdefined for the project file and labeled by a file extension (FEM, etc.) in the Structure menu. One static system of thefollowing structure types can be stored in each project file:

Finite Element System (FEM) 3D Frame (RSW) 2D Frame (ESW) Axisymmetric Shell (ROS)

The static system includes the specified structure data such as beams, area elements, tendon groups or section values alongwith their associated loads. The computation modules identify deformations, internal forces as well as support and soilreactions and store that data together with the check logs in the project file. This means all the results for output andadditional processing are available in one central location.

The program also allows you to create and save help diagrams and explanatory notes in the project file.

14

Installation and Configuration


LicensingThe program system can be used with a single user license or a network license. Each license is protected by a softwarehardlock.

Single User LicenseWith single user licenses a software hardlock is required at each workstation. Hardlock usage via remote connections is notsupported. If several workstations are set up with different licensing configurations, then each configuration will require itsown hardlock. You can check the current licensing configuration at the workstation in the licensing information provided inthe Help menu. Functions that are not licensed are disabled in the interface.

Network LicenseNetwork licenses do not require a software hardlock at the workstations. The licenses are managed by the InfoGraphLicense Manager, which is installed on a central licensed computer together with a special network hardlock. The programusers can access the software from any workstation in the network.

Single User LicenseInstallationInfoCAD can be installed on 32/64-bit computers with Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1. All installations require administratorprivileges. Windows will automatically run the installation program when you insert the CD. Alternatively, you can runSetup.exe directly from the CD. The customer license number indicated on the back of the CD box is required for eachinstallation.

Click the following options from the Installation menu:

Install hardlock driver.This device driver is needed for the software hardlock to work.

Install InfoCAD.'C:\Program Files\InfoGraph' is suggested as the target folder for local installation. The application, help and examplefiles will be stored in the target folder.

Program StartThe software hardlock must be connected to a free port before you can start the program for the first time. Afterwards youcan open the applications via shortcuts in the Windows Start menu. The applications include:

InfoCAD The program system for editing structures.

System Viewer Stand-alone program for realistic system display and results animation.

InfoGraph Crack Width Limitation Stand-alone program for checking compliance with DIN 1045-1, OENORM B 4700, SIA 262 and EN 1992-1-1.

InfoGraph Lateral Torsional Buckling Check Stand-alone program for checking compliance with DIN 18800, Part 2 and EN 1993-1-1.

15

Single User License

User ConfigurationThe user settings are managed in the following files:

IGRAPH.DATThe basic settings of the computer programs, user-defined page formats and other printing settings are stored in thissystem file. The file is automatically created in the 'C:\My Documents\name\Application Data\InfoGraph' (Windows XP) resp.'C:\Users\name\AppData\Roaming\InfoGraph' (Windows Vista/7/8/8.1) folder when InfoCAD is opened for the first time,where "name" represents the login name of the user. These folders carry the 'hidden' attribute and are displayeddepending on the folder options setting.

ANWEND.PROThe user database lets you store user-defined beam sections. It is created in the 'My Documents\InfoGraph' subfolder of theuser.

If all users are to work with the same settings, the administrator must manually copy this file to the program directory. As aresult, users will no longer be able to change the settings.

Language SelectionDuring installation you will be prompted to select the language of the user interface. You can change the language at anytime in the Options menu. The analysis logs and results will now be displayed in the language you have selected.

Design Codes

The design codes shown in the user interface are preset according to the country setting of the operating system. You canchange the selection at any time in the Options menu.

Page FramesThe page frames used for printing can be selected in the Print dialog. Except for the standard page frame, you can design oradjust any of the frames that are available for selection using the Page Frame option in the Options menu.

UpdatesThe program system is updated in the same way it was initially installed. Updates will not affect the users configuration filesand settings.

16


UninstallationTo erase the program system from the hard drive, use the option Software from the Windows control panel to start theautomatic uninstall program for InfoCAD. Uninstallation will not affect any files created by the user.

Network LicenseThe network administrator should carry out the installation and configuration of network licenses.

Network Configuration The licensed computer can either be a server running Windows 2003/2008/2012 or a workstation with Windows XP/

Vista/7/8/8.1.

On workstations the system limits the number of users to 10. The licensed computer must have the 'Client for Microsoft Networks' and 'Files and Printer Sharing for Microsoft

Networks' network services installed. The firewall should grant access to the file system in order to allow forcommunication via so called Named Pipes.

The program user must have the necessary user privileges on the licensed computer. Alternatively the guest accountmust be activated (see Windows Function Control Panel/Administrative Tools/Computer Management/Local Users andGroups/Users/Guest ) and the 'Password Protected Sharing' must be switched off (Windows Vista/7/8/8.1).

The workstation must have the 'Client for Microsoft Networks' network service installed.

Tasks on the Licensed Computer Connect the network hardlock to the USB interface. Install the hardlock driver. This requires administrator privileges. The installation is performed either from the

Installation menu or by running the \admin\HASPUserSetup.exe file on the CD.

Install the License Manager. This requires administrator privileges. The installation is performed either from theInstallation menu or by running the \admin\setup.exe file on the CD.

Choose whether you want the License Manager to start as an application or as a service. The autostart program groupis used to start the License Manager as an application after user login.

Perform the required settings in the License Manager.

If the License Manager runs as a service, settings should be performed with the help of the program InfoMonitor.exe,

17

Network License

which is included in the Licence Manager installation.

In the License Information dialog you can check the range of functions.

Virtual Machines using VMwareIf the license manager is installed on a virtual machine, the USB hardlock must be logically disconnected from the hostsystem and exclusively connected to the virtual machine. On system boot the hardlock should be re-connectedautomatically.

VMware settings dialog

Tasks on the Workstation For central installation of InfoCAD on a file server:

- No further installation is necessary on the workstation.

- Create shortcuts to the Infocadw.exe, Infocadw64.exe, Infocadgl.exe or Infocadgl64.exe, Bdkn.exe and Risse.exe filesand, if necessary, manually register the InfoCAD file types.

- In order to display the miniature views within the Windows explorer, you have to copy the appropriate DLL file(infoshex.dll or infoshex64.dll) from the Admin folder of the CD to the workstation. This DLL must be registeredusing the console command regsvr32 "drive:\path\name.dll" which has to be executed as Administrator.

For local installation:- Install InfoCAD on the workstation. This requires administrator privileges.

- Make sure that all workstations are using the same program version that matches the License Manager.

18


Program StartWhen you run InfoCAD for this first time, please enter the name or IP address of the computer running the LicenseManager. Alternatively, you can identify the relevant computer in the network environment.

The remaining configuration is performed in the same way as for a single-user license.

19

Controls

User Interface

ControlsThe image below shows how the interface appears after opening a project file.

Standard BarThe standard bar contains key functions from the File and Edit menus. It also allows you to control the layer function, thepartial view function, the color selection and the transfer of the current screen view to the print list.

Draw Bar, Snap Bar, View BarThese toolbars contain functions for creating drawings, snap functions for selecting object points and other functions fordefining the display window.

Structure Bar, Analysis Bar, Result BarThe structure bar contains the functions of the Structure menu. The functions of the Analysis menu are also available in theanalysis bar. The results bar offers special functions for showing results.

20

User Interface

Status BarInformation on the currently selected function is shown in the left part of the status bar. The x, y and z coordinates [m] ofthe crosshair center or of the last entered point are displayed in the right part of the status bar. Click the status bar toswitch to continuous coordinate view.

Data Base PaneThe database represents all the input data and analysis results of the project in a single tree and allows you to displayselected data in the representation area either as a graphic or a table. In addition, you can print out selected sections usingthe context menu and transfer them to the print list.

Print List PaneGraphical and table representations are saved to the print list. These representations can later be accessed using theiroriginal settings and then printed individually or in batches. The results contained therein will be automatically updated.

Layer PaneIn this pane the layer function is displayed and controlled. The layer feature can be used to group graphical objects in alogical manner, e.g., to allow for separate editing.

Partial View PaneThis pane displays the existing partial views with their state and appropriate controls. Partial views can alternatively be usedto group graphical objects in a logical manner.

Representation AreaThe representation area shows either the graphic or table view of the active project.

Graphical ViewThe graphical view displays objects in a plan view, front view or 3D perspective. You can freely choose the image plane(viewport) and the display window. The mouse cursor assumes different shapes during editing:

With the left mouse button you can select objects by clicking them or dragging a selection box over them. If thewindow is dragged from left to right, only the objects within the window are selected. If the window is draggedfrom right to left, all objects within the window plus any objects crossing the boundaries of the window areselected. When combined with the SHIFT and CTRL keys, you can expand or reduce the selection. To open thecontext menu, press the right mouse button. To open the Properties dialog, double-click an object.

Indicates a direct transfer operation when holding down the left mouse button.

Specify coordinates graphically with the crosshair by clicking the left mouse button.

The crosshair with snap window is used to select objects in active dialogs. In conjunction with object snap methods,the basepoints of objects are used to enter coordinates.

With this cursor you can rotate the view in any direction in 3D mode.

This cursor is used to move the display window.

This icon appears if you are not able to execute a function in the representation area.

For the selected objects the color and layer are displayed in the standard bar.

21

Controls

Table ViewThe table view enables additional alphanumeric input and output and provides the following functions:

Input and modification of structural properties in tabular form, Definition of analysis settings, Display of analysis logs, Tabular view of results.

The following special functions are available in the menus for the tables:

Find... Search for the specified words.

Goto... Go to the specified row (number).

Standard View Select the preferred view. The reaction pair (e.g., Nx min, corresp. My, corresp. Mz, ...) of a resultlocation will be shown in a table row for combination results.

One Row per ResultLocation

Select a view of combination results in which all the reactions of a result location will be shownin a table row.

View Selection... Open the dialog to filter the result representation.

Font ... Select the font for the current selection.

Bullet Style Insert a bullet point in the selected rows.

Word Wrap Word wrap allows you to view the entire text on the screen but does not affect how the text willbe printed.

Paragraph... Open the dialog for specifying the indentation and alignment of the selected paragraph.

Tabs... Open the dialog for specifying the tab stop in a selected paragraph.

Small Font Select a small font for the table printing.

Section Stress... Open the dialog for viewing the section stress of the selected internal forces.

Table contents and analysis logs can be exported to other programs via the clipboard. The analysis logs are recreated aftereach analysis and can be supplemented with text-based explanations.

View SelectionWith this dialog the table view of results can be limited to specific objects.

Active objects of the graphic viewOnly the table content of objects which are on the active layers or partial views is displayed. Selecting nodes leads to a morelimited table view.

Selected objects of the graphic viewOnly the table content of selected objects is displayed. Selecting nodes additionally leads to a more limited table view.

Selection stored in the print listThe selection is taken from the print list and is independent from the current graphic view.

Output PaneThe analysis and checking programs display their progress in the output pane. The information in the output pane can beselected and then copied or printed using the context menu. By double-clicking the warnings and error messages of theanalysis modules, the affected object (load case, load line, beam, element, node) is selected in the graphic or table view andthe image section is centered on the object.

22

User Interface

Dialog BarThe functions in the menu extend the range of input options when using the dialog bar. They are as follows:

The provided buttons can be accessed with the left mouse button.

You may enter data into the input field using the keyboard. If the text cursor is not in the input field, simply click thefield to move it there. Conclude all data inputs by pressing the Enter button or key. Right-click to access a contextmenu.

You can cancel dialogs by pressing the Esc button or key.

Coordinate InputObject coordinates are saved in InfoCAD using three components. You can enter the coordinates using either the crosshairor the keyboard.Crosshair input is carried out in the representation area. In 2D view the third component is specified based on the constantsthat have been defined for the viewport (e.g., the constant z value for the xy viewport). Object points near the crosshair aresnapped automatically. The effective snap radius can be defined via the Snap menu.If you enter coordinates using the unit meter in the dialog bar with the keyboard, separate the individual components witha space. The decimal separator must be entered in accordance with the regional settings of the operating system. You candefine a local reference system for coordinate input using the Snap menu functions.

The following input variants are available:

Cartesian coordinatesAssign the first two values to the axes of the viewport in 2D view (e.g., x and y). The constant specifically defined for thatviewport will be used as the third component. In 3D view, coordinates must be entered in the order x, y and z. The &character can be used to define relative coordinates which refer to the previous point.

Example: In the xy viewport, entering '& 1.55 3.05' will yield a point with Dx=1.55 and Dy=3.05 relative to the lastpoint.

Cylinder coordinatesSpecify radius [m] and rotation angle [] against the horizontal axis in 2D view (polar coordinates). In 3D view, the radius,the rotation angle against the x axis and the z component are required. The angles are defined in a positive, clockwisedirection.

Example: In 3D view, entering '1.4142

23

File

FileThe File menu contains functions for project file management. In addition to the structure, the project file can contain anynumber of drawings. These drawings are only composed of drawing objects and can be opened and saved using separatefunctions. To edit drawings without the structure, you first need to open the project file with the Open Drawing function.

New Start a new structure. The current project file will close.

Open... Open an existing project file. The structure will be automatically loaded and displayed.

Save Save the current project file.

Save As... Save all the input data of the current project with a new name.Save Copy As... Save all the input data of the current project with a new name. The current project will

remain open.Construction Stage... Generate or select a construction stage.Drawing New Create a new drawing. The current drawing will be closed.

Open Open an existing drawing.Save Save the current drawing.Save As Save the current drawing with a new name.Picture creation Generate a 2D drawing of the current screen view.

Print... Graphic printout of the current screen view.

Print Preview Preview of the pages to be printed.

Page Setup... Page layout for printing.Add to Printing List Add the active document to the printing list.

Import Import a project file or other data formats.Export Export a project file to other data formats.File Service Display and edit the data sets of the project file.1 - 4 Open one of the four most recently used project files.Send... Send the current project file via e-mail. This function is only available if a Windows e-mail

client such as MS Outlook is installed.Only Input Data Button for sending project files via e-mail.Exit Close the current project file and exit the program.

Construction StageThe Construction Stage function supports the calculation of structures in which different construction phases are to beanalyzed. The function is based on the following principles:

1. The calculation model of each construction stage is stored in a separate project file.

2. The names of associated project files are identical except for a consecutive number. The file name for the firstconstruction stage must contain the number (1) (e.g., 'System(1).fem'). This is required for the function to work.

3. The program assigns an attribute to the project files to ensure their coherency. Hence there is no need to bypass thesystem to add or delete construction stages.

4. When creating a new construction stage, the program simply uses the current system without the load cases. The newconstruction stage also includes the number of 'inherited' elements, nodes, supports and tendon groups as well as theload cases of the previous system. In the case of 'inherited' tendon groups, the Ignore in prestress load button isselected.

5. The structural components in the new construction stage can be added or removed in any manner you choose. Doingso will have no effect on the object numbers included from the previous stages.

6. The section and material properties of transferred elements may be modified.

7. You can define any number of new load cases (recorded load case numbers are protected).

8. The settings regarding the number of result locations in the beams and the result locations in the area elements mustbe the same in all construction stages.

24

User Interface

9. Before each calculation (finite elements or framework calculation), the results from the load cases of the previoussystem are applied to the current system. This process only takes into account the included objects (see 4.). Morespecifically, this involves:

Node deformations (DEFORM.*) Beam deformations (ELDEF.*) Support reactions (AUFLR.*) Deformations in the support system (AUFLDEF.*) Internal forces of the beams (SREAK.* / LERG.*) Internal forces of the areas and stresses of the solid elements (REAK.*) Soil pressures (SIGB.*) Resulting soil pressures (SIGRB.*) Tendon group forces from creep and shrinkage (VSPZV.*)

10. The transferred results are available in the standard form for additional processing. This includes the superposition orthe combination with other load cases, for example.

The buttons of the Construction stage dialog have the following functions:

CloseClose the dialog.

NewInsert a new construction stage behind the open and selected construction stage.

OpenOpen the selected construction stage.

DeleteDelete the selected construction stages that follow the currently open construction stage. These deletions are permanent.You will be prompted to confirm the deletions.

EditEdit the selected construction stage.

The left dialog shows the load cases and structure objects whose results are taken over from the previous construction stagefor each calculation process. During the creation of a new construction stage, the marks for all load cases and structureobjects existing at this moment are set automatically. If in previous construction stages load cases are added subsequently, atake over of the results to the current construction stage only occurs if the new load cases are marked here. Results of anew structure object can only be transferred if it exists in the current construction stage with the same number and it ismarked for transfer.

The right dialog shows the identifiers connecting the current construction stage with the previous and subsequent one. Theidentifier is automatically defined by InfoCAD for every project file and persists after renaming of the file. A constructionstage can be deleted or added to this chain by replacing the identifier of a previous or subsequent construction stage.

The usage of these functions is to be limited to exceptional cases. It can result in overlapping of load case,element and node numbers and as a result, it can lead to an unwanted mixture of results. The user isresponsible to prevent this overlapping.

25

File

Example 1: GirderIn this example, two single-span beams are connected retroactively. A detailed explanation of this example can be found inthe section 'Finite elements / Examples / Construction stages, creep redistribution'.

Internal forces My in construction stage 1 as a result of dead load

Internal forces My in construction stage 2 as a result of additional load

Sum of internal forces My from construction stages 1 and 2 (Superposition load type)

Example 2: Bridge with auxiliary supportThis example shows a bridge with an auxiliary support. For the purpose of simplification, only the following threeconstruction stages will be considered:

1. Fixed cantilever shortly before reaching the auxiliary support

Internal forces My in construction stage 1 as a result of G1

2. Bridge shortly before reaching the end support

Internal forces My in construction stage 2 as a result of G2

3. Bridge after the auxiliary support is removed

Internal forces My in construction stage 3 as a result of removing the auxiliary support

Sum of internal forces My from construction stages 1, 2 and 3 (SUP load type)

For comparison purposes, the calculated internal forces My in the final state as a result of G

26

User Interface

Example 3: Incrementally launched bridgeIn this example, a bridge is moved to the end support using a launching nose. Unlike example 2, the beam nodes are movedin this case. The field lengths measure 20 m and the dead load of the bridge is 100 kN/m. The 10 m long launching nosehas a dead load of 20 kN/m. An auxiliary support is used temporarily in the first stage.

Internal forces My [kNm] in construction stage 1 with auxiliary support as a result of G

Internal forces My [kNm] in construction stage 2 as a result of G



Internal forces My [kNm] in construction stage 5 as a result of GThese internal forces correspond to the monolithic model.

Internal forces min, max My [kNm] from construction stage 1 through 5 as a result of G

27

File

Print, Page SetupThis function allows you to adjust the print settings.

Page frameSelected page frame for printing. User-defined page frames can be modified in the Options menu.

Page no.Page number used for the next page to be printed. This number is increased by one after each printed page. You can enter'0' to suppress numbering.

Part numbersThe part number is the consecutive number of pages in a print job. If the part number deviates from the page number, youcan have it printed in parentheses in front of the page number.

ScaleIf the auto button is selected, the representation area will be printed out in the largest size that fits within the printablepaper area (see the figure below). If not selected, the printout will correspond to the scale setting.

Archiv Nr.Pos. Nr.

Seite 1

Bauteil:

Block:

Abb.Nr.

Datum:

Programm:

Bauwerk:

Projekt Nr.Verfasser:

M = 1: 208Vorgang:

InfoGraph GmbH, Aachen

Finite Elemente 6.50 (c) InfoGraph GmbH

Blatt:1

Fax (0241) 88 99 888Tel. (0241) 88 99 80D-52072 Aachen

Mastab: 1: 100Finite Elemente 6.50 (c) InfoGraph GmbH

BeispielPlatte

InfoGraph GmbH

Info

Kackertstrae 10

Datum:

InfoGraphSoftware fr die Tragwerksplanung

System.fem

B/W-PrintPrint the lines in black. Colored areas will be converted to gray values. You can define the gray values for the graphicalrepresentation of results on the Gray Values dialog page.

AxesPrint the axes together with a dimension line in the upper left corner of the drawing area.

Date, TimeThis information appears automatically in the standard page frame. In the other page frames the information is positionedbased on the @Datum or @Zeit placeholders.

Project, building number, TitleThis text appears automatically in the standard page frame. In other page frames the information is positioned based on the @Projekt or @Titel placeholders.

Use print list textLeaving the title field empty, this switch enables you to print out the label text of graphical views of the print list instead ofthe title. Printing graphical views by using the context menu of the database leads to the same result.

Texta, b, cText that can be added to the page frame using the @Texta, @Textb and @Textc placeholders. The fields are released forediting if the placeholders are used in the selected frame. Any text entered in these fields can be saved in the current projectfile.

User name, structural engineerThe user indicated here will be used in the conjunction with the standard page frame.

Printer...Open the Windows printer dialog. In this dialog you can select a different printer or adjust printer-specific settings.

Page...Page orientation, paper size and margin settings.

28

User Interface

Line WidthsAssigns line widths to the line colors for printing. You can also view them on the screen using the page view. This settingcan be disabled using the line width indicated in the line type.

Gray ValuesColoring of result diagrams and slab reinforcement is carried out with the colors defined here. You can assign grayscalevalues to the colors for black and white printing. When selecting the Windows background color, coloring of resultdiagrams is suppressed.

Text OptionsText that can be added within the page frame using the @T1-@T6 placeholders.

Print ListSave graphical and tabular views to the print list. They can be accessed with their original settings and printed outindividually or in groups. Since the print list only contains references, the data printed out will always be current.

To add views to the print list, click the button in the standard toolbar. The following information will be saved for eachentry:

Current drawing Current load case Analysis result with settings Visibility of layers and partial views Display window and its configuration Scale if layout view is enabled Table selections Paper size and page orientation Page frameIf you only want to see specific details rather than the entire graphical view, you can drag a selection box by holding downthe ALT key. The display window inside the selection box will then be added to the print list.

The content of the print list can be edited using the toolbar of the same name. The icons in the toolbar have the followingfunctions:

Open the dialog to select or define print lists.

Print all or selected content.

Show the page view for all or selected content.

Open the Page Setup dialog. If entries are selected, the icon will show the current page orientation and allows you tomodify the paper size, page orientation and page frame.

Generate a table of contents at the beginning of the print list or update the existing table of contents.

Switch to the previous folder.

Create a new folder.

Double-click any entry in the list to restore the view. The context menu contains additional functions:

Rename entries. Refreshing the selected entries. With this command the current graphical view will be assumed. Align display window next to the previous window. Cut, copy and paste entries. Entries can also be moved using drag and drop. Insert page break. Copy image objects directly to the clipboard. This allows you to insert graphics, tables and similar items into other

Windows programs.

Generate a metafile in the WMF or EMF format for all or selected content. Insert user-defined text. Changes of the print list can be undone.

29

File

Import and ExportThese functions can be used to exchange data in the following formats:

AutoCAD DXF format Data exchange interface for steel construction of DSTV 4/2000 as of 10/2002, file extension *.stp IFC (Industry Foundation Classes), file extension *.ifc InfoGraph project files with extensions *.fem, *.rsw, *.esw, and *.ros. InfoGraph interface files with extension *.icx

Data Exchange between Project FilesElement data and drawings are exchanged between project files.

Import

Drawing Insert the selected drawing of another project file.

Element data The elements of another project file can be inserted into the current file. The numbers of the insertednodes and elements may change in some cases.

Insertion point Location where the zero point of the imported data is inserted.

Angle of rotation Angle by which the imported data is rotated.

Scaling Scaling factors in the x, y and z direction for the inserted objects.

Export

Select objects Select the objects to be exported.

Drawing The selected drawing objects can be exported with a new name. Element data is exported withoutfurther user interaction.

Data Exchange with InfoGraph Interface FilesThe interface bases on the STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) technology and uses the ASCII formatto exchange the following data: Drawing objects, model objects Beams, cables, area and solid elements Design objects Link elements Spring elements, supports Tendons Section, material, joints LoadsThe EXPRESS file icx-01.exp installed in the program directory describes all objects supported by the interface with theirproperties and data types.

30

User Interface

Data Exchange via DXF FormatThe data exchange is based on AutoCAD Version 12. The following DXF objects are included in the import:

3DFACE ARC BLOCK CIRCLE DIMENSION

INSERT LINE LWPOLYLINE MTEXT POLYLINE

SOLID TEXT TRACE

The LWPOLYLINE and POLYLINE objects are converted into lines and the DIMENSION object is converted into lines and text.During export the current drawing and element data is stored as 3DFACE, ARC, CIRCLE, LINE, POLYLINE and TEXT.Layer and color information will be retained.

Input

Unit Measurement units in the DXF file (mm, cm or m).

Ground plan You can choose whether the model information is to be kept for automatic mesh generation (column,hole, edge, wall).

With respect to exchanging model information, the following conventions apply:

Walls On layer G$WAND as closed POLYLINE in two forms:

4 points 6 points

Edges On layer G$RAND as LINE or ARC.

Holes On layer G$LOCH as LINE or ARC.

Columns On layer G$STUETZE as POLYLINE with 4 points (rectangular column),CIRCLE with r > 0.001 (round column),CIRCLE with r = 0.001 (point column)

NoteArea and solid elements are exported as 3DFACE objects, beam elements as LINE objects. The context menu allows toconvert imported 3DFACE objects into area elements and imported LINE objects into model edges or beam elements.

31

File

IFC Data Transfer

The data transfer is based on the IFC version IFC 2x3.

Coordinate SystemIn the IFC product model the z axis of the global coordinate system typically runs from below to above. This is counter tothe convention used in InfoCAD. To avoid all objects standing on their heads after an export or import, they are turned 180around the global x axis.

ImportThe data import consists of two functional areas: Importing the Analysis models (frames or model objects) Importing the Geometry of Building Elements

1. Importing Analysis models (frames or model objects)

The import is carried out for the static analysis models (IfcStructuralAnalysisModel) saved in the transfer file and selected bythe user. The following table displays the relevant objects.

IFC Object Imports as Remarks

IfcArbitraryClosedProfileDef IfcArbitraryProfileDefWithVoids

Polygon section The geometry must be described with IfcPolyline

IfcAsymmetricIShapeProfileDef Polygon section

IfcBoundaryNodeCondition Support, beam joint Beam joints must be defined in the beam system

IfcCircleHollowProfileDef Tube profile or polygon section

IfcCircleProfileDef Polygon section 32 polygon points

IfcIShapeProfileDef HEA, HEB, HEM or IPE profile or polygon section

IfcLShapeProfileDef L profile or polygon section

IfcMaterial Material

IfcRectangleHollowProfileDef Hollow profile or polygon section

IfcRectangleProfileDef Rectangle section

IfcRelAssociatesMaterial Beam material

IfcRelAssociatesProfileProperties Beam section

IfcRelConnectsStructuralMember Beam node

IfcStructuralCurveMember Beam or edge Straight (not curved), constant section, no eccentricity of nodes

IfcStructuralLinearAction Linear load

IfcStructuralLinearActionVarying Trapezoidal load

IfcStructuralLoadGroup Load case

IfcStructuralLoadLinearForce Line load

IfcStructuralLoadPlanarForce Area load

IfcStructuralLoadSingleDisplacement Support displacement

IfcStructuralLoadSingleForce Point load

IfcStructuralLoadTemperature Temperature load

IfcStructuralPlanarAction Area load

IfcStructuralPointAction Punctiform load

IfcStructuralPointConnection Node

IfcStructuralProfileProperties General beam section Will be ignored if a different section is imported

IfcStructuralSurfaceMember Model face

IfcTShapeProfileDef T profile or polygon section

IfcUShapeProfileDef U profile or polygon section To import analysis models, either the FEM or the RSW mode must be active.

32

User Interface

ExampleThe following illustrations display the import of a framework from file gtstrudl_physical.ifc. Source: http://cic.nist.gov/vrml/cis2.html (NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology)

Dialog for selecting the import data Imported framework

The file contains a analysis model with the name Loads and Results Exported from GTSTRUDL and also building elementsof various types that have been deselected for import.

2. Importing the Geometry of the Building ElementsThis functional area calls for construction model objects saved in the transfer file whose type is derived fromIfcBuildingElement. They include, for example, IfcBeam, IfcColumn, IfcSlab and IfcWall(StandardCase). Only objects with thegeometric display SweptSolid, Clipping, Brep, and MappedRepresentation are considered. In InfoCAD special drawingobjects are generated from these that make it possible to continue to use the geometry of the building elements. The snapmodes End, Middle, and Normal allow you to use, for instance, characteristic points for measurements or for the design ofmodel objects.

Example

Building elements from the gtstrudl_physical.ifc file. Source: http://cic.nist.gov/vrml/cis2.html (NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology)

33

File

The figure above shows several further characteristics that are imported in addition to the geometry of the buildingelements. These include GlobalId: identification of the building element Name, Descrip.: description Material: assossiated material description LoadBe(aring): displays whether the element bears load (1) or not (0)

Transformation into Model ObjectsImported drawing objects whose geometric display is based on the extrusion of a base area (IfcExtrudedAreaSolid) and whooriginate from IfcBeam IfcColumn IfcMember IfcSlab IfcWall(StandardCase)

can be transformed, with the help of the program, into model objects (select Convert from the context menu, FEM mode).As part of this process, linear elements are turned into edges with the meaning Free beam. The generated beam sectioncorresponds to the profile definition used for the base area. Objects originating from IfcSlab and IfcWall whose base areaconsists of a traverse with exactly four points are converted into model surfaces.

The following illustration displays some of the building elements from the file AC-90Smiley-West-14-07-2005.ifc, as well asthe resulting model surfaces. Source http://www.iai.fzk.de/www-extern.

A

Geometry of the building elements Model objects, not joined

Because the model objects are created based on the wall or slab axis surfaces, gaps usually existsbetween neighboring objects (see detail).

As a remedy, all objects are joined with one another during the transformation and, if necessary,marginally reduced or enlarged. If for walls standing on top of each other the wall axes do not matchup, for instance due to differing wall thickness, it might be necessary to add transition surfaces thatare not perpendicular. In addition, openings that are close to the edge are adjusted.

A

The described operations help to improve the continuity between the model objects. This can eliminate the need for manualcorrections in many cases. The following illustrations show the joined model objects and the element mesh that has beencreated as a result.

34

User Interface

Model objects, joined Generated element mesh

ExportThe function applies to model objects and frameworks. The following data will be exported:Model objects Model edges with meaning 'free beam' Model faces

Framework, if no model objects exist Static analysis model without results Construction model of the 3D framework with the objects IfcBeam, IfcColumn

Framework exported with InfoCAD displayed in IfcStoreyView (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fr angewandte Informatik)

35

File

File ServiceAll input and results data are stored and managed in the project file as data sets. The file service represents the table ofcontents of the data sets in the project file. You can also use it to delete, copy or rename data sets. These actions arepermanent and cannot be undone. Improper use may make the project file unusable.The data sets can be sorted according to the terms in their headers. The menu includes the following functions:

File, Delete ResultsDelete all analysis results.

File, CompressDuring compression unused parts are removed from the file. This can reduce the amount of space the files use on the harddrive.

Records, Copy, Delete, RenameWith these functions you can use the * wildcard to select groups of data sets (e.g. LOAD.*).

View, SelectionYou can select the data sets based on their names and properties for display in the table of contents.

EditThe Edit menu contains the following functions:

Undo Cancel the previous action.

Redo Restore the previously canceled action.

Cut Transfer selected objects to the clipboard.

Copy Copy selected objects to the clipboard.

Insert Insert objects from the clipboard.

Delete Delete selected objects.

Select Select objects.

Select Group... Select objects according to group classification.

Select All Select all active objects.

Move Move, mirror, rotate and scale objects.

Copy Directly Copy objects without using the clipboard.

Generate Duplicate objects.

Properties Copy Assign the specified properties of a reference object to the selected objects.

Layer Manage a layer or assign it to selected objects.

Color Preset the drawing color or assign it to selected objects.

Line Type Preset the line type or assign it to selected objects.

Modify Modify the properties of selected objects (text, solid, circle, arc).

Modify Length Modify the length of the selected object.

Modify Endpoint Change an endpoint of the selected objects.

Intersect Intersect a selected object with another one.

Wall Aperture Insert a wall aperture into the selected wall.

36

User Interface

Undo / RedoYou have the option of canceling the previous changes you made to project data. Any action that is canceled in this mannercan also be restored.

CutThe cut function allows you to transfer and save selected objects to the clipboard for insertion at a later time. This functionis disabled if non-transferable objects are selected.

CopyThere are two ways of using the copy function:

Copy selected objectsThe selected objects are copied to the clipboard and stored for insertion at a later time. This function is disabled if non-transferable objects are selected.

Copy a rectangular image sectionWhile holding down the ALT key, you can use the left mouse button to create a selection box in the drawing area. Whenyou use the copy function, the image section will be saved to the clipboard as a WMF file and can then be transferred to theanalysis logs. You can also use this method to export graphics to other programs that support the WMF format.

InsertObjects saved in the clipboard are inserted with their 3D coordinates. This will replace any objects you have selected. Youcan move the inserted objects to place them at any specific position you want.

DeleteAll selected objects are deleted.

SelectThis function is used to select objects. Selected objects are displayed with dotted lines.

Selection

Objects Selection of individual objects using the mouse.

Number Selection based on a number (beam, element, tendon group, load line).

Window Selection based on a window. All objects that are completely within the window will be selected. If thewindow is dragged from right to left, all objects within the window plus any objects crossing theboundaries of the window are selected.

4P Search region with four points. All objects that are completely within the area will be selected.

last Selects the object specified last.

Switches from deletion mode back to selection mode.

Special features for object selection

Areas and solid elements can also be identified inside an element. Text must be identified within the area that is limited by the text. The option 'Object selection with crossing window (from right to left)' in the snap settings can be deselected.

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Edit

Select GroupWith this function you can select the objects based on logical aspects. This also enables direct access to individual objectgroups, even for complicated structure models. Using AND logic, all objects are selected that meet every specified condition.

Select AllSelect all visible objects.

Deselect AllDeselect all visible objects. This command can be assigned to the edit men or to a shortcut key using the functionCustomize of the view menu.

MoveYou can move selected objects using the following methods.

Displacement vectorMovement through displacement. The displacement vector is defined by two points.

RotateMovement through rotation. A rotation point is defined in 2D mode while a rotation axis is defined in 3D mode.

MirrorMovement through mirroring. A mirror axis is defined in 2D mode while a mirror plane is defined in 3D mode.

ScalingMovement through scaling in the global or local reference system. You can align objects on an axis or plane by specifying ascaling factor of zero.

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Copy DirectlySelected objects can be copied using the following methods.

Displacement vectorCopying through displacement. The displacement vector is defined by two points. The Multiple option allows you to makemultiple copies of the selected objects.

RotateCopying through rotation. A rotation point is defined in 2D mode while a rotation axis is defined in 3D mode.

MirrorCopying through mirroring. A mirror axis is defined in 2D mode while a mirror plane is defined in 3D mode.

ParallelLines and model edges can be copied through parallel displacement.

GenerateSelected objects are generated through displacement, rotation or a mixture of both. The original objects are always includedin the number of objects to be generated.

Displacement vectorGeneration through displacement. After you specify a displacement vector, the generation will take place in orthogonalform through the incremental addition of the displacement vector components (see image to the left). The specified numberof copies will also be generated if the component equals zero in a direction. This may result in an overlapping of the copiedobjects.After you specify a second displacement vector (and a third one in 3D mode), an oblique generation will be carried outthrough the incremental addition of each displacement vector (see image to the right).

Global generation Oblique generation

RotateGeneration through rotation. A rotation point is defined in 2D mode while a rotation axis is defined in 3D mode.

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PolarThe generation is carried out by means of rotation around the specified rotation angle [] and subsequent translation withthe displacement vector. This allows you to create a helix, for example, in a 3D layout.A stair step was initially specified as the prototype in the illustrated example. This step is incrementally rotated around theP1-P2 rotation axis through polar generation and then moved to the level of the next step with the P1-P3 vector.

ColorThe color can be predefined for objects to be created or modified for selected objects. The current color is shown in thetoolbar. If objects are selected, their color will be displayed.

LayerAll graphical objects have a layer property to put them into logical groups. A Layer is identified by its number (from 1 to255). For a description label can optionally be specified. For the graphical representation specific layers can be switchedinvisible, i.e. all objects with this property will be hidden. The layer property is also applicable for locking layers. Afterwardsthe affected objects are still visible but cannot be modified.

New objects get a layer preset by the user when they are created. It can be changed anytime later.

There are different controls for the management of layer properties of objects:

Combination list box in the standard bar

Dialog which is accessible using the layer button in the standard bar or the edit menu Layer pane

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Line TypeThe line type can be preset for new objects or modified for selected objects.

Style

You can choose from the following line styles:

1 Solid

2 Short dashed

3 Long dashed

4 Dot dashed

5-15 Solid

WidthSpecify the line width for the objects. Alternatively, you can use the line width that has been defined for the object color(see Print).

ModifyThis function can be used to modify the properties of selected objects (text, solid, circle, arc).

Text

Position Define new text position.

Direction Specify point in the direction of the text or align the text horizontally.

Height Change the text height [m].

Font Change the text font. You can use Standard, Standard mono, Text or Text mono vector fonts as well astrue type fonts. Vector fonts of type mono have a fixed character width.

Text Change the content of the text.

2D solidChange the corner point of a solid.

Circle, arcChange the radius.

Solid

Simplify Add surfaces of a solid together, if they are in the same plane and touch each other.

Remove ports Remove holes from solids.

Divide Solids are cut into pieces by a defined plane.

Add Solids which touch or penetrate each other are added together to one solid.

Subtract Subtract a solid from another solid.

Example of the subtraction of two solids.

Modify LengthYou can use this function to modify the length [m] of a linear object that has been selected. The endpoint of the object thatis closest to the selection point will be changed.

Modify EndpointWith this function you can change the endpoints of selected objects (lines, arcs, edges, holes, solid). The endpoint of theobject that is closest to the last selection point will be changed. The radius of arcs will remain unchanged.

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IntersectYou can use this function to intersect selected objects (lines, arcs, edges, holes, walls).The figures below provide four examples of how lines and arcs are intersected. Proceed in the following order: Select the object to be modified at the end that you want to intersect (point 1). Activate the function. Select the limiting object (point 2).

The figures below show you the steps involved in intersecting walls.

Wall ApertureThis function allows you to insert an aperture in the selected wall. The resulting ends of the wall axes are connected by anedge object. The length of both of the resulting walls must measure at least half of the wall width since short walls maylead to very unfavorable or even improper aspect ratios of the elements during mesh generation.

DivideYou can use the context menu to divide selected lines, arcs, edges, holes and solids.

JoinWith this function from the context menu selected lines, arcs, edges, holes or line supports can be joined to one object. Theproperties of the first selected object remains.

Lines (also edges, holes)The objects must be collinear. There can be gaps between them.

Arcs (also edges, holes)The objects must be on a imaginary circle. There can be gaps between them. The new arc starts at the starting point ofthe first selected arc.

Line supportsLine supports are treated like lines or arcs, but no gaps are allowed.

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ConvertUsing the context menu