Manual Practico de Analisis de Los Vinos (1873)

7/29/2019 Manual Practico de Analisis de Los Vinos (1873)

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t r b l t n a d ` n s v f j n s v b r b a d 2 9 5 9 g r b m n s p n r ` f t r n s f d j a n m u l ` f n m b y n r ` b l b j t f a b a l u b j a n s d t r b t b a d` n s v f j n s a u ` l d s y l n l f a n s y e b s t b j t d m d j n r l u b j a n s d d j s b y b j ` n s v f j n s a e f ` d s v f j n s a d l b s l b s * @ n sm n s t n s a b j l n m n d s j b t u r b ` u j b l b j t f a b a m u l i nm b y n r a d d x t r b l t n q u d ` ns v f j n s s f d j a n t r m f j n m d a f n a d 2 4 3 5 9 3 g r b m n s *D ` d x t r b l t n a d e d d x b m f j b r s d l u f a b a n s b m d j t d r d s p d l t n s u l n ` n r n ` n r s b e n r y a d m s p b r t f l u ` b r f a b a d s q u d p r d s d j t d b s l n m n a d e d b v d r f g u b r s d l n jg r b j l u f a b a n ` b l b j t f a b a a l d j f z b s q u d p r n a u l dl u b j a n s d ` d s n m d t d a d j t r n a d u j b l p s u ` b l r f s n ` a dp ` b t f j n b ` l b ` n r a d u j b ` m p b r b a d a n e ` d l n r r f d j t da d b f r d * D s t b n p d r b l f j m d r d l d t b m e f j q u d ` b a d t b ` ` d m n s p n r q u d d s ` b e b s d a d n p d r b l f n j d s u ` t d r f n r d s yp n r q u d a b f j a f l f n s a d ` b m b y n r f m p n r t b j l f b r d s p d l t n ` b j b t u r b ` d z b a d ` n s v f j n s *


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p r d s b r s d p n r d` s f g u f d j t d d s t b a n d j q u d s d d j l u d j t r b j n t b j s n `n ` b a d `n s m n s t n s s f j n t b m e f j ` b a d `b sp d ` l u ` b s y g r b j u ` b a d ` b s u v b s a d q u d p r n l d a d `nl u b ` j n s i b a d s d r v f r m b s b a d ` b j t d p b r b d x p ` f l b rl f d r t n s i d l i n s *L n m p n s f l f jdj

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< * b @ b a f s n ` u l f j a d s n s b d s m u y b ` t d r b e ` d b ` b f r d y p b r b d v f t b r q u d s d l n j v f d r t b d j l b r e n j b t n b l n j s d o bd ` \ r * M n i r q u d s d g u b r a d d j u j h r bs l n l u y n t b p ja d l n r l i n d s t b t r b v d s b a n p n r u j t u e nB b ) hg P 2 2 & q u d s d d j s b j l i b a d s p u sI | d j E y d j l u y b e n l b s u p d r f n r ` ` d v bp | | n t r n l n r l i n b t r b v d s b a n p n r d ` t u e n f*o PH @ b p b r t d E s d ` ` d j b a d u j b m d z l ` b a d

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b f r d b m e f d j t d p u d a d s dr t b m e f j d ` n r f g d j a d u j bp d q u d b l b j t f a b a a d ` m f s m n l f a n q u d d s s n ` u e ` d d jb q u d ` ` n s *S b r b a n s b r d ` l f a n l b r e j f l n s d m f a d j 2 33 l* l*a d ` v f j n d j l u d s t f j y s d p r n l d a d a d t d r m f j b r p n rd ` p r n l d a f m f d j t n b j t d r f n r ` b b l f a d z t n t b ` ; i d l i n d s t n y t n m b a b j n t b a d ` b l b j t f a b a a d s n sb j n r m b ` d m p ` d b a b sd m f a d j n t r n s 23 3 l* l* a d ` m f s m n v f j n s d f j t r n a u l d j d j u j e b ` j y s d s n m d t d j u j b d e u ` ` f l f j


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D j l u b j t n b ` a n s b a n a d ` ns l f a n s v n ` t f ` d s d v b ` u b a n s d j l f a n b l t f l n p u r n d j `n s ` q u f a n s a d a d s t f ` b l f j s d p u d a d i b l d r p n r m d a f n a d ` b a f s n ` u l f ja d s n sb j n r m b ` l u b ` q u f d r b n t r b a d ` b s q u d f j a f l b m n sb ` p r f j l f p f n a d d s t d l b p t u ` n * S n j g b m n s u j d o d m p ` npb r b h f o b r m d on r ` b s f ad b s *\ u p n j g b m n s q u d ?


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a d d x p d r f m d j t n s a f r d l t n s p r n p f n s p b r b t d r l f b r dj d s t ba f s l u s f j jns ` f m f t b r d m n s b l d p t b r `b n p f j f j ad`\ r * E d r t i d ` n t qud b b a m f t d dj b ` g u j n s v f j n s y abr d m n s d` p r n l d a f m f d j t n qud p b r b a d m n s t r b r ` b ib d m p ` d b a n bs l n m n p b r b b p r d l f b r su l b j t f a b a ) 2 & *I b q u dj `n qud l n j s f s t d d` p r n l d a f m f d j t n ad`\ r * E d r t i d ` n t ?)2& @ b prdsdjlfb ad` lfan tr tr fl n ` ferd puda d tbm ef jsdr adefab `b baflfj ad` mfsmn b` vfjn *

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a d u j b m d z l ` b h n r m b a b p n r p b r t d s f g u b ` d s a d t d r yb ` l n i n ` b e s n ` u t n a d ` b m b y n r g r b a u b l f j p n s f e ` d ;s d b g f t b d ` t n a n a d j t r n a d u j h rb s l n p d r h d l t b m d j t d 'l d r r b a n y s d a d o b r d p n s b r a u r b j t d v d f j t f l u b t r n i n r b s b ` l b e n a d `b s l u b ` d s s d i b e r h n r m b a n u j a d p s f t n a de f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b b s l n m n a d t n a n s ` n s l n m p u d s t n s a d ` l f a n t r t r f l n l n j ` b s e b s d s a d ` v f j n j n q u d a b j a n d j d s t d m b s q u d ` n s l f a n s ` f e r d s ; sd a d l b j t b ln j lu fa ba n sn er d u j hf`trn y sd ` b v b j d ` h r bsln y d `hf`trn lnj 24 l* l* ad ` b m d z l ` b ad b ` l nin ` y t d r y pn rm d a f n a d ` b a f s n ` u l f j j n r m b ` a d s n s b s d a d t d r m f j b ` b l b j t f a b a a d l f a n q u d d x f s t d d j d ` p r n a u l t n s ` f a nqu d q u d a b d j ` n s f j a f l b a ns hr b s l n y hf`trn *S n r n t r b p b r t d s d m f a d j 2 3 l* l* a d v f j n ; s d s b t u r b j p n r m d a f n a d u j b ` d g b a d p n t b s b l u s t f l b b b a f j a n ` d s a d s p u s 1 3 l* l* a d v f j n ; s d t n m b j 2 3 l* l*a d d s t b m d z l ` b y s d t r b t b j p n r u j b a f s n ` u l f j d t r d n -b ` l n i ` f l b y a d s p u s a d a d o b r r d p n s b r d ` t n a n s d p r n l d a d b ` a n s b a n a d ` l r m n r t r t b r n n e t d j f a n b j n t b j a n` b a f h d rd j l f b a d g r b a u b l f j d j t r d ` b p r f m d r b n p d r b l f j y ` b s d g u j a b ; s f d s t b ` t f m b p r n a u l d u j d x l d a d j t d d s s d b ` a d q u d d j d ` v f j n d j l u d s t f j d x f s t dd ` l f a n t r t r f l n ` f e r d q u d a d e d r b b a f r s d b ` q u d r d s u ` t a d ` b p r f m d r b n p d r b l f j * Q b j t n d j d s t b l n m n d jb q u d ` ` b n p d r b l f j d s j d l d s b r f n b b a f r 3 s r- 335 adt r t b r n b ` p r n a u l t n d j l n j t r b a n p u d s d s t b s b ` d s s n ` u e ` d b u j q u d d j t b j p d q u d b l b j t f a b a d j ` b m d z l ` ba d v f j n y a d t d r b ` l n i ` f l n * D s t b s n p d r b l f n j d s s n jm u y a d ` f l b a b s y a d e d j p r b l t f l b r s d l n j g r b j l u f a b a ny d x b l t f t u a p r n l u r b j a n a n s b r j n s n ` b m d j t d d ` ` q u f a n b `l b ` f j n q u d s d d m p ` d b s f j n t b m e f j ` b t f j t u r ba d t n r j b s n ` *D j l u b j t n ` b p b r t d t d r f l b a d ` p r n l d a f m f d j t n a d `


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L B S F Q T @ N F X * A N \ B A N A D @ N \ L F A N \ @ F E U D \ * 47\ r * E d r t i d ` n t s d d x p ` f l b h l f ` m d j t d * \ f d ` v f j n l n j t f d j d l f a n t r t r f l n ` f e r d l u b j a n s d ` d b b a b ` b ` d g ba d p n t b s b s d h n r m b r f j m d a f b t b m d j t d u j e f t b r t r b t na d p n t b s b y b ` i b l d r d ` s d g u j a n a n s b a n a d ` b s s b ` d sp r d l f p f t b a b s p n r ` b m d z l ` b a d b ` l n i n ` y t d r a d e d r d j l n j t r b r s d u j b m b y n r l b j t f a b a a d l f a n p u d s t n q u d` b s u m b a d ` e f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b i b b u m d j t b a n ; yl u b j a n ` n s a n s d x p d r f m d j t n s a d j u j f g u b ` r d s u ` t b a n d s f j a u a b e ` d q u d j n d x f s t d d j d ` v f j n d j s b y b a n d ` l f a n t r t r f l n ` f e r d *D ` \ r * S b s t d u r d j s u n e r b b j t d s l f t b a b r d l n m f d j a b d ` s f g u f d j t d m t n a n a d a n s b a n a d ` l f a n t r t r f l n q u d l r d d m n s m u y s u p d r f n r b ` q u d b l b e b m n s a d a d s l r f e f r *D s t h u j a b a n d s t d p r n l d a f m f d j t n d j ` b l n j v d r s f ja d ` l f a n t r t r f l n d j r b l d m b t n ; y b ` d h d lt n s f r v d u j ba f s n ` u l f j q u d l n j t f d j d 23 g r b m n s a d ` d v n - t b r t r b t nb m j f l n p n r ` f t r n s f d j a n h lf ` l b ` l u ` b r d ` v n ` u m d ja d d s t d ` q u f a n j d l d s b r f n p b r b t r b s h n r m b r d j r b l d m b - *t n t n a n d ` l f a n t r t r f l n l n j t d j f a n d j 5 3 l* l* a d v f j n p n r d o d m p ` n *B s t d j d m n s q u d ?

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\9 SBUQD F*BJ @F\F\ RTMFLN AD @N\ XFJN\* 5 3 l* l* a d v f j n ; a d s p u s sd Z b a d ` b l b j t f a b a a db g u b a d l b ` j d l d s b r f b p b r b s b t u r b r ` ns 5 3 l* l* a d v f j n l b j t f a b a q u d i b s f a n a d t d r m f j b a b p n r u j d j s b y nb l d a f m t r f l n p r d v f n p n r l u y n m d a f n s d p r d l f p f t b d `r b l d m b t n a d l b ` ; y s f ` b l b j t f a b a a d b g u b a d l b ` b b a f a b j n i b s t b p b r b p r d l f p f t b r t n an d ` r b l d m b t n p n s f e ` d s d r m d j d s t d r b b a f r b ` g u j b s g n t b s a d l ` n r u r na d l b ` l f n * S b s b a n s b ` g u j n s m f j u t n s s d h f ` t r b y s d t n m b j a n s l b j t f a b a d s f g u b ` d s a d ` ` q u f a n hf`trban q u ds u p n j a r d m n s s d r j a d 24 l* l, y ` b s l u b ` d s a d s f g j b r d m n s p n r ` b s ` d t r b s B y E; ` b p n r l f j B sd `db b a d j a n s g n t b s a d u j b a f s n ` u l f j a d a d x t r n - t b r t r b -t n b m j f l n b ` Z )2 g r b m n d j 23 3 l* l* a d b g u b a d s t f ` b a b & y ` b p n r l f j E s d ` d b b a d j n t r b s a n s g n t b sa d u j b a f s n ` u l f j a d ` d v n - t b r t r b t n b m j f l n f g u b ` m d j t d b ` o Z o * I d l i n d s tn p u d a d j p r d s d j t b r s d t r d s l b s n s m u y a f s t f j t n s b ` l b e n a d m d a f b u j b i n r b ? s dh n r m b u j p r d l f p f t b a n d j d ` v f j n B, dj d ` E, d jj f j g u j n a d ` n s a n s p d r n j u j l b d j b m e n s ` b v d zl n m n j n h u dr b d j b ` g u j b l f r l u j s t b j l f b b l l f a d j t b ` ;d ` p r f m d r l b sn f j a f l b q u d d ` ` q u f a n q u d i b p b s b a n t r b v s a d ` h f ` t r n l n j t f d j d ` d v n - t b r t r b t n ` n l u b ` q u f d r da d l f r q u d d ` v f j n j n l n j t f d j d l f a n t r t r f l n d q u f v b ` d j t d < g r b m n s a d e f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b ; d ` s d g u j a nj n s a f l d q u d i b y d j d ` ` q u f a n E a d x t r n - t b r t r b t n yq u d p n r ` n t b j t n d ` v f j n d j l u d s t f j l n j t f d j d d j l f a n t r t r f l n d ` d q u f v b ` d j t d a d m b s a d < g r b m n s a d e f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b ; p n r ` t f m n s f j n i b y p r d l f p f t b a nd j d ` ` q u f a n B j f d j d ` E, s d r s d b ` a d q u d d ` v f j nl n j t f d j d p n l n m b s m d j n s d ` d q u f v b ` d j t d a d < g r b m n s a d ` d x p r d s b a n e f t b r t r b t n p n r ` f t r n * L u b j a n s d j n sp r d s d j t b d ` s d g u j a n lb s n s d p r n l d a d r u j j u d v n


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LBSQT@N FX*AN\BAN AD @N\ LFAN\ @FEUD\ 46d j s b y n s d m d o b j t d b ` b j t d r f n r l n j ` b s n ` b a f h d r d j l f ba d b b a f r ` n s 5 3 l* l* a d v f j n d ` d q u f v b ` d j t d d j l f a n ` d v n - t r t r f l n a d < 4 g r b m n s a d e f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b p n r ` f t r n ; a d d s t d m n a n l n j s d g u f r d m n s r d s u ` t b a n sb j ` n g n s y b s s u l d s f v b m d j t d ` ` d g b r d m n s n e t d j d ra n s ` m f t d s m u y b p r n x f m b a n s d j t r d ` n s l u b ` d s d s t b r l n m p r d j a f a b ` b l b j t f a b a t n t b ` a d l f a n t r t r f l n l n ju j d r r n r m d j n r q u d u j a d l f g r b m n l fj l n l d j t f g r b m n s p n r ` f t r n *

@ b v d j t b o b m b s p r f j l f p b ` a d ` m t n a n a d ` \ r * S b s -t d u r d s t r f e b d j q u d s d p u d a d j d j s b y b r d j u j p d q u d nf j t d r v b ` n a d t f d m p n y l n j m u l i b d x b l t f t u a a n s e n t d ` ` b s p n r d o d m p ` n a d u j m f s m n v f j n d j u j b a d ` b sl u b ` d s i b p d r m b j d l f a n d s td s f j b ` t d r b r s d m f d j t r b sq u d d j ` b n t r b s d i b p r d s d j t b a n u j p r f j l f p f n a d b ` t d r b l f j y s f d s t b b h d l t b b ` l f a n t r t r f l n *S n r ` n a d m s ` b p r d s d j l f b a d d s t d l f a n d j u j v f j n y b s d b d j d s t b a n ` f e r d d j d ` a d l n m e f j b l f j q u d a b d x p ` f l b a b b ` i b e ` b r a d ` b h n r m b l f j a d ` b z l b rd j ` b u v b *

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v n d ` h r b s l n a d ` b g d ` b t f j b y ` b a f h d r d j l f b a d p d s n f j a f l b r ` b q u d s d i b l n j s u m f a n d j b q u d ` ` b p r d l f p f t b l f j y p n r l n j s f g u f d j t d d` l f a n t j f l n q u d d x f s t f bd j d ` v f j n d j s b y b a n *@ b l b j t f a b a a d t b j f j n q u d g d j d r b ` m d j t d l n j t f d j du j v f j n e ` b j l n d s t r m f j n m d a f n a d 3 5 g r b m n s p n r` f t r n p u a f d j a n s fj d m e b r g n ` ` d g b r b u j q u d d x l d p -l f n j b ` m d j t d i b s t b 3 8 g r b m n s * D j ` ns v f j n s t f j t n sd s t b a n s f s v b r b a d 3 9 g r b m n s 2 < g r b m n s p n r` f t r n *

Blfan ltrfln*@ b p r d s d j l f b a d ` l f a n l t r f l n ) L 5 I s 3I, < IN&d j d ` v f j n i b s f a n p u d s t b d j a u a b p n r a f s t f j g u f a n sq u m f l n s ; j n s n t r n s s f j d m e b r g n b u j q u d s f j b t r d v d r j n s b s d g u r b r q u d d x f s t d d j ` n s v f j n s j n r m b ` d s j n sd x p ` f l b m n s p d r h d l t b m d j t d ` b p n s f e f ` f a b a a d q u d s dd j l u d j t r d b ` g u j b q u d n t r b v d z d j ` n s m n s t n s q u d p r n l d a d j a d l f d r t b s v b r f d a b a d s a d u v b s y d j d s t b s l u b j a n j n i u e f d r b j m b a u r b a n e b s t b j t d ) 2 & *D j ` n q u d j n p u d a d q u d a b r j n s a u a b b ` g u j b d s d jq u d d ` l f a n l t r f l n s d d j l u d j t r b s f d m p r d d j ` n s v f j n s q u d s d ` d s i b b b a f a n l f d r t b s s u s t b j l f b s q u d ` d l n j t f d j d j d j s u h fl f d j t d l b j t f a b a p b r b i b l d r ` d m u y s d j s f e ` d b ` b j ` f s f s a d b q u d ` ` n s v f j n s ? d s t b s s u s t b j l f b ss n j d j t r d n t r b s ` b s m n r b s j d g r b s l d r d z b s h r b m e u d s b s l b m e r j j d g r n d t l *B u j q u d j n s d b m b s p n r `n t b j t n q u d p b r b l n j hf rm b r s d m d o b j t d s u p n s f l f j d s m u y l n j v d j f d j t d f j -


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LBSQT@N FX*AN\BAN AD @N\ LFAN\ @FEUD\* 89a b g b r s f d ` l f a n l t r f l n d x f s t d d j u j v f j n * S b r b d ` `ns d p u d a d s dg -u fr d ` s f g u f d j t d p r n l d a f m f d j t n ?\ d j d u t r b ` f z b j 5 3 3 g r b m n s p r x f m b m d j t d a d ` v f j nt f j t n s n s p d l i n s n l n j d ` l b r e n j b t n a d s n s b ; a d s p u ssd b b a d l `n ru rn ad lb `l fn y sd hf`trb b ` l be n ad u jln r tn r dp ns n dj h r f * D ` ` q u f an hf`trban sd sn m dt d ` b d v b p n r b l f j i b s t b q u d q u d a d r d a u l f a n 4 3 g r b m n sp r x f m b m d j t d ; s d hf`trb d ` ` q u f a n i f r v f d j a n y s d ` b v bd j s d g u f a b l n j u j p nl n a d b g u b t b m e f j i f r v f d j a n d `p r d l f p f t b a n q u d q u d a b r s n e r d d ` h f ` t r n * D s t d p r d l f p f

t b a n q u d l n j t f d j d t n a n d ` l f a n l t r f l n u j f a n ` b l b `) d ` j f t r b t n a d l b ` d s m u l i n m d j n s s n ` u e ` d d j l b ` f d j t dqu d d j h r f & s d ad o b d j a fg d s t f j b s q u d s d d j h r f b a u r b j t d u j b a n s i n r b s l n j d ` l ` n r u r n b m j f l n q u da f s ud `v d d j hr f t nan d ` l f t r b tn ad l b ` l nj u j pnl n adt b r t r b t n a d ` b m f s m b e b s d * A d s p u s a d i b e d r hf`trba nd s t b a f s n ` u l f j s d ` b i b l d i d r v f r a u r b j t d b ` g u j n sm f j u t n s ; y p n r p n l n l f a n l t r f l n q u d d ` v f j n t u v f d s d s d v d r s d p b r b r s d d ` l f t r b t n l b ` l f l n d j h n r m b a d p n ` v na d j s n e ` b j l n y g r b j u ` b r q u d s d r d a f s n ` v d r b ` g jt f d m p n a d s p u s q u d d` ` q u f a n i b y b v u d ` t n d s t b rh r f *

J f j g u j b a d ` b s s b `d s q u d d ` v f j n l n j t f d j d p r d s d j t b d s t d l b r l t d r q u d d s p n r ` n t b j t n a f s t f j t f v n *S n r ` n a d m s d ` p r d l f p f t b a n s d p b r b a n d j l b ` f d j t ds ne r d uj h f ` t r n y r d a f s ud ` tn d j uj pnl n ad l fan l `n r i a r f l n p r d l f p f t b r p n r ` b d e u ` ` f l f j d` b g u b a d l b `) s b tu r b a b 233& y s d r d a f s n `v d r m d a fa b q u d s df r d j h r f b j a n * D s t d h d j m d j n ds t b m e f j l b r b l t d r s t f l n p b r b d ` l f a n l t r f l n *L f d j p b r t d s d j p d s n a d l f t r b t n a d l b ` r d p r d s d j t b j 8 8 8 a d l f a n l t r f l n t r f e s f l n l n j l u y n a b t n p u d a d b p r d l f b r s d ` b l b j t f a b a a d d s t d l f a n q u d l n j t f d j du j p r d l f p f t b a n a d b q u d ` ` b s b ` *M B M ? B @ S U LQ * E D X F J N \ * 4


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88 SBUQDF*BJ@F\F\ RTMFLNAD@N\ XFJN\*A f g b m n s , p b r b t d r m f j b r l u b j t n d s t d l f a n s d r d -hfdrd, q u d d ` l f t r b t n a d l b ` p u d a d a f s t f j g u f r s d p d r h d l -t b m d j t d a d ` t b r t r b t n a d ` b m f s m b e b s d , p u d s t n q u dd s t d ` t f m n d s s n ` u e ` d d j ` b p n t b s b l u s t f l b , m f d j t r b sq u d d ` l f t r b t n d s f j s n ` u e ` d *

Ntrns lfans*D ` v f j n l n j t f d j d , p u d a d l n j t d j d r t n a b v b , n t r n s l f a n s , l nm n p n r d o dmp ` n ? d ` l f a n p b r b t r t r f l n )adf g u b ` l nmpn s f l f j q u d d ` t r t r f l n & , q u d , s d g j p b r d -l d , sd h n rm b d j d `v f j n p n r ` b a d s l nmpn s f l f j a d ` t d rt r t r f l n ; d ` l f a n e u t r f l n )L 9I/ N 2&, q u d sd h n rm b p n rl f d r t b a d s l nmpn s f l f j a d ` b g ` u l n s b )2&; d ` l f a n p r n -p f j f l n )L 8 N 1& , q u d r d s u ` t b a d ` b a d s l nmpn s f l f ja d ` l f a n t r t r f l n d j a d t d r m f j b a b s l f r l u j s t b j l f b s )5&,y q u d p u d a d p r n l d a d r t b m e f j a d ` b g ` f l d r f j b , l nm ns u l d a d l u b j a n d ` v f j n s u h r d ` b d j h d rm d a b a ` ` b m b a bt n r l f a n v u d ` t n )


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LBSQT@N FX*AN\BAN AD @N\ LFAN\ @FE UD\* 87` b p n t b s b s n e r d ` b p d l t f j b p r n l d a d j t d s b m e b s a d `h r u t n d t l *D ` a n s b a n a d t n a n s d s t n s l f a n s j n t f d j d j f j g u j bf m p n r t b j l f b e b on d ` p u j t n a d v f s t b p r l t f l n y b a d m s s d r f b m u y a f h l f` p n r j n a d l f r f m p n s f e ` d v d r f hflbr`n*


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L B S Q T @ N X *Ansban ad `bs sb`ds nrgjflbs *

L u b j a n sd s n m d t d ` b d v b p n r b l f j u j m n s t n l u b ` q u f d r b d ` v f j n q u d i b p r n a u l f a n y s d l b ` l f j b d ` r d s f a u n d x t r b l t n s `f a n q u d a d o b s d d j l u d j t r b j v b r f b ss u s t b j l f b s m f j d r b ` d s s f d j a n a d j n t b r q u d ` b l b j t f a b aa d e b s d s q u d d s t b s l n j t f d j d j s u p d r b l n j m u l i n ` bq u d s d j d l d s f t b p b r b h n r m b r s b ` d s l n j ` n s l f a n s q u dd j t r d ` b s m f s m b s d j l n j t r b m n s * A d b q u s d a d a u l d q u d` ns l f a n s n r g j f l n s d j t r b j p n r m b y n r l b j t f a b a q u d` n s j n n r g j f l n s d j ` b h n r m b l f j a d ` b s s b ` d s a d ` v f j n *D ` \ r * H b u r i b d j l n j t r b a n d j 2 3 3 3 g r b m n s s d bb p r n x f m b a b m d j t d d j u j ` f tr n a d b ` g u j n s v f j n s ` bss b ` d s s f g u f d j t d s ?

QFJN\ QFJQN\* XFJN\ F @BTLN\*M f j f m u m * M x f m u m * M j f m u m * M x f m u m *Q b r t r b t n l f a n a d p n t b s b * 3 * 8 8 8 1 2*6759 3 *62 75 2 *4


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LBSQT@N X*AN\BAN AD @B\ \B@D\ NUGJFLB\* 86

Q d m p d r b t u r b * B g u b p u r b* B g u b b ` l n i n` fz b a b3 g r b a n s * * * * 5 1 1 g r b m n s 2 1 24 < 3 3 2 7 4

2 3 < 7 3 - 5 2 52 4 1 4 < 5 4


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7 3 SBUQD F*BJ @F\F\ RTMFLN AD @N\ X FJN\*l n i b d m p ` d b a n d ` \ r * E d r t i d ` n t u j p r n l d a f m f d j t n a da n s b a n p b r b b q u d ` ` b s b ` *S b r b d ` `n e b s t b r d l n r a b r d ` p r n l d a f m f d j t n d m p ` d b a n p b r b ` b a d t d r m f j b l f j a d ` b l b j t f a b a a d l f a n t r t r f l n y t d j d r p r d s d j t d q u d l b a b l d j t m d t r n l e f l na d a f s n ` u l f j a d s n s b l n r r d s p n j a d 3 3 2 9 9 2 2 s f d j a nd s t b l b j t f a b a ` b a f d z m f ` s f m b d q u f v b ` d j t d a d ` e f t b r -t r b t n * A d m b j d r b q u d s f s d j d l d s f t b r b j 3 5 l d j t m d t r n s l e f l n s a d s n sb j n r m b ` p b r b j d u t r b ` f z b r d` e f t b r -t r b t n a d p n t b s b l n j t d j f a n d j ` n s 2 3 l* l* a d v f j n r d s u ` t b r b q u d l b a b ` f t r n a d d s t d v f j n t d j a r b u j b l b j t f a b a a d d s t b s b ` r d p r d s d j t b a b p n r

3 5 x 3 3 2 9 9 2 2 x 2 3 3 = 3 Z - < 7 8 5 5 *B d s td r d s u ` t b a n i b y q u d b b a f r ` d 3,sr-5 a d e f t b r -t r b t n a d p n t b s b p n r s d r d s t b ` b l b j t f a b a q u d p u d a d

q u d a b r a f s u d ` t b d j ` n s a f h d r d j t d s ` q u f a n s d m p ` d b a n s *D ` p r n l d a f m f d j t n a d ` \ r * E d r t i d ` n t p u d a d d m p ` d b r s d t b m e f j p b r b a d t d r m f j b r `b l b j t f a b a a d p n t b s bl n j t d j f a b d j u j v f j n ` n l u b ` j n a d o b a d p r d s d j t b r f j t d r s b ` g u j b s v d l d s * B ` d h dl t n s d m f a d j 23 l* l* a d `v f j n d j s b y b r ; s d ` d s b b a d j 4 l* l* a d u j b a f s n ` u l f j a d l f a n t r t r f l n a n e ` d t r f p ` d d j r f q u d z b b l f a bq u d d ` l f a n t r t r f l n a d ` v f j n a d m b j d r b q u d p u d a bl n j v d r t f r t n a b ` b p n t b s b q u d d s t d l n j t d j g b d j e f t b r -t r b t n ; ad s pu s s d ` d b b ad d s tn s 24 l* l* a d ` ` q u f a nt n t b ` 7 4 l* l* a d ` b m d z l ` b d t r d n - b ` l n i ` f l b ; s d b g f t by s d a d o b r d p n s b r a u r b j t d v d f j t f l u b t r n i n r b s y d ` t r t b r n sd p r d l f p f t b s d a n s b d ` e f t b r t r b t n y a d d s t b l b j t f a b a s d a d a u l d ` b a d p n t b s b q u d d x f s t f b d j d ` v f j n *D o d m p ` n ?23 l* l* a d v f j n `n s q u d s d i b j b b a f a n 4 l* l*a d u j b a f s n ` u l f j a d < p n r 2 3 3 a d l f a n t r t r f l n p r d -


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LBSFQT@N X*AN\BAN AD @B\ \B@D\ NUGJFLB\* Ilfpftbans pnr 74 l* l* ad `b mdzl`b ad b`lnin` y tdr,ibj aban uj grban ad blfadz sbturban pnr 3,- -27 adsnsb jnrmb`, `n qud rdprdsdjtb

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Binrb efdj; sf judstrn prfmdr djsbyn jns ibefbaban 3,dr-73884 dj dqufvb`djtd ad pntbsb, ds dvfadjtdqud iby uj dxldsn ad dstd `lb`f rdprdsdjtban pnr3,sr-36155 qud dxfstfb dj d` vfjn lnmefjban lnj ntrnlfan afst fjtn qud d` trtrfln, hnrmbjan mb`btn, s u` hbtn, l`nrurn tbrt rbtn jdutrn pntsfln, bujqud dstn`tfmn ds pnln prnebe`d*

D` prnldafmfdjtn adslrftn prdsdjtb b`gujb s afh flu`tbads, y djtrd d``bs `b prdlfpftblfj ad `bs sb`ds adlb` b` mfsmn t fdmpn qud d` eftbrt rbtn ad pntbsb, `nlub` prnaulfr uj drrnr dj d` l`lu`n* Dstd drrnr pudZa d sfj dmebrgn, sb`vbrsd ibstb lfdrtn pujtn prdlfpftbjan `b lb` bjtds ad prnldadr b` bj` fsfs, pnr mdafnad` nxb`btn bmjfln, qud hnrmbr uj nxb`btn ad lb`fjsn`ue`d ad` qud pudad prfvbrsd b` vfjn pnr mdafn ad`b hf`trblfj*

Bjtd `bs afhflu`tbads ad` prnldafmfdjtn ad` sdnrEdrtid`nt, jnsntrns lrddmns mbs lnjvdjfdjtd dstdntrn? \d mfadj 233 l* l* ad vfjn, qud sd rdauldj pnr`b dvbpnrblfj b` dstban ad obrbed; sd adob djhrfbr `bmbsb, qud sd trbtb dj sdgufab pnr 43 l* l* ad b`lnin` 64; tnan d` trtbrn sd prdlfpftb ad dstd mnan, y adspus ad adlbjtbr d` `qufan, sd lb`lfjb d` adpsftn qudsd ib hnrmban; tdrmfjbab `b lb`lfjblfj, sd trbtb `bpbrtd qud ib qudaban pnr d` bg ub adstf`bab, sd hf`trbd` `qufan turefn qud sd hnrmb, sd `bvb `b pbr td qud


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7 5 SBUQD F*BJ@F\F\ RTMFLN AD @N\ XFJN\*qu da b dj d` hf`trn, y sd ansb `b lbj tf ab a ad pntbsb,lnjtdjfab dj d` `qufan l`brn b` dstban ad lbrenjbtn*Sb rb adt drm fjb r dstb lbj tfa ba ad pntbsb, sd p r n ldad ad `b mbjdrb sfgufdjtd? \d ln`nlb d` `qufan hf`trb an dj uj b lpsu `b ad pnrld`b jb; sd lb`f djt b ib stbujb tdmpdrbturb prxfmb `b ad `b deu``flfj; sd `dmdzl`bj ujbs gntbs ad tfjturb ad tnrjbsn`, y sd vbbbafdjan pnr mdafn ad ujb eurdtb grbaubab d` lfan nx`fln jnrmb`, qud dj ntrb pbrtd quda fjaflban;d` `qufan tn mb ef dj pr nj tn uj ln`nr rnofzn, ``dgba nb` lu b` sd `d if dr vd p b rb qu d sd a dsprdj ab d` lfan-lbrej fln qud prnlda d ad `b adslnmpn sflfj ad` l b renjbtn ad pntbsb )K N, L 3-& pnr d` lfan nx` fln, b`hnrmbrsd d` nxb`btn ad pntbsb )K N, I N, L'- N


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LBSQT@N X *AN\BAN AD @B\ \B@D\ NUGJFLB\* 7 r- 7 5 2 8 4 *A d t n a n s m n a n s ` b l b ` p n a r p r d l f p f t b r s d p n r m d a f n a d ` n x b ` b t n b m j f l n l n m n b j t d s i d m n s v f s t n ;p d r n d s t n l n m p ` f l b y b ` b n p d r b l f j e b s t b j t d *Q b m e f j p u d a d d m p ` d b r s d p b r b d ` a n s b a n a d ` e f t b r t r b t n d ` p r n l d a f m f d j t n q u d i d m n s f j a f l b a n a d ` s d n r S b s t d u r p b r b ` b a d t d r m f j b l f j a d ` l f a n t r t r f l n ;l n j n l f a n d s t d s d d j l u d j t r b ` b l b j t f a b a a d b q u d ` ` bs b ` d j s d g u f a b s f j m b s q u d t d j d r p r d s d j t d q u d u jg r b m n a d ` p r f m d r n r d p r d s d j t b 2 1 5 4 a d ` d x p r d s b a ne f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b *D ` m f s m n \ r * S b s t d u r b l n j s d o b d ` s f g u f d j t d p r n l d a f m f d j t n s u m b m d j t d h l f ` y e b s t b j t d d x b l t n p b r b d `a n s b a n a d ` e f t b r t r b t n * \ d r d a u l d u j ` f t r n a d v f j n p n rm d a f n a d ` b d v b p n r b l f j b ` e b n - m b r b 4 3 l* l* a ds u v n ` u m d j m d o n r b u j i b s t b q u d s d h n r m d d j s us u p d r h fl f d ` b p d ` l u ` b q u d f j a f l b d ` p u j t n a d l r f s t b ` f z b l f j ; s d a d o b d j r d p n s n p b r b q u d l r f s t b ` fl d a u r b j t dv d f j t f l u b t r n i n r b s l u b r d j t b y n l i n s f h u d r b p r d l f s n ;s d a d l b j t b j ` b s b g u b s m b a r d s y s d ` b v b j ` n s l r f s t b ` d sq u d s d i b j h n r m b a n l n j b g u b s b t u r b a b a d e f t b r t r b t n


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71 SBUQD F*BJ@F\F\ RTMFLN AD @N\ X FJN\*p n t s f l n ; s d a d s d l b j d s t n s l r f s t b ` d s d j u j b l p s u ` b t b r b a b y d ` p d s n q u d r d s u ` t b a d m b s r d p r d s d j t b d ` a d `e f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b q u d l n j t d j f b d ` ` f t r n a d v f j n * A dd s t d m n a n s n `n s d p r d l f p f t b d ` e f t b r t r b t n y u j b l f d r t bl b j t f a b a a d m b t d r f b l n ` n r b j t d a d q u d h l f ` m d j t d s d` d p r f v b p n r ` n s ` b v b a n s u ` t d r f n r d s *S b r b t d r m f j b r v b m n s n l u p b r j n s a d n t r n p r n l d a f m f d j t n a d e f a n b ` \ r * A n r v b u ` t *A d s p u s a d i b e d r p d s b a n 2 33 g r b m n s a d ` v f j n d j s b y b r s d d v b p n r b j i b s t b ` b l n j s f s t d j l f b a d d x t r b l t n ` q u f a n * D s t d d x t r b l t n s d r d m u d v d d j l b ` f d j t d l n j2 4 5 3 g n t b s a d l f a n b l t f l n l n j l d j t r b a n y a d s p u ss d ` b v b v b r f b s v d l d s l n j b ` l n i n ` i b s t b q u d j n d j r n o d z l b d ` t n r j b s n ` *D ` b ` l n i n ` a f s u d ` v d t n a n s ` n s b l d t b t n s l f t r b t n s y` n s l f a n s g ` f l n y t r t r f l n ` f e r d s q u d p u d a d j d j l n j t r b r s d * @ b m b y n r p b r t d a d `b m b t d r f b l n ` n r b j t d y a d `t b j f j n d s t b m e f j s d p b r b a b p n r d ` b ` l n i n ` * D ` l f a nb l t f l n q u d s d i b b b a f a n b ` d x t r b l t n a d o b d j ` f e d r t b a` n s l f a n s t j f l n y g ` f l n q u d d s t b e b j l n m e f j b a n s yi b l d q u d s d b m b s h l f` s u d ` f m f j b l f j p n r d` b ` l n i n ` ` n q u d t f d j d m u l i b f m p n r t b j l f b p b r b ` b d x b l t f t u a a d `r d s u ` t b a n p n r q u d d s t n s a n s l f a n s s n j p r d l f p f t b a n st b m e f j l n m n d ` l f a n t r t r f l n p n r d ` b g u b a d l b ` d jd x l d s n *D ` r ds faun sd ln `nlb snerd uj h f ` t rn anjad sd ad obd s l u r r f r y s d l b r a f s n ` v f j a n ` d s n e r d d ` m f s m n h f `t rnl n j 23 25 g r b m n s a d b g u b q u d l n j t d j g b j e b s t b j t ds n sb p n t b s b p b r b i b l d r q u d ` b a f s n ` u l f j q u d a d b ` l b ` f j b * D ` ` q u f a n s d ` ` d v b u j b a n s v d l d s s n e r d d `h f ` t r n * B s s d i b j p r d l f p f t b a n y s d p b r b a n tn a n s ` n sh n sh b tn s a d l b ` y a d m b g j d s f b y t r b s h n r m b a n d ` e f t b r t r b t n a d p n t b s b d j s b ` j d u t r b m u y s n ` u e ` d * \ f d `v fj n i b s fa n t r b t b a n pn r d ` yd s n d ` ` q u f an hf`trban


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LBS QT@N X *AN\BAN AD @B\ \B@D\ NUGJFLB\* 74l n j t d j a r f g u b ` m d j t d d ` s u ` h b t n a d p n t b s b * D s t d ` q u f a n l n j t f d j d n r a f j b r f b m d j t d s u ` hb t n y t b r t r b t n a dp n t b s b l ` n r u r n s y m b t d r f b d x t r b l t f v b y b ` g u j b s v d l d s m b ` b t n s y s u l f j b t n s b ` l b ` f j n s *D ` ` q u f a n b ` l b ` f j n s d j d u t r b ` f z b l n j b ` g u j b s g n t b s a d l f a n b l t f l n y s d ` d b b a d d j s d g u f a b b g u ba d l b ` e f d j ` f m p f b i b s t b q u d j n a m b s p r d l f p f t b a n *D s t b b g u b a d l b ` j n p r d l f p f t b ` n s s u ` h b t n s ` n s l ` n r u r n s ` n s b l d t b t n s ` n s m b ` b t n s j f ` n s s u l f j b t n s q u d s dd j l u d j t r b j p u d a d j d j l n j t r b r s d ; y l n m n p n r n t r bp b r t d ` b l b s f t n t b ` f a b a a d `n s l f a n s t j f l n y g ` f l na d ` v f j n i b j s fa n d ` f m f j b a n s a d ` d x t r b l t n p n r m d a f na d ` b ` l n i n ` d ` p r d l f p f t b a n h n r m b a n l n j s f s t d d j t b r t r b t n a d l b ` p u r n y e ` b j l n *D s t d p r d l f p f t b a n s d r d l n g d s n e r d u j h f ` t r n p d q u d n a n j a d s d ` b v b y l n j d ` l u b ` u j b v d z s d l n s d ` d l b ` l f j b b ` r n o n e ` b j l n p b r b n e t d j d r l b ` v f v b * D ` p d s n a dd s t b l b ` a b `b l b j t f a b a a d t b r t r b t n a d ` v f j n d j s b y b a n s b e f d j a n q u d 2 3 33 a d l b ` r d p r d s d j t b j < < 4 9 a d t r t b r n * B ` i b l d r ` b p d s b a b j n a d e d p d r a d r s d a d v f s t bq u d a d ` p d s n q u d r d s u ` t b i b y q u d a d a u l f r d ` a d ` b sld jf zb s ad ` h f`trn *S b r b l u b j a n sd i b g b d ` a n s b a n d j h n r m b a d l b r e n j b t n a d l b ` a d e d t d j d r s d m u y p r d s d j t d ` n q u d a f o f m n s b` i b e ` b r a d ` m n a n a d l n j v d r t f r d j l d j f z b s u jd x t r b l t n ` b s q u d a d e d b b a f r s d a u r b j t d d ` ` t f m np d r n a n a d ` b l b ` l f j b l f j u j p n l n a d l b r e n j b t n b m j f l n *@ b l b j t f a b a a d e f t b r t r b t n p n t s f l n q u d ` n s v f j n sj b t u r b ` d s l n j t f d j d j v b r b l n j s f a d r b e ` d m d j t d l n m ns d

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