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48 pages. Decent, practical introduction in participatory project planning, using OOPP/ZOPP

approach. Practical and with checklist, tools, examples, ut somewhat dated. Does not co!er

methods de!eloped since "###. $tarting point, ut needs to e updated or supplemented with

more recent materials

%e!iewed "#&& or, 'd(

Manual Objective Oriented Project Planning

A Guide for Trainers, Trainees and Students

Euroconsult / BMB Mott MacDonald

2008

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Manual OOPP

Table of contentsPreface..........................................................................................................................................................iii

Introduction..................................................................................................................................................iv

Glossary........................................................................................................................................................ v

1 Getting Started.......................................................................................................................................2

1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................2

1.2 Benefits......................................................................................................................................2

1.3 Purpose......................................................................................................................................3

1. !onditions..................................................................................................................................3

1." #i$itations..................................................................................................................................3

1.% Ot&er Instru$ents......................................................................................................................

2 Objective Oriented Project Planning...................................................................................................

2.1 'tructure of OOPP....................................................................................................................."

2.2 Participation (nal)sis................................................................................................................."

2.3 Proble$ (nal)sis* t&e !ore Proble$.........................................................................................%

2. !auses and Effects* t&e Proble$ Tree......................................................................................+

2." Ob,ecti-es (nal)sis....................................................................................................................

2.% 'trate) 'election....................................................................................................................12

2.+ #oical ra$eor...................................................................................................................1

2.8 uestions and ansers............................................................................................................1%

! A""lications of OOPP.........................................................................................................................1#

3.1 Pro,ect or$ulation..................................................................................................................1

3.2 Inception P&ase.......................................................................................................................1

3.3 Pro,ect e4tension......................................................................................................................1

$ Su""orting Materials...........................................................................................................................2%

.1 E4ercises..................................................................................................................................20

.1.1 E4ercise 1 5 Identif) t&e core proble$.....................................................................................20

.1.2 E4ercise 2 5 Proble$ anal)sis.................................................................................................20

.1.3 E4ercise 3 5 Ob,ecti-es anal)sis..............................................................................................21

.1. E4ercise 5 'trate) anal)sis.................................................................................................21

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Manual OOPP

.1." E4ercise " 5 #oical fra$eor* inter-ention loic..................................................................21

.1.% (nsers e4ercise 1 5 Identif) t&e core proble$......................................................................22

.1.+ (nsers e4ercise 2 5 Proble$ anal)sis...................................................................................22

.1.8 5 se (nsers E4ercise 3 5 Ob,ecti-es anal)sis.......................................................................22

.1. (nsers e4ercise 5 'trate) 'election.................................................................................2"

.1.10 (nsers E4ercise " 5 #oical ra$eor...............................................................................2%

.2 Trainin 6uidelines..................................................................................................................28

.2.1 Trainin Preparation.................................................................................................................28

&ac'ground Infor(ation.....................................................................................................................!)

".1 7eferences...............................................................................................................................3%

".2 E4a$ples.................................................................................................................................3%

Euroconsult/BMB Mott MacDonald ii

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Manual OOPP

PrefaceInstitutional de-elop$ent &as beco$e a per$anent inredient of all pro,ects assisted b) our co$pan).

'o$eti$es as one aspect of a $ostl) tec&nical pro,ect so$eti$es as t&e $ain focus of an inter-ention.

But in all situations it is essential to understand t&e oranisational settin in &ic& our staff operate and to

ensure t&at our contribution leads to i$pro-e$ents t&at ill be absorbed and sustained b) local

institutions.

Most of our e4perts &a-e substantial e4perience and e4pertise it& reard to institutional de-elop$ent

issues and approac&es. But not all $i&t &a-e i$$ediate and recent e4perience it& t&e full rane of

practical instru$ents and $et&ods in t&is field. or t&at purpose e decided to define and present t&e

$ost rele-ant instru$ents and to de-elop trainin $aterials and $anuals on t&ese instru$ents. irst of all

to uprade and update t&e sills of our staff but also to enable t&eir counterparts and local colleaues to

de-elop suc& sills.

T&e practical results of t&is initiati-e is t&e production of Manuals on 9Instru$ents for institutional

de-elop$ent9. T&ese $anuals are t&e outco$es of a collecti-e effort of t&e staff at :ead Office and in t&e

field and t&e present -ersion incorporates t&e e4perience fro$ t&e use of draft -ersions. ;e &ope to

i$pro-e and e4pand t&ese $anuals &ile ti$e oes on.

T&e purpose of t&e $anuals is t&reefold. irstl) t&e) pro-ide a co$plete set of $aterials and uidelines for

trainers. ( trainer can dra fro$ t&is to prepare and i-e a

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Manual OOPP

IntroductionT&is first $anual in t&e series on Instru$ents for Institutional De-elop$ent deals it& Ob,ecti-e Oriented

Pro,ect Plannin

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Manual OOPP

6lossar)Proble(

( proble$ is a neati-e state and is t&erefore not e4pressed as t&e absence of a solution. Ao co$puters

a-ailableA is t&e absence of a solution &ereas Aineffecti-e data anal)sisA is a neati-e state and a proper

for$ulation of t&e proble$.

*ore Proble(

T&e core proble$ is t&e central point in a proble$atic situation. T&e participants s&ould reac& consensus

on one core proble$.

Proble( Tree

T&e proble$ tree is a -isualised presentation of proble$s and t&eir cause and effect relations&ips. (

proble$ tree is a si$plified reduced for$ of a real proble$atic situation.

Objective

(n ob,ecti-e is a positi-e situation to be ac&ie-ed b) t&e pro,ect in t&e future. (n ob,ecti-e occurs at

se-eral le-els and it s&ould be indicated at &ic& le-el of detail t&e ob,ecti-e is specified.

Objective Tree

T&e proble$ tree for$s t&e basis for t&e ob,ecti-e tree. Proble$s are reorded into positi-e state$ents

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Manual OOPP

&ic& seeds to pro-ide to t&e far$ers of a certain district. In t&is case staff of t&e Mo( are direct

recipients t&e seed co$panies are inter$ediate beneficiaries and t&e far$ers are end beneficiaries.

Euroconsult/BMB Mott MacDonald -i

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Manual OOPP

1 6ettin 'tarted1.1 Introduction

'uccessful de-elop$ent inter-entions start it& a clear definition of e4istin proble$s. (bsence of a

t&orou& proble$ anal)sis $a) lead to selection of inappropriate or irrele-ant ob,ecti-es and

unsustainable pro,ect results and insufficient participation of local i$ple$enters and oranisations.

Pro,ect ob,ecti-es are not liel) to be $et &en t&ese are unclear and unrealistic. (n effecti-e definition of

oners&ip and responsibilities and of t&e intended beneficiaries is i$possible it& -aue ob,ecti-es.

OOPP tries to create Aoners&ipA of and co$$it$ent to t&e plannin process b) e$p&asisin t&e direct

in-ol-e$ent of future i$ple$entors in pro,ect desin.

OOPP &elps to define t&e ob,ecti-es of t&e pro,ect b) t&e direct recipients and t&e beneficiaries ,ointl)

facilitated b) t&e consultant. T&is process en&ances t&e lieli&ood t&at t&e identified proble$s are in line

it& t&e needs of t&e beneficiaries and as suc& reflect Asocial realit)A instead of -iepoints onl) e4istin

it&in t&e pro,ect or re>uestin oranisation. #ocal oranisations &a-e an i$portant role to pla) in t&e

definition of proble$s and t&e selection of inter-entions because of t&eir t&orou& understandin of and

e4perience in t&e local situation.

In s&ort OOPP pro-ides a fle4ible and efficient fra$eor to i$pro-e plannin for tec&nical as ell as

institutional de-elop$ent pro,ects it& t&e acti-e in-ol-e$ent of t&e oranisations associated it& oraffected b) t&e proble$. OOPP does not intend to replace creati-e t&inin or spontaneous ideas. OOPP

does not &a-e to be applied fro$ step 1 to step . 'teps can be used separatel).

1.2 Benefits

OOPP pro$otes open@$inded and ide@ranin reflection on t&e causes and effects of a proble$atic

situation. T&e se>uence of steps uides participants to beco$e $ore specific and loical in t&eir often

broad and intuiti-e notions about t&e percei-ed proble$s. OOPP &elps to et a $ore specific $odest and

realistic understandin of pro,ect ob,ecti-es as opposed to $ain seepin state$ents about

unattainable and un-erifiable oals. T&e for$ulation of a strate) to be adopted b) t&e pro,ect is t&e

outco$e of OOPP.

T&e process of OOPP establis&es a con-incin loic beteen t&e oal pro,ect purpose outputs acti-ities

and inputs. Toet&er t&ese ele$ents constitute t&e intended inter-ention &ic& in-ol-es a nu$ber of

specified oranisations and beneficiaries. In t&e oriinal 6T? approac& t&e Pro,ect Plannin Matri4

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Manual OOPP

si$plified and i$pro-ed infor$ation for plannin &ic& leads to better understandin a$on collaboratin

oranisations. Direct outputs of OOPP are a proble$ tree an ob,ecti-es tree and ele$ents of a loical

fra$eor

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Manual OOPP

OOPP puts e$p&asis on t&e core proble$ &ic& presents a so$e&at narro -ie at a i-en point in

ti$e. T&is $eans t&at &en OOPP is applied in a riid $anner t&e identified proble$s and ob,ecti-es

could after so$e ti$e not be applicable.

(not&er li$itation of OOPP is t&at a bias toards pro,ect potential and purpose occurs -er) easil). ;&en

participants are aare of t&e pro,ect purpose be&ind t&e e4ercise t&e) tend to $ention not t&e ArealA

proble$s but t&ose proble$s &ic& can $ost certainl) be addressed b) t&e pro,ect.

( practical li$itation is t&e ti$e needed to pursue OOPP until t&e draftin of t&e loical fra$eor. T&e

process can be -er) ti$e consu$in &en eac& step &as to be finalised properl) and consensus &as to be

establis&ed on eac& issue.

1.% Ot&er Instru$ents

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Manual OOPP

2 Ob,ecti-e Oriented Pro,ect Plannin2.1 'tructure of OOPP

OOPP &as fi-e practical steps to arri-e at a pro,ect strate). Eac& step &as its specific purpose. OOPP

starts it& a participation anal)sis to $ae an in-entor) of t&e people &o affect and &o are affected b)

t&e proble$ situation. T&e second step is proble$ anal)sis to identif) t&e core proble$. T&e t&ird step

anal)ses t&e causes and effects of t&e core proble$. T&e fourt& step ob,ecti-es anal)sis describes t&e

future situation t&at could be ac&ie-ed b) sol-in t&e proble$s. T&e fift& and last step is t&e selection of a

strate) to identif) potential alternati-e solutions to proble$s. T&is results in t&e identification of t&e $ost

appropriate strate). T&is strate) is ine-itabl) a lobal one but for$s t&e basis for de-elopin a $ore

specific pro,ect plan. In so$e approac&es to OOPP suc& pro,ect plannin is included. In t&is $anual e

treat t&is as anot&er p&ase to be dealt it& b) a separate instru$ent t&e #oical ra$eor &ic& is

discussed in $anual nu$ber 2 of t&is series. T&e to instru$ents are co$ple$entar).

T&e fi-e steps are one t&rou& b) a tea$. ;&o t&e $e$bers of t&is tea$ are depends on t&e situation.

T&e tea$ &oe-er $ust be able to deal it& interdisciplinar) issues

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Manual OOPP

Participation anal)sis is t&e tas of a s$all roup of core people for e4a$ple t&e consultant and t&e

oranisation t&at initiated t&e OOPP e4ercise

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Manual OOPP

@ brain@stor$in role a$es or ot&er decision@$ain aidsH

@ decide te$poraril) to continue it& se-eral proble$s but tr) to deter$ine t&e core

proble$ in t&e ne4t p&ase of OOPP.

". If aree$ent is reac&ed on t&e core proble$ t&e core proble$ is clearl) defined in as si$ple as

possible ter$s. !ore proble$s as percei-ed b) eac& tea$ $e$ber do not auto$aticall) turn into

t&e pro,ect purpose. T&e core proble$ s&ould be it&in t&e do$ain of t&e pro,ect or prora$$e.

One s&ould realise t&at t&e selection of one core proble$ is a step to si$plif) realit). OOPP is an

instru$ent to assist in si$plif)in realit) in full aareness of t&e li$itations of t&e process.

2. !auses and Effects* t&e Proble$ Tree

Direct causes and effects of t&e core proble$ are identified. !ausal relations&ips s&ould be direct and

essential. Often proble$s &ic& are rele-ant for t&e da)@to@da) pro,ect i$ple$entation are lo in t&e

proble$ tree. It depends on t&e purpose of t&e e4ercise &o detailed t&e proble$ tree ill be.

Pur"ose

T&e purpose of anal)sin causes and effects of t&e core proble$ and of drain t&e proble$ tree is to

create insi&t into relations&ips beteen -arious proble$s. T&is enables participants to see &o proble$s

cause or reinforce eac& ot&er.

o- to analyse causes and effects of te core "roble(

1. T&e direct causes of t&e core proble$ are placed parallel to eac& ot&er underneat& t&e core proble$.

2. T&e direct effects of t&e core proble$ are placed parallel to one anot&er abo-e t&e core proble$.

3. T&e fiure can be furt&er e4tended for eac& of t&e identified causes and effects usin t&e sa$e

procedure.

. T&e proble$ anal)sis can be concluded &en t&e tea$ is con-inced t&at t&e essential infor$ation &as

been used to build up a causal netor e4plainin t&e $ain cause@effect relations&ips for t&e proble$

situation. 'uc& cause@effect relations&ips are c&aracterised b) an if @ t&en se>uence* if cause ( @ t&en

effect B

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ar$ers infor$ed too late

about establis&ed crop prices

Cnreliable transport s)ste$

Maret s)ste$ poorl)

functionin

Inade>uate

$aret

conditions

Poor li-in conditions

of t&e rural population

in a)ou$

Ineffecti-e use of land

and ater resources in

a)ou$

#o rice

production

#ac of inputs

#ac of credit facilities

(ppropriate croppin

s)ste$ unnon

Insufficient ater

usersparticipation in ater

$anae$ent

#i$ited in-ol-e$ent of

far$ersoranisations in

irriation and drainae

Outdated ater $anae@

$ent polic) for a)ou$

'ectoral ater

$anae$ent ineffecti-e

Inefficient OJM and

re&abilitation of irriation

and drainae s)ste$

#i$ited capacit) of t&e

MP;;7 it&in

a)ou$

Cnclear leal basis for

ater usersin-ol-e$ent

ar$ers lac support

to perfor$ tass

K(d &oc decision

$ade on

re&abilitation

acti-ities

#i$ited insi&t in

OJM tec&ni>ues

'tae&oldersacti-i@

ties ineffecti-el)

coordinated

arro perspecti-e

on ater related

issues

a)ou$ Irr.Dept.

unable to fulfil its

tass ade>uatel)

Dist.En.Office

perfor$s belo

standard

'taff sills are

li$ited

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2." Ob,ecti-es (nal)sis

'ince a pro,ect ai$s at findin solutions for identified proble$s ob,ecti-es can be deri-ed fro$ t&e

proble$s identified in t&e proble$ tree. T&e assu$ption is t&at once t&e ob,ecti-e is ac&ie-ed t&e proble$

is sol-ed. In eneral all proble$s can be translated into potential ob,ecti-es pro-ided t&e ob,ecti-e is

et&ical and potentiall) ac&ie-able. In ot&er cases t&e ob,ecti-es s&ould be rep&rased or be left as

proble$s in t&e ob,ecti-e tree. T&ese proble$s $a) later be $o-ed to t&e assu$ptions colu$n of t&e

loical fra$eor $atri4.

( clarification of t&e ord ob,ecti-es is necessar) &ere since -arious oranisations use different

ter$inolo) to indicate t&e sa$e. T&e ter$ ob,ecti-e is t&e $ost eneral one in fact ob,ecti-es occur at

se-eral le-els. or clarit) sae different ter$s are used to indicate t&e ob,ecti-es for eac& le-el.

European

!o$$unit)

CDP Farious ;orld Ban

O&80*TI90S O-erall Ob,ecti-e De-elop$ent

Ob,ecti-e

#on@ter$

Ob,ecti-e

6oal

Pro,ect Purpose I$$ediate

Ob,ecti-e

'&ort@ter$

Ob,ecti-e

Purpose

7esults Outputs 'ub@ob,ecti-es Outputs

(cti-ities (cti-ities 'ub@ob,ecti-es (cti-ities

T&e ter$inolo) used in t&is $anual is t&at suested b) t&e ;orld Ban. T&is ill beco$e clear in B+ t&e

#oical ra$eor.

Pur"ose

T&e purpose of t&e ob,ecti-es anal)sis is to transfor$ t&e &ierarc&) of proble$s

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3. T&e cause@effect relations&ip of t&e proble$ tree is c&aracterised b) an if @ t&en se>uence &ic&

for t&e ob,ecti-e tree s&ould be* $eans ( in order to ac&ie-e end B. ;&ile oin don t&e tree

t&e folloin >uestions s&ould be ased* :as t&e causal relations&ip been c&aned into a

plausible $eans@end relations&ip E.* 9If staff of t&e Ministr) of P;;7 &as li$ited capacit)

t&en ater is inefficientl) $anaed9 9Increased capacit) leads to better ater $anae$ent9

:as t&e cause

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iure 1Objectives tree based on te "roble( tree of te ayou( 5ater Manage(ent Project, 0gy"t

!rop prices non at

appropriate ti$e

7eliable transport

s)ste$

Marets i$pro-ed

I$pro-ed

$aret

conditions

En&anced li-in

conditions of t&e rural

population in a)ou$

'ustainable use ofland and ater

resources in

a)ou$ ac&ie-ed

Increased

rice

production

(de>uate inputs

a-ailable

!redit s)ste$ for

far$ers operational

(ppropriate croppin

s)ste$ non

En&anced far$er

participation in ater

$anae$ent

;ater user boards

uate capacit) of

t&e MP;;7 it&in

a)ou$

Polic) and leal

basis for ;BCs in

place

'upport to i$pro-ed

ater $anae$ent at

$es>a le-el a-ailable

'tructured decisions

$ade on re&abilitation

acti-ities

I$rpo-ed decision

$ain on OJM

tec&ni>ues

I$pro-ed coordination of

&oriNontal and -ertical

ater $anae$ent

Intertated perspecti-e

on ater $anae$ent in

place

a)ou$ Irr.Dept.

ade>uatel) fulfillin

its tass

Distr.En. Office

effecti-e

'taff sills

en&anced

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2.% 'trate) 'election

1 &e fourt& p&ase of OOPP concerns t&e identification and selection of potential alternati-e strateies

toards realiNin all or so$e of t&e ob,ecti-es. T&e pro,ectAs ulti$ate strate) s&ould reflect a c&oice

a$on t&ese alternati-es. T&e policies of t&e o-ern$ent and t&e in-ol-ed oranisations as ell as donor

preferences &a-e to be considered durin t&e selection of a strate).

Pur"ose

( strate) reflects a decision on &o a core ob,ecti-e s&ould be pursued. ( strate) is t&e basis for an)

plan and is deri-ed fro$ t&e pro,ect ob,ecti-es and t&e conte4t in &ic& t&ese &a-e been for$ulated. T&e

ob,ecti-e tree is t&e startin point to define a strate). ( c&oice &as to be $ade* &ic& $eans @ end

branc&es in t&e ob,ecti-es tree are selected. or an) i-en end $an) $eans $a) be considered based

on criteria lie a$ount of $one) re>uired accessibilit) deree of control etcetera. T&e aru$ents for t&is

c&oice ,ustif) t&e selected strate).

o- to identify alternative strategies

1 Identif) ob,ecti-es t&at cannot be ac&ie-ed due to resource li$itations and set t&ese aside &en

considerin alternati-es. T&ese ob,ecti-es later beco$e assu$ptions in t&e loical

fra$eor.

2 !lusters of ob,ecti-es related b) cause and effect in t&e ob,ecti-es tree are identified as possible

alternati-e pro,ect strateies. ( circle is dran around t&ese $eans@end linaes. T&ese $eans@

end linaes constitute t&e alternati-e solutions and as suc& t&e different strateies. T&is is

s&on in fiure 3.

3 T&e alternati-es are $ared it& labels lie Aproduction approac&A inco$e approac&A Ainstitutional

de-elop$ent approac&A.

(ppraise t&e selected strateies in ter$s of*

@ resource constraints J can it be i$ple$ented

@ ti$e &oriNon

@ oranisational capacit) and capabilit)

@ probabilit) of ac&ie-in $ain ob,ecti-e

@ o-ern$ent policies

@ co$parison of inputs and outputs efficienc)

@ donor policies

@ political interests

@ pro,ect $andate

igure ! Selection of a strategy fro( several o"tions : see ne4t "age.

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igure ! : Selection of a strategy fro( several o"tions

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T&e selected strate) t&e land and ater use strate) needs to be $ade $uc& $ore specific and

elaborated in ter$s of tarets plans budets and assu$ptions. T&is is done in a separate e>uall)

s)ste$atic series of steps presented in our Manual on t&e loical fra$eor. :oe-er it is I$portant to

understand &o t&e results of t&e OOPP e4ercise relate to t&e loical fra$eor approac&. One is

inconcei-able it&out t&e ot&er. OOPP la)s t&e foundation for t&e loical fra$eor.

2.+ #oical ra$eor

1 &e loical fra$eor describes in a condensed for$at ualit) ti$e period place taret roup and partner institutions. (n indicator

describes to &at e4tent t&e oal purpose and outputs &a-e been reac&ed.

8 Means of -erification are sources of infor$ation to -erif) eac& indicator. T&ese for$ t&e basis for

t&e infor$ation s)ste$ of t&e pro,ect and possibl) for future $onitorin and e-aluation.

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Table 1 : Te logical fra(e-or' (atri4

Inter-ention loic Ob,ecti-el) Ferifiable

Indicators

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Table 2 Objectives fro( te selected strategy transferred to te logical fra(e-or' (atri4

Intervention +ogic O9I Mo9 Assu("tions

Goal

en&anced li-in conditions of

rural population in a)ou$

Pur"ose

sustainable use of land and

ater resources in a)ou$

Out"uts

1. en&anced ater usersA

participation in ;M

2. interated ;M ac&ie-ed

3. i$pro-ed OJM and

re&abilitation practices. . ade>uate capacit) of

MP;;7 it&in a)ou$

Activities

1.1 establis& ater user boards

a le-el

2.1 support de-elop$ent of

ater $t polic)

2.2 pro$ote transition fro$

sectoral toards interated ;M

approac&

2.3 &oriNontal and -ertical ;M

coordination en&anced

3.1 de-elop a $aster plan for

irr. s)ste$ re&abilitation

3.2 introduce i$pro-ed decision

$ain on oJM tec&ni>ues

.1 support establis&$ent of

tec&n. office at ID

.2 strent&en t&e District En

Office .3 pro-ide for$al

trainin

2.8 uestions and ansers

T&e folloin >uestions $a) &elp to do t&e proble$s and ob,ecti-es anal)ses.

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1. 5at area are -e addressing;

;e $ust be certain of t&e precise field for consideration. Often t&is is i-en in t&e Ter$s of 7eference. In

an) case t&e startin point is to state t&e c&aracteristics clearl)* &at econo$ic sector sub@sector

industr) set of acti-ities or institutions are e dealin it& ;&ic& eorap&ical area ;&ic& occupational

roup

2. 5o is 3 or sould be 3 involved in tis area;

#ist all of t&e cateories of people liel) to be affected in so$e sinificant a). T&is could be pro,ect

beneficiaries decision@$aers and people potentiall) bein affected.

!. 5at is te (ain "roble(;

In order to obtain a usable list of proble$s it is useful to &a-e brainstor$in sessions. ( roup of people is

encouraed to co$e up it& an)t&in t&e) consider a proble$. T&en discuss t&e list eli$inate

duplications and set t&e re$ainin ite$s in order. T&e e) proble$s $ust be stated clearl).

( t)pical proble$ $i&t be econo$ic social cultural and en-iron$ental at t&e sa$e ti$e. People it&

different bacrounds ill percei-e t&ese proble$s differentl). or t&is reason selectin &o s&ould

participate in OOPP ors&ops is a sensiti-e and i$portant business.

$. 5at are te underlying causes of tis "roble(;

;&ene-er a set of proble$s is listed so$e are liel) to arise out of ot&ers. or e4a$ple food s&ortaes

$a) be caused b) poor production losses after &ar-est bad distribution or a co$bination of t&ese and

ot&er reasons. In turn poor production $a) itself be a result of ron crops or ineffecti-e $et&ods. Eac&

proble$ s&ould t&erefore be traced bac as far as possible so t&at t&e funda$ental cause is clarified.

. 5at -ill te future situation be once te "roble( as been addressed;T&is is t&e ai$ of t&e pro,ect. Often t&is $a) be a si$ple neation of t&e anser to t&e abo-e proble$.

(ain t&e issue of &o$ is oin to benefit fro$ t&e sol-ed proble$s s&ould be considered in detail.

). o- best sould tis situation be acieved;

;&at are t&e $eans b) &ic& t&e future situation s&all be ac&ie-ed ;&at are t&e strateies t&at ill

ac&ie-e t&e ai$ it& $a4i$u$ cost@effecti-eness Cnderstandin t&e proble$s underl)in t&e causes

uestion = ill &elp to deter$ine t&e strateies.

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;&en assessin t&e $ost appropriate focus uirin outside inter-ention

If an) anser is no t&e need for a pro,ect is >uestionable.

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3 (pplications of OOPP3.1 Pro,ect or$ulation

1 &e process of OOPP could be useful to assess if t&e pro,ect is actuall) dealin it& e) issues as

percei-ed b) t&e direct recipients and ot&er stae&olders. (n OOPP e4ercise $a) identif) issues t&at &a-e

been left out or t&at are included but are irrele-ant.

(t t&e sa$e ti$e an OOPP e4ercise $a) deter$ine &et&er t&e pro,ect addresses t&e causes or

s)$pto$s of a proble$ situation. or instance in a -illae &ere suar is &ardl) a-ailable one can c&oose

to i-e eac& citiNen to bas of suar

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'upportin Materials.1 E4ercises

T&e folloin fi-e e4ercises are based on t&e case stud) A'trent&enin of 'oil 'ur-e) of Paistan

included in t&is $anual. T&e ansers i-en are not t&e onl) Ari&tA ansers. T&e) are presented &ere to et

an idea of t&e reasonin and loic be&ind OOPP.

E4ercise 1 Identif) t&e core proble$

E4ercise 2 Proble$ anal)sis

E4ercise 3 Ob,ecti-es anal)sis

E4ercise 'trate) anal)sis

E4ercise " T&e loical fra$eor

.1.1 E4ercise 1 5 Identif) t&e core proble$

T&e identification of t&e core proble$ is not a linear process. B) discussin and definin clusters of cards

t&e core proble$ ill e-entuall) be identified.

1. Please read paes + till 1113 till 1" 1+ 18 and 32 till 3+ on t&e draft Pro,ect Docu$ent fro$ une

11 on t&e 'oil 'ur-e) of Paistan and 9responses to >uestions 9 attac&ed at t&e end of t&e

docu$ent

2. Identif) t&e proble$s described in t&e case stud).

3. ;rite t&e $ost crucial proble$ on a card if necessar) use $ore cards but li$it one proble$ to one

card.

. Put t&e cards on t&e all.

". O$it t&e cards &ic& duplicate.

%. Mae sure all cards are understood b) t&e participants.

+. Establis& consensus on &at reall) is t&e core proble$ b) discussin $o-in cards and definin

clusters.

.1.2 E4ercise 2 5 Proble$ anal)sis

1. Identif) t&e proble$s t&at cause t&e core proble$

2. Place t&e direct causes underneat& t&e core proble$ on t&e sa$e le-el

3. Oranise t&e ot&er proble$s related to eac& direct cause

. Identif) t&e effects caused b) t&e core proble$

". Place t&e direct effects abo-e t&e core proble$ on t&e sa$e le-el

%. Oranise t&e ot&er effects related to eac& direct effect+. or$ a proble$ tree s&oin t&e cause and effect relations&ips

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.1.3 E4ercise 3 5 Ob,ecti-es anal)sis

1. Tae t&e proble$ tree as starlin point

2. 7ep&rase t&e proble$s orded as a neati-e p&rase into positi-e ob,ecti-es orin fro$ t&e top

donards

3. !&ec t&e relations&ips beteen t&e -arious le-els of ob,ecti-es in ter$s of t&e if@t&en se>uence

. !&ec &et&er t&e ob,ecti-es are sufficient to reac& t&e ne4t &i&er le-el

.1. E4ercise 5 'trate) anal)sis

1. 7ead t&e To7 of t&e 'oil 'ur-e) of Paistan

2. Identif) ob,ecti-es in )our proble$ tree &ic& cannot be ac&ie-ed due to resource li$itations or

because t&ese are unet&ical or non@sensical and set t&ese aside &en considerin alternati-e

strateies

3. Branc&es related b) $eans and ends are identified as possible alternati-e pro,ect strateies. ( circle

can be dran around t&e $eans@end branc&es to sinif) t&e alternati-e solutions and as suc& t&edifferent strateies

. Identif) t&e strate) c&osen b) t&e pro,ect desiners and dra t&e rele-ant circle

". (ppraise t&e selected strate) in ter$s of*

@ feasibilit)

@ ti$e &oriNon

@ oranisational capacit) and capabilit)

@ probabilit) of ac&ie-in $ain ob,ecti-e

@ o-ern$ent policies

@ co$parison of inputs and outputs efficienc)

@ donor policies

@ political interests

%. Identif) t&e direct recipients inter$ediate beneficiaries and end beneficiaries

.1." E4ercise " 5 #oical fra$eor* inter-ention loic

1. Tae t&e selected strate) as startin point

2. Transfor$ t&e $ain ob,ecti-e into t&e purpose

3. Transfor$ t&e ne4t &i&er le-el into t&e oal

. Transfor$ t&e le-el belo t&e $ain ob,ecti-e into outputs

". Transfor$ t&e le-el belo t&e outputs into acti-ities and for$ulate t&e state$ents into an action

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.1.% (nsers e4ercise 1 5 Identif) t&e core proble$

Proble(s described in te case study>

1. Met&ods for soil and ater anal)sis outdated

2. #i$ited effecti-eness of plannin and desin of aricultural de-elop$ent and soil conser-ation

3. prora$$es

. 'taff &as poor $anae$ent sills

". Outdated lab capacit)

%. #i$ited client orientation

+. ''oP ineffecti-el) $eetin de$ands for soil data and anal)sis

8. Insufficient aareness on t&e side of t&e clients about ''oP ser-ices

. ;orin $et&ods of staff insufficientl) ad,usted to t&e de$and

10. Infor$ation on soil p&)sical c&aracteristics unoranised

11. Insufficient allocation of disse$ination of infor$ation

12. #i$ited and poor rane of offered ser-ices

13. Ineffecti-e and unclear oranisational structure it&in ''oP

1. eeds and -ies of clients are unnon

1". Outdated lab e>uip$ent

1%. Poor $anae$ent capacit)

1+. Insufficient use of present da) tec&noloies

18. Modern de-elop$ent in t&e direction of >uantitati-e land e-aluation not folloed

1. #i$ited and rando$l) ti$e spent on $eetins

20. #i$ited sills in selected disciplines related to client orientation

21. #ac of facilities

22. ;orin $et&ods for t&e laborator) ineffecti-e23. Budetin and accountin s)ste$ badl) finetuned to client orientation

2. Processin of researc& data inefficient

2". #i$ited lab facilities

2%. 'taff &as li$ited $oti-ation to orient toards client

2+. De$and and suppl) of rele-ant ser-ices unnon

28. Present fundin arrane$ents inade>uate

2. 'taff &as lo tec&nical sills

.1.+ (nsers e4ercise 2 5 Proble$ anal)sis

Proble$ tree of t&e proble$s related to t&e 'oil 'ur-e) of Paistan

.1.8 5 se (nsers E4ercise 3 5 Ob,ecti-es anal)sis

Ob,ecti-e tree of t&e ob,ecti-es based on t&e proble$ tree of t&e 'oil 'ur-e) of Paistan 5 see ne4t pae

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#i$ited effecti-eness of plannin and desin of aricultural

de-elop$ent and soil conser-ation prora$$es

''oP ineffecti-el) $eetin de$ands for soil data and anal)sis

#i$ited client orientation #i$ited and poor rane of

offered ser-ices

Poor $anae$ent capacit) Outdated lab capacit)

#i$ited sills in selected

disciplines

eeds and -ies of clients

are unnon

!lients insufficientl) aare

about ''oP ser-ices

;orin $et&ods of staff

insufficientl) ad,usted to t&e

de$and

'taff &as li$ited $oti-ation

to or it& clients

Disse$ination of

infor$ation insufficientl)

allocated

Infor$ation on soil p&)sical

c&aracteristics unoranised

Insufficient use of present

da) tec&noloies

De$and and suppl) of

rele-ant ser-ices unnon

;orin $et&ods for t&e

laborator) ineffecti-e

Modern de-elop$ent in t&e

direction of >uantitati-e land

e-aluation not folloed

Processin of researc& data inefficient

#ac of facilities

'taff &as poor $anae$ent

sills

#i$ited and rando$l) ti$e

spent on $eetins

Ineffecti-e and unclear

oranisational structure

it&in ''oP

Budettin and accountin

s)ste$ poorl) finetuned to

clients

Present fundin

arrane$ents inace>uate

Met&ods for soil and ater

anal)sis outdated

'taff &as lo tec&nical

sills

#i$ited lab facilities

Outdated lab e>uip$ent

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Increased effecti-eness of plannin and desin of aricultural

de-elop$ent and soil conser-ation prora$$es

''oP effecti-el) $eetin de$ands for soil data and anal)sis

Increased client orientation E4panded and i$pro-ed rane

of offered ser-ices

I$pro-ed $anae$ent capacit) E4panded lab capacit)

'taff &as i$pro-ed e4pertise

in selected disciplines

eeds and -ies of clients

are non

P7 e4ercise conducted

Increased co$petence of

staff in de$and@led orin

$et&ods

Increased $oti-ation to

or it& clients

Infor$ation disse$ination

ade>uatel) allocated

Infor$ation on soil p&)sical

c&aracteristics oranised

'ufficient use $ade of

present da) tec&noloies

De$and and suppl) of

rele-ant ser-ices non

Effecti-e orin $et&ods

for t&e lab desined

Modern >uantitati-e land

e-aluation $et&ods folloed

Efficient processin of

researc& data

I$pro-ed infrastructure

I$pro-ed $anae$ent sills

of staff

More ti$e spent effecti-el)

on for$al $eetins

Oranisational structure

it&in ''oP effecti-e and

clear

Budettin and accountin

s)ste$ adapted to client

orientation

(de>uate fundin

arrane$ents in place

e $et&ods for soil and

ater anal)sis introduced

'taff &as increased

tec&nical sills

#ab facilities e4panded

e lab e>uip$ent

introduced

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.1. (nsers e4ercise 5 'trate) 'election

T&e pro,ect addresses eanesses in t&e plannin for sustainable use of land ater and ot&er natural

resources on t&e s&ort and lon ter$. T&e selected strate) is to en&ance contributions b) t&e ''oP to t&e

plannin process b) i$pro-in t&e functionin of t&is oranisation in order for it to pro-ide better $ore

-aried and $ore rele-ant soil data to a rane of

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.1.10 (nsers E4ercise " 5 #oical ra$eor

Inter-ention #oic OFI MoF (ssu$ptions

Goal

Increased effecti-eness of plannin and desin of aricultural de-elop$ent

and soil conser-ation prora$$es

Pur"ose

''oP effecti-el) $eetin de$ands for soil data and anal)sis

Out"uts

1. increased client orientation

2. e4panded and i$pro-ed rane of offered ser-ices

3. i$pro-ed $anae$ent capacit)

Activities

1.1 arrane for trainin in selected disciplines

1.2 e4plore needs and -ies of clients

1.3 conduct P7 e4ercise

1. train staff in de$and@led orin $et&ods

1." introduce incenti-es for client orientation

1.% assin responsibilities for infor$ation disse$ination

2.1 establis& data base on soil c&aracteristics

2.2 operationalise 6I'

2.3 identif) de$and and suppl) of rele-ant ser-ices

2. desin effecti-e orin $et&ods for t&e laborator)

2." introduce >uantitati-e land e-aluation $et&ods for t&e laborator)

2.% introduce co$puterised processin of researc& data

2.+ construct auditoriu$ and e4&ibition roo$

3.1 train in $anae$ent sills

I?P@TS

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Inter-ention #oic OFI MoF (ssu$ptions

32 introduce reular $eetins

3.3 introduce transparent oranisational strucuture

3. adapt budetin and accountin s)ste$ to client orientation

3." e4plore options for alternati-e fundin arrane$ents

.1 introduce ne $et&ods for soil and ater anal)sis

.2 uprade tec&nical sills

.3 e4pand lab facilities. introduce ne e>uip$ent

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.2 Trainin 6uidelines

;&en plannin to conduct a trainin in OOPP se-eral issues &a-e to be taen into consideration. Durin

t&e preparation of t&e trainin one needs to pa) attention to t&e prora$$e $aterials location and

co$position of t&e roup of trainees. T&e trainin itself re>uires e4cellent sills fro$ t&e trainer or facilitator

to deal it& roup discussions and orin roups to create an opti$al learnin process. (n e-aluation

after t&e trainin assesses strent&s and eanesses and opportunities for i$pro-e$ent.

.2.1 Trainin Preparation

A. Training Progra((e

;&ile t&e plenar) roup s&ould not e4ceed 1" people t&e orin roups s&ould not include $ore t&an

fi-e people for effecti-e roup or. ( possible ti$e sc&edule is pro-ided belo.

(cti-it) Ti$e 7e>uired or$atIntroduction to t&e trainin 10 $in. Plenar)

Introduction to OOPP 30 $in. Plenar)

E4planation of proble$ anal)sis and e4ercise 1

04ercise 1> core "roble(

Presentation b) one roup and discussion

" $in.

20 $in.

1" $in.

Plenar)

;orin roups

Plenar)

E4planation of e4ercise 2

04ercise 2> "roble( analysis

Presentation b) one roup and discussion

10 $in.

" $in.

30 $in.

Plenar)

;orin roups

Plenar)

E4planation of ob,ecti-es anal)sis and e4ercise 3

04ercise !> objectives analysisPresentation b) one roup and discussion

10 $in.

20 $in.20 $in.

Plenar)

;orin roupsPlenar)

E4planation of strate) selection and e4ercise

04ercise $> strategy selection

Presentation b) one roup and discussion

10 $in.

" $in.

30 $in.

Plenar)

;orin roups

Plenar)

E4planation of loical fra$eor and e4ercise "

04ercise > logical fra(e-or' 6intervention logic7

1" $in.

30 $in.

Plenar)

;orin roups

Discussion on OOPP process " $in. Plenar)

E-aluation of t&e trainin 30 $in. Indi-idual/Plenar)

Total ti$e re>uired for t&e trainin session + &ours

&. Materials

lip@o-ers

O-er&ead@pro, ector

+" cards of 1/2 ( for$at

Tape

Marers

*. +ocation

T&e location is i$portant for a successful trainin. Participants are encouraed to sta) o-erni&t. Infor$al

discussions $a) contribute to t&e effecti-eness of t&e trainin.

'pace s&ould be allocated to allo orin in roups. Eac& roup s&ould be able to or in a separate

roo$ or if t&e roo$ is lare enou& in a corner of t&e roo$.

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Training Session

Durin t&e trainin t&e use of o-er&ead s&eets and flip@o-ers to clarif) specific ele$ents of OOPP is

encouraed. O-er&ead s&eets produced for t&e OOPP course are included in t&is c&apter.

T&e trainer s&ould not onl) be noledeable on OOPP but s&ould also &a-e t&e sills to facilitate plenar)

sessions and roup or.

Ob,ecti-e Oriented Pro,ect PlanninPurpose

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

to i$pro-e understandin of pro,ect rationale

to $ae trade@offs in pro,ect desin e4plicit

to establis& consensus

to pro$ote participation

Ob,ecti-e Oriented Pro,ect Plannin

Main Ele$entsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

open process

uses -isualisation

builds on tea$ or

stresses interrelations&ips

fro$ t&e eneral to t&e specific

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Ob,ecti-e Oriented Pro,ect PlanninMain 'teps

1.

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@ cost@benefit ratios

@ opportunities

@ special interests

@ stae&olders support

@ etcetera

'trate)Tolls us*

5y>ustificationH strateic oals

5at to do>Direct supportH Institutional

De-elop$entH !&oice o Inter-entions

or 5o( and -it -o(>Intended

beneficiairiesH Direct recipientsH Ot&er partners

o->Institutional fra$eor

'trate) selection'o$e criteria

Tecnical> appropriateness local resources$aret suitabilit)

inancial>coats fln. attainabilit) fora4 0cono(ic>coat effecti-eness scon return Institutional>capacit) capabilit) T( re>uire$ents

and absorption 0nviron(ental>effects en-lr.costs attainabilit) Prag(atic>$andate ot&er efforts co$parati-e

ad-antae

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1. Pro,ect Identification

2. Identif) stae&olders

3. Initial ors&op

. Define and ran proble$s

". Define and ran ob,ecti-es

%. 'elect taret roupuip$ent

#ac of

essential

infor$ation

#i$ited

e4periencePoor

e>uip$ent

(bsence of

reional treat)

#o political

priorit)

'&ortae of

staff

o dedicated

lab. facilit);ea internal

leal fra$eor

O-er@fis&in reional seas

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Objectives treeTuna Project

Econo$ic utilisation of

natural resources

'ustainable $anae$ent of

tuna resources in t&e reion

(de>uate infor$ation

on tuna fis&eries

Effecti-e

$anae$ent of

reulations

Cp@to@date

Database

on tuna

Proper under@

standin of

Tuna biolo)

Disse$ination

of info a$on

7eional states

ade>uate

staffin of

fis&eries

ad$in.

E>uip$ent for

ad$in. J

enforce$ent

Detailed

base info

'ufficient

staff

7ele-ant

e4pertise

Dedicated

laborator)

(de>uate

e>uip$ent

7eional

treat) on

tuna

Internal

leal

fra$eor

:i& pol.

priorit)

Objectives treeTuna Project

Ado"ted

strategy

Econo$ic utilisation of

natural resources

'ustainable $anae$ent

of tuna resource in t&e

reion

(de>uate infor$ation

on tuna fis&eries

Cp@to@date

database

on tuna

Proper under@

standin of

Tuna biolo)

Disse$ination of

info a$on

reional states

Project

logic

Goal or

develo"(ent

objective

Pur"ose or

i((ediate

objective

/esults or

out"uts

Activities

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Training 0valuation for( OOPP ate>

Please ans-er by scoring on a scale of 1 6usually (ost negative7 and 6usually (ost "ositive7.

arrati!e comments are welcome.

1. 5at -as te level of your 'no-ledge and s'ills

on OOPP before te -or'so";

+o- 1 2 ! $ ig

!o$$ents*

2. 5at -as your interest i OOPP before te

-or'so";

+o- 1 2 ! $ ig

!o$$ents*

!. o- useful did you find tis -or'so"

altogeter;

+o- 1 2 ! $ ig

!o$$ents*

$. Te -or'so" gave too (uc attention to>

. Te -or'so" gave too little attention to>

). Te -or'so" sould ave been>

a= duration s&orter 1 2 ! $ loner

b= ti$in poor ti$in 1 2 ! $ ood

ti$in

c= location bad 1 2 ! $ ood

d= selection of trainees poor 1 2 ! $ ood

!o$$ents*

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Training 0valuation for( OOPP ate>

!o$$ents*

#. o- do you rate your "resent s'ills and

'no-ledge of OOPP;

#ittle 1 2 ! $ &i&

!o$$ents*

1%. 5at is your "resent interest in using OOPP; #o 1 2 ! $ &i&

!o$$ents*

11. o you e4"ect to use OOPP tis year; Cnliel) 1 2 ! $ liel)

!o$$ents*

12. o- do you rate your ability to carry out a

-or'so" on OOPP yourself;

#o 1 2 ! $ &i&

!o$$ents*

1!. o you e4"ect to actually do suc a -or'so"

tis year;

Cnliel) 1 2 ! $ liel)

!o$$ents*

1$. o- did you li'e te training venue; Bad 1 2 ! $ ood

!o$$ents*

1. o- did you li'e your acco((odation; Bad 1 2 ! $ ood

!o$$ents*

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" Bacround Infor$ation".1 7eferences

0uroconsult e4"erience

( proble$ tree onl) is used in pro,ect preparation docu$ents and/or inception reports. (n e4a$ple is*

!oastal ;etlands Protection and De-elop$ent. Fiet a$ (ricultural 'ector Manae$ent 'upport Prora$$e Se$en !oastal ;etlands Protection and De-elop$ent Fiet a$ 'ource* Manual Pro,ect !)cle Manae$ent 'ource* Manual P!M

+ogical ra(e-or' 1>'ource* Manual P!M

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Proble( tree 1 : Agricultural Manage(ent Su""ort Progra((e, Be(en

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#ac of ood land #ac of ater #ac of ar. inputs 'ales not attracti-e Cse of inade>uate tec&noloies

Tenanc) and

s&are croppin

proble$

O-er@use

of land

o ater storae

facilities

:i& cost

of inputs

Transport

proble$s

#o prices for

so$e food crops

ar$er doesnt no

alternati-e tec&nolo)

#i$itations of tradi@

tional tec&noloies

O-er@raNin of

ranelan

O-er cuttin of

trees

o access

to credit

o $essaes on rainfed

aric Or li-estoc

ar$er does not accept

e4tension $essaes

E4tensionist does

not -isit far$er

7esearc& $essaes not

con-erted to e4tension

7esearc& biased toards

irriated ariculture

!onfusin $essaes

fro$ different aencies

E4tension

$et&od not

effecti-e

#ac of

trans@

port

#ac of

$oti-a@

tion

Bias to@ards

so$e far$ers

;ea contact researc&

e4tensionists

Infor$ation fro$

e4tensionsits does not

reac& researc&ers

o co$$unica@

tion beteen

-arious aencies

#ac of nolede of

e4tension and co$$u@

nication $et&ods

o fe$ale

e4tensionist

s

#ac of

incenti-e

;ronl) se@

lected e4@

tension

staff

(ric output lo and not sustainable

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Proble( tree 2 : *oastal 5etlands Protection and evelo"(ent, 9iet ?a(

#ac of conser-ation

nolede/aareness

priorit) G sur-i-al

Increased pressure on scarce resources*

@ fireood/c&arcoal

@ construction ood

@ land for production

#ac of resources

#i$ited sills /

e4perience

;ea o-ern$ental

control / protection structure

!learfellin/desctruction

Of $anro-e forests in coastal

beit

Ficious circle

7eduction/depletion

of natural ua@

culture ualit) post

lar-ae production

Inade>uate $ain

strucutres

Inade>uate pond desin

and $anae$ent

Decline in coastal

area fis&in

opportunities

Increased fis&in

effortProduction of pollution

/ acidit)

'tart of crab

cultures!ollapse of s&ri$p industr)

Cn@sustainable

econo$ic acti-it)

:a$pers

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Proble( tree ! Source> Manual P*M, 0uro"ean *o((ission

Objectives tree 1 Source> Manual P*M, 0uro"ean *o((ission

OO

SO/TAG0S

P/O@*TIO? O? I++S

0*/0ASI?G

/I*0 P/O@*TIO?

0*/0ASI?G

E7O'IO O

:I## '#OPE'

*A@S0S

DE'T7C!TIO

O :(7FE'T'

*A@S0S

I77I6(TIO

ET;O7 OT

C!TIOI6

I77E6C#(7

'CPP#S O

IPCT'

OO SIT@ATIO?

IMP/O90

I?*/0AS0

P/O@*TIO? O? I++S

I?*/0AS0 /I*0

P/O@*TIO?

E7O'IO O

:I## '#OPE'

DIMII':ED

M0A?S

DE'T7C!TIO

O :(7FE'T'DIMII':ED

M0A?S

I77I6(TIO

ET;O7

C!TIOI6

MO7E 7E6C#(7

'CPP#S O

IPCT'

0?

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47/48

+ogical ra(e-or' 1 Source> Manual P*M, 0uro"ean *o((ission

7ice production ort&ern Pro-ince Boo

Inter-ention #oic Ob,ecti-el) Ferifiable Indicators 'ources of

Ferification

(ssu$ptions

Overall objective>

ood situation

i$pro-ed

ood situation i$pro-ed. (fter

1+ 300 rice or %00

$anioc consu$ed sa$e

8/10/2019 Manual Oopp v 2 2011 03

48/48

Inter-ention #oic Ob,ecti-el) Ferifiable Indicators 'ources of

Ferification

(ssu$ptions

en-iron$ent

Preconditions

Disputes beteen &ill

far$ers and loland far$ers

are settled

Official appro-al of

oraniNational set@up