Manual Tree Gross - Ingles

7/23/2019 Manual Tree Gross - Ingles

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manual-tree-gross-ingles 1/67

© Prof. Dr. Jürgen Nagel

Northwest German Forest Research StationDepartment of Growth and Yield

Grätelstr. !

"#$#% G&ttingen

German'

J(ergen.Nagel)nw*f+a.de



Table of Content

1Overview.........................................................................................................................4

2Installation .....................................................................................................................4

2.1Requirements.....................................................................................................52.2Directories and Files..........................................................................................52.3Installation of the ForestSimulator under Ubuntu.............................................62.4First use.............................................................................................................2.5Startin! ForestSimulators.................................................................................."2.6U#date...............................................................................................................$

2.Deinstallation.....................................................................................................$

3Using the ForestSimulator............................................................................................9

3.1User Interface....................................................................................................$3.2stand anal%sis...................................................................................................1&

.3.2.1'estandesinformationen..........................................................................1&

.3.2.2Stand ma#................................................................................................11

.3.2.3(arallel (ro)ection...................................................................................123.3Re#orts.............................................................................................................13

.3.3.1*ree +alues..............................................................................................13

.3.3.2Stand table...............................................................................................14

.3.3.3Stand structure.........................................................................................15

.3.3.4,ssortment..............................................................................................15

.3.3.5S#ecies settin!s.......................................................................................16

.3.3.6S#ecies code............................................................................................16

.3.3.,dditional !ra#hics.................................................................................163.4Stand treatment and #ro!nosis.........................................................................16

.3.4.1Interacti+e thinnin! ...............................................................................16

.3.4.2,utomatic rule based stand treatment.....................................................1

.3.4.3(ro!nosis.................................................................................................1$3.5,ssortment.......................................................................................................2&

.3.5.1Introduction.............................................................................................2&

.3.5.2-alculate assortments..............................................................................213.6Usin! of on stand data..................................................................................22

.3.6.1/eneratin! ne stands............................................................................23

.3.6.20dit stand data.........................................................................................24

.3.6.3*ree/rSS data format........................................................................243.,dd additional trees to stand...........................................................................263."S#ecial functions.............................................................................................26

.3.".1Usin! the results in other #ro!rams .......................................................263.$,d)ust the simulator .......................................................................................2

3.1&-on+ert 'I(ro6.2 files to 7..............................................................3&



"

4Literatur.......................................................................................................................31

5Appeni!.......................................................................................................................3"

5.10quations and Settin!s for orthest /erman%.............................................3"5.2In!roth odel...............................................................................................615.3*a#er Functions...............................................................................................65

ForestSim(lator ,-NPro #./ 0 1nglisch 2an(al 0 3ersion 4pril !$55



6+er+iew 7

The ForestSimulator based on the software package TreeGrOSS

1 Overview

8he ForestSimulator was de+eloped to anal'e and e+al(ate forest stands and theirde+elopment. 8he program foc(ses on the handling of single stands. t offers +ari*

o(s methods to create +irt(al forest stands either witho(t data or 9' reading e:ist*ing stand data. Stand treatment and the assortment of har+ested tree can 9edefined 9' (ser dialogs. 8hese definitions are (sed in com9ination with the definedforest growth model to model the forest stand de+elopment. Reports a9o(t thegrowth; the treatment; the har+ested +ol(me and the assortment can 9e generatedafter each sim(lated < 'ear period. F(rthermore it is possi9le to +is(alie the stand! and " D. ,oth ill(strations are interacti+e. 8he (ser can mar= trees for thinningand har+esting; as well as for protection >ha9itat trees?. 8he manip(lated and sim(*lated stands can 9e sa+ed and (sed at a later point time. 8his wa' it is possi9le toanal'se different de+elopment strategies of one forest stand.

8he program offers interesting f(nctions for different (sers. 8he foresters fromthe field can sim(late different sil+ic(lt(ral options; anal'e the conse@(ences and(se the information for his decision. For teaching and ed(cation the program can9e (sed for e:ample to e:plain thinning and har+esting concepts. n strategic plan*ning it can 9e (sed to find a reasona9le treatment sol(tion.

2 Installation

n this man(al the installation of the ForestSim(lator will 9e descri9ed onl' for2icrosoft -indows and the Ain(: operating s'stem B9(nt(. 8he ForestSim(latorcan 9e also (sed on all other operating s'stem with an a+aila9le Ja+a R(ntime 1n*gine. 8he program has 9een tested on 2S -indows and B9(nt( operating s's*tems.




nstallation<

!.5 Re@(irements

8he program is written in Ja+a and it ca therefore 9e (sed on nearl' e+er' operat*ing s'stem. 4ll 'o( will need isC

• 8he Ja+a R(ntime 1ngine >JR1? 5./.$ or higher 3ersion. 8o install the JR1'o( might need administration rights for 'o(r comp(ter.

• Ja+a "D if 'o( want to (se the "D*graphics.

You need to install the !" before ava#$% If the !" on &our computergets updated it might be necessar& to reinstall 'ava #$%

8he installation on -indows is simple if 'o( (se the Set(p*programs. For

Ain(: operating s'stems 'o( will find a detailed description in the ne:t paragraphs.

!.! Directories and Files

8he program ForestSimulator does not need an installation ro(tine. Yo( can cop'the ForestSim(lator folder to a director' of 'o(r choice. J(st (npac= the file Forest- Simulator7.zip. n this e:ample the program es (nipped to the director' \Eigene

Dateien\ForestSimulator75 . f 'o( do not ha+e a program for (npac=ing(st download the free +ersion of #*Eip from the internet. 5.

4fter (npac=ing 'o( will find the following s(9directories and files >Fig. 5 ?.

Figure 1: Directories and files of the program ForestSimulator in Windows Explorer

8a9le 5 e:plains the meaning of the files and s(9directories. f 'o( are a new tothis program; 'o( might not want to chance the names and location of the s(9dir*ectories.

5 httpCwww.#*ip.org




nstallation /

a!le 1: "eaning of directories and files of the program ForestSimulator

!." nstallation of the ForestSim(lator (nder B9(nt(

R(nning the ForestSim(lators (nder B9(nt( is +er' similar to 2icrosoft -indows.2ost complicated is the installation of Ja+a"D. 8his is descri9ed in detail. Please9e s(re that 'o( ha+e the administration password.

nstall the Ja+a R(ntime 1ngine >JR1? 9' the S'naptic pac=age management ofB9(nt(C S#stem $ S#stem%erwaltung $ S#naptic &a'et%erwaltung .

nstall Ja+a "D; if 'o( want to (se the "D*graphics of the sim(lator. Firstdownload the file ()d-1*+*,-linux-i+.zip! and cop' it to a new director'. >in thise:ampleC /juergen/temp ?. Yo( can (se the file 9rowser to do so. Bnpac= thefile 9' highlighting it and choose Datei $ "it /rchi%manager 0ffnen of the file9rowser men(. Press the 9(tton (npac=H and entpac'en in the ne:t dialog again.

Yo( sho(ld now find in director' >e:ampleC /jurgen/temp ? a s(9 director'named ()d-1*+*,-linux-i+.zip. 8his s(9 director' contains the ipped file ()d-

(re.zip; with the s(9 directories /ext and /i386 in which 'o( will find the filesC"dcore.ar; "d(tils.ar; +ecmath.ar; li9"dcore*ogl.so and li9"dcore*ogl*cg. 8hefirst tree files with the ending I.ar need to copied to the director' jre/lib/ext

and the last tw$ with the ending .so into the director' jre/lib/i386 of the +alid JR1. 8his action can not 9e e:ec(te 9' the file manager 9eca(se 'o( need adminis*tration rights >Root?. ,(t 'o( sho(ld (se the file 9rowser to localie the s(9 direct*ories. 8his ma=es the cop'ing easier and 9etter (nderstanda9le. n this e:ample thecomplete s(9director' name isC /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-

1.6.0.10/jre/lib/ext. Please notice that 'o( ha+e to (se the right Ja+a +er*sion n(m9er. 6pen a terminal window /nwendungen $ u!eh0r $ erminal and

! httpsCa+a"d.de+.a+a.net9inar'*9(ilds.html


dataKstandsim(altion Yo(r stand data and some data of e:ampleso(tp(tKstandsim(lation res(lts

(ser Program settings and other important program information

li9 Ja+a li9raries

ForestSim(lator.ar Startfile of ForestSim(lator; also doppel clic= (nder -in*dows

ForestSim(lator.cmd Startfile for -indows for large stands with n(mero(s trees; which need more memor'

ForestSim(lator.ini Program settings

Aicense.t:t GPA* Aicencenstallation.pdf File with installtion tips

https://java3d.dev.java.net/binary-builds.html





nstallation#

change the director' of the terminal window to that one; where 'o( (npac=ed the

Ja+a"D filesCcd home/juergen/temp/j3d-1_5_2-linux-i586

Bnip the the file ()d-(re.zip in the terminal windowC

unzip j3d-jre.zip

Lop' all files as Mroot >s(do? to the corresponding directories of 'o(r JR1 >seea9o+e?. Bse the commandsC

sudo cp lib/ext/* /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-

1.6.0.10/jre/lib/ext/

sudo cp lib/i386/* /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-

1.6.0.10/jre/lib/i386/

4fter the first sudo 'o( will 9e as=ed for the administration password. f 'o( donot =now it; 'o( can not perform this tas=.

Bnpac= the file ForestSimulator7.zip into director' of 'o(r choice and start the(sing the ForestSim(lator# 9' do(9le clic= of file ForestSimulator.(ar .

!.7 First (se

Start the program 9' do(9le clic= of file ForestSimulator.(ar in -indows 1:*plorer or 9' opening the file with Ja+a (nder B9(nt(. Yo( can change the programsettings 9' choosing Einstellungen -2 &rogramm Einstellungen from the men(. Yo( willsee the following dialog. >Fig(re !?C

Figure ,: Dialog of program settings




nstallation O

a? Lhoose 'o(r lang(age.

9? Select if 'o( want to (se the "D or the !D Graphic. For "D 'o( will

Ja+a"D. t re@(ires more memor'

c? Select the (ser director'. t will contain all important information a9o(tthe species and program settings. Yo( can open a director' selecting dialog9' pressing the search 9(tton.

d? Select the data director'. 8his director' contains all e:ample stands and all'o(r own stand data.

e? Select the o(tp(t director'. 4ll o(tp(t and reports are written to this dir*ector'.

f? Lhoose and 2A*File with the sim(lator settings. 8he defa(lt Forest-SimulatorSettings.xml is for the growth model of north west Ger*man'.

4fter 'o( finished a to f ; clic= the 9(tton o=H. 8he program will end and 'o( willha+e to start the ForestSim(lator again.

(int) You have to delete the file ForestSimulator%ini * if &ou can not openthe program and want to start it with it+s default settings%

!.< Starting ForestSim(latorsStart the program 9' do(9le clic= of file ForestSimulator.(ar in -indows 1:ploreror 9' opening the file with Ja+a (nder B9(nt(. n the men( (nder 3elp 'o( willfind a detailed man(al to the program.

f the program does not start; delete the file ForestSimulator.ini and chec= if the Ja+a"D is installed correctl'. Yo( can do so 9' starting the program in the ,Dmode.

f 'o( want to start the ForestSim(lator from the des=top; 'o( ha+e create a

lin=. 2a=e s(re the wor=ing director' is set correctl'.f there pro9lems if 'o( want to sim(late stands with n(mero(s trees; 9eca(se

the memor' of the a+a +irt(al machine is not s(fficient; 'o( need to start the pro*gram 9' e:ec(ting the file ForestSimulator.cmd instead of ForestSimulator.(ar. 8his wille:ec(te the following commandC

a+a *m:!</m *ar ForestSim(lator.ar

which increases the memor' of the +irt(al machine.




nstallation%

!./ Bpdate

Bnfort(natel' a good program is ne+er finished. 8he ForestSim(lator# gets im*pro+ed from time to time. 8he program chec=s at e+er' start if there is an internetconnection if a new sim(lator +ersion is a+aila9le. ,efore 'o( (pdate; ma=e s(re'o( sa+e all 'o(r data and changes to the defa(lt settings.

!.# Deinstallation

J(st delete the complete director' \ForestSimulator. Do not forget to sa+e'o(r data if necessar'.

# ,sing the ForestSimulator

".5 Bser nterface

8he program ForestSim(lator is written in Ja+a and it has a graphical interface which is shown in fig(re ". Bsing the interface is int(iti+e and similiar to thestandard 'o( alread' =now from other programs.

8he (ser interface consists of a main window; in which se+eral other s(9 win*dows are integrated. 4ll windows can 9e modified 9' the window controls and thec(rsor. Yo( can also mo+e the windows on 'o(r screen. f the main window isclosed all other windows will 9e closed and the program stops. 8he main men(and the action 9(ttons are displa' in the heading of the main men(. Lhoosing4iew in the main men( 'o( can open other program windows and also reopenclosed ones. 8he top 9ar of the window which is acti+e is shown in light 9l(e col*or. Yo( can switch from window to window 9' mo(se clic=. 8hat is also the reas*on; wh' the men(s of the s(9*windows do not react immediatel'. f 'o( load astand; all information a9o(t it is displa'ed as shown in fig(re ". f 'o( perform

an action >e. 1. grow or treatment ?; all windows will 9e (pdated.




Bsing the ForestSim(lator 5$

Figure ): 5enutzero!erfl6che des ForestSimulators !eispielhaft wurde hier der 5estand fi!ugen,.xml eingeladen8

".! stand anal'sis 8his chapter demonstrated the possi9ilities to (se the ForestSim(lator to anal'eand +is(alie forest stand..

Start the ForestSim(lator and clic= in men( Stand $ 9pen $ ree- r9SS.xml-File . Lhoose the file fi!ugen,.xml in the following dialog. 4fter the pro*gram has read the data; 'o( will find different information in the s(9 windows.

.).,.1 5estandesinformationen

8he window Stand ;nfo shows a ta9le with the main growth and 'ield information. 8his ta9le is di+ided 9' species and also shows the s(m of +al(es. Yo( will alwa'sfind the c(rrent stat(s of the stand in this ta9le. f there is a thinning the n(m9ers

will change as soon as the thinning is performed. 8he meanings and the (nits ofthe col(mns are descri9ed in 8a9le !.

a!le ,: Stand ;nformation

-bbreviation $escription

Spe. Species

4ge 4ge




Bsing the ForestSim(lator55

Dg+ 2ean @(adratic diameter cmH

Qg Qeight of mean @(adratic diameter mH

Ddom 2ean @(adratic diameter of 5$$ thic=est treesha of one species cmH

Qdom Qeight of Ddom mH

nha N(m9er of trees per hectare nhaH

9.areaha ,asal area per hectare mhaH

+ha 3ol(me > # cm? per hectare mThaH

rem. nha Remo+ed n(m9er of t rees per hectare SthaH

Rem. 9.ha Remo+ed 9asal area per hectare mhaHRem. +ha Remo+ed +ol(me > #cm? per hectare mThaH

mi:. U ,gradPercentage of mi:t(re UH or degree of stoc=ing in s(mmation >s. cal*c(lation of area and degree of stoc=ing.?

Yo( can (se Strg V c and Strg V v to cop' and paste the content of the ta9le which es highlighted.

f 'o( close the window; 'o( can open it 9' 4iew $ Stand ;nfo.

.).,., Stand map

8he stand map shows the distri9(tion of the tree of the gro(nd. 8he species areshown in those RG,*colors which are defined in the <"=-file with the species set*tings. Yo( can change the settings with the 8reeGr6SS species manager >seechapter changing the program ?. f crop tree are selected; the' mar=ed 9' a red circle.

8he green circle is for temporar' crop tree and the 'ellow color for ha9itat trees.>Fig(re 7 ?.

f 'o( clic= at certain trees (sing the left mo(se 9(tton; the tree will 9ethinned and shown as open s@(ares. Yo( can redo the thinning 9' clic=ing on thes@(are again.




Bsing the ForestSim(lator 5!

Figure >: Window of stand map

Bsing the men( /ttri!utes of the stand map; 'o( choose if stand information;crown sie and tree n(m9ers are displa'ed. 4t a D,Q*Factor of 5 the d9h of thetree will 9e shown tr(e to scale of with at least 5 pi:el.

8he raphic s(9 men( is for redrawing; sa+ing as pg and for ooming. f 'o(start sa+ing the stand map a file sa+ing dialog will open and the stand map will 9e

sa+ed with a higher resol(tion. Please do not forget to add the ending .pg to thefile name. f 'o( oom; 'o( ha+e to mar= the lower left and the (pper right cornerof the area.

8he men( left mo(se 9(tton sets the t'pe of selectionC 8hinning and croptrees.

.).,.) &arallel &ro(ection

8he sim(lator can displa' the stand in !D and "D mode. 8he +is(aliation mode is

set in the main men( 9' &roperties $ &rogram settings . f 'o( want to sim(late largestands with lots of trees; it might 9e necessar' that 'o( switch from "D to !D +is(aliation 9eca(se !D (ses less comp(ter reso(rces.

8he "D mode letWs 'o( see the stand from e+er' direction e+en from a9o+e. Yo( can also wal= +irt(all' thro(gh the stand. 8o change the +iew press the leftmo(se 9(tton and mo+e the mo(se (ntil the stand is in the desired position. Yo(mo+e the stand on the screen 9' pressing the right mo(se 9(tton and mo+ing themo(se at the time in the fo(r directions. Yo( can oom 9' (sing the mo(se wheel.

-al=ing thro(gh the stand wor=s 9' the arrow 9(ttons. Please watch o(t that 'o(do not crash into a tree. Yo( will ha+e to wal= aro(nd. PgBp and PgDown controlthe angle of 'o(r +iew. So 'o( loo= (p (sing PgBp.




Bsing the ForestSim(lator5"

f 'o( clic= with the left mo(se 9(tton on a tree; the attri9(tes of the tree will

9e shown in a little red window. Please noticeC 8his window is modal; which meansthat 'o( will ha+e to close the window 9efore 'o( can do an' other action. f 'o(clic= on a tree (sing the right mo(se 9(tton; 'o( can mar= and (nmar= the tree. 4red mar=er is for thinning or har+est; the 9l(e for crop trees; the green for tempor*ar' crop trees; and the 'ellow for ha9itat trees.

8he windows &arallel &ro(ection has 55 s'm9ol 9(ttons. 8he first is to acti+e themar=ers. 8he second 9(tton allows to show the dead trees. 8he third changes thete:t(re of the tree. 8he fo(rth changes the color from green to RG, color. 8hesi: 9(tton add fog and the se+enth a grid. 8he eighth 9(tton >camera? allows toma=e pict(re of the window which is stored in a pg file. 8he a: lets 'o( fell thetrees to the gro(nd. 8hese will sta' in the stand. ,(tton ten is to switch to thestandard +iew position. 8his is important; if 'o( get Mlost wal=ing thro(gh thestand. 8he last 9(tton changes the s'm9ols position.

For orientation there is a red and white mar=er stic= in the stand; which is loc*ated in the so(th west corner. 8he grid is alwa's orientated in north 0 so(th andeast to west direction.

8he !D mode of the window &arallel &ro(ection sho(ld also gi+e an impressionof the stand. 8he tree crowns are displa'ed in the preset RG,*colors. 8he attri9*

(tes men( allows to set if the li+ing; the dead and the thinned trees will 9e dis*pla'ed. Yo( can also change the colors of the s='; the gro(nd and the stand floor. 8he men( Graphic letWs 'o( sa+e the stand to a pg file and allows ooming. 8hepg file will 9e sa+ed in the o(tp(t director' 9' a standard file name li=e s+!$55.pg.S+ stand for stand +iew and !$55 for the sim(lated 'ear. f 'o( oom 'o( ha+e tomar= the lower left and the (pper right corner.

"." Reports

Yo( can create se+eral standard reports from the men( Reports. 4ll reports are

sa+ed to the o(tp(t director' in form of Q82A and 2A files. 8he reports arenormall' displa'ed a(tomaticall' 9' 'o(r 9rowser after 'o( create one. n case the9rowser does not open the reports d(e to certain settings of 'o(r operating s's*tem; 'o( can open the reports man(all' in the 9rowser >File ...?. f a report iscalled for the second time the old report will 9e o+erwritten. n case 'o( want tostore the reports 'o( need to sa+e these 9efore the ne:t call.

.).).1 ree %alues

Yo( can create a list with all tree +al(es 9' clic=ing on ?eports $ ree %alues . 8helist is sa+ed in the file treelist.html . t will 9e shown in the 9rowser. Yo( can find the




Bsing the ForestSim(lator 57

in the o(tp(t director' >defa(ltC output_standsimulation/treel-

ist.html).

Yo( can also open the file treelist.html with other programs s(ch as 1:cel; -ordor 6pen6ffice. 6r 'o( can (se the c(t and paste f(nctions of 'o(r 9rowser. 8hemeanings and the (nits of the a99re+iations are descri9ed in 8a9le ".

a!le ): Fields of singel tree list

-bbreviation .eaningNo 8ree n(m9erSp. Species code

4ge 4geD,Q d9h cmH

Qeight Qeight mHc.9ase Lrown 9ase mHc.wdith Lrown width mHcrU Lrown percent UHhd hd*ratio

3ol. 3ol(me inside ,ar= mTH >(p to # cm diameter?a(s *5 X tree is ali+e; 'ear of mortalit' or remo+al: relati+e coordinate : mH' relati+e coordinate ' mH relati+e coordinate mHc// Position independent competition inde: c//

c//c Lhange of position independent competition inde: c//cc//:' Position dependent competition inde: c//c//c:' Lhange of position independent competition inde: c//csi Site inde: height at age 5$$ mH

.).)., Stand ta!le

8he stand +al(es are calc(lated 9' ?eports $ Stand %alues . 8here will 9e two ta9le inthe report one for all trees and one for crop trees onl'. 8he +al(es are gi+en 9'species. 8he report gi+es the n(m9ers from the first to the c(rrent sim(lation step.

8he ta9les ha+e the character of a 'ield ta9le. 8he col(mn a99re+iations are de*scri9ed in ta9le 7.

a!le >: Stand %alues

-bbreviation .eaning Year Year of sim(lationSpecies Species code

4ge 4geDg (adratic mean diameter cmH

Qg Qeight of Dg mHDdom Diameter of 5$$ largest trees per hectare cmH




Bsing the ForestSim(lator5<

Qdom Qeight of Ddom mHNha N(m9er of stems per hectare >X#cm? nhaH,aha ,asal area mhaH

3ha 3ol(me inside ,ar= mThaHrem. Nha N(m9er of stems of remo+al per hectare >X#cm? nhaHrem. ,aha ,asal area of remo+al mhaHrem. 3ha 3ol(me inside ,ar= of remo+al mThaH

.).).) Stand structure

Yo( can generate some information a9o(t the stand str(ct(re 9' ?eports $Struc- ture ta!le . 8he stand str(ct(re is characteried 9' the +ertical and horiontal orggan*iation of the trees >see Z 22NS 5%O#; S."7$?. 8he stand str(ct(re 9' means of sil*

+ic(lt(re consists of the spatial arrangement of the trees; the scr(9s and gro(ndplants >D1NGA1R 5%%!?. 8his str(ct(re can 9e characteried 9' the tree positions>coordinates?; the species di+ersit'; the diameter distri9(tion and the +ertical str(c*t(re in Form of stand la'ers. 8he stand str(ct(re is infl(enced 9' sil+ic(lt(re. t iscorrelated to the stand sta9ilit' and gi+es information a9o(t the ecological di+ersit'>4A81NZRLQ 5%##?.

8he ForestSim(lator pro+ides the following indicatorsC

• n(m9er of species

• Shannon*nde: >P1A6B 5%//?

• Species profile inde: >4rtenprofil*nde:? 9' Pretsch >PR18ESLQ 5%%<?

• percentage of height mingling >4A,1R8 5%%%?

• percentage of diameter mingling >4A,1R8 5%%%?

• percentage of species mingling >4A,1R8 5%%%?

.).).> /ssortment

8he men( ?eports $Sorting opens a dialog to e+al(ate different assortment options9' reporting the +ol(me of assortments; the 9iomass and n(trient e:port; as wellas the remaining de9ris wood. Yo( can incl(de into the e+al(ationC

• the c(rrent stand and the remo+al of the same 'ear

• the remo+al of a elapsed 'ear

• the remo+al of the entire sim(lation time

Yo( will find a detailed description in the chapter 4ssortment of this man(al.




Bsing the ForestSim(lator 5/

.).).+ Species settings

Yo( can doc(ment and re+iew the species settings for the species which are (sedin the sim(lation 9' ?eports $=ist species definition.

.).). Species code

8he men( ?eports $Species code shows all species; which are defined for 'o(rForestSim(lator set (p. 8his ma' 9e helpf(l; if 'o( want to see which species aredefined for 'o(r region and how are the species coded. n the list 'o( will also find

a lin= to -i=ipedia. Yo( sho(ld (se &roperties $Species manager to define new spe*cies or changes to e:isting ones >see separate chapter?.

.).).7 /dditional graphics

f 'o( press 4iew $raphics an additional window will open; which allows to cre*ate the following graphsC

• Species percentage 9' crown s(rface area

• Diameter distri9(tion

• Diameter distri9(tion of crop trees

• Qeight 0 diameter relation.

Yo( can not change those graphs. Yo( can onl' sa+e them as JP1G files.

".7 Stand treatment and prognosis

8his chapter e:plains the options to manip(late the stand and to mar= trees forspecial f(nctionalit'. ,oth 'o( can do either interacti+el' or 9' a r(le 9ased dialog.

8he chapter also e:plains how 'o( can perform a stand prognosis and what 'o(ha+e to =eep in mind.

.).>.1 ;nteracti%e thinning

Yo( can interacti+el' mar= and thin trees in the windows Stand map.

n the Stand map window 'o( (st point at the tree with the mo(se and press the leftmouse !utton . Yo( can switch in the men( of this window whether 'o( want to thinor to mar= trees. Yo( (st point at the trees with 'o(r mo(se an press the left

mo(se 9(tton. 8he thinned trees will 9e shown as open s@(ares. Lrop trees are




Bsing the ForestSim(lator5#

mar=ed 9' a red ring. f the f(nction Stand information is acti+ated 'o( can see for

instance how m(ch trees 'o( ha+e thinned. t is also possi9le to reselect treesthinned trees.

Yo( can do interacti+e stand treatment and mar=ing of trees in addition and incom9ination with the a(tomatic r(le 9ased stand treatment.

.).>., /utomatic rule !ased stand treatment

Yo( can set 'o( stand treatment scenario in the window Simulation Settings.

Figure +: Dialog to set treatment scenarios

n the first dar= gre' line of the dialog 'o( can ma=e some 9asic settings for thesim(lation. 8he time set the d(ration of the sim(lation. f the +al(e is greater than< 'ears a(tomaticall' so man' <*'ear sim(lations steps will 9e e:ec(ted (ntil the

wanted time is reached or e:ceeded. Remaining 'ears or times 9elow < 'ears aresim(lated 9' one <*'ear time step which is linear interpolated to the gi+en time

length >see chapter prognosis?. 8he chec= 9o:es random effects ; ingrowth model@ andris' model determine if these are incl(ded in the sim(lation. ,' pressing the start!utton 'o( e:ec(te the sim(lation with the set stand treatment.

n the ne:t row 'o( can define if the sim(lator sho(ld esta9lish s'id traids and'o( can set the width and the distance of s=id trails. 8he s=id trail f(nction is onl' e:*ec(te once; when stand height e:ceeds the height for the first thinning.

8he options for thinnings are set in the ne:t row. 8here three thinning t#pes Csingle tree selection; thinning from a9o+e; and thinning from 9elow. 8he thinningintensit# can 9e set 9' the ne:t chec= 9o:. 8he moderate thinning is oriented on the

recommendations gi+en 9' the Northwest German Forest Research Station. 8heact(al 9asal to which a stand will 9e thinned; is determined 9' the ma:im(m densit#




Bsing the ForestSim(lator 5O

function and the gi+en moderate thinning factor . ,oth can 9e altered in the species managerdialog . Yo( can fi: the minim(m and ma:im(m thinning +ol(me in order to limit

thinnings. ,' chec=ing the 9o: release crop trees onl# 'o( will (st thin trees; whichare in competition to crop trees.

8he har+esting method is gi+en in the line. Yo( can select the har%esting methods Ctarget diameter ; shelter wood ; and clear cut . 8he last two methods are onl' e:ec(ted if<$U of the 9asal of the trees ha+e reached the target diameter. Yo( can also limitthe minimum and maximum har%esting %olume . f 'o( ha+e chosen target diameter har*

+esting 'o( can set the criterion for a final remo+al of all remaining o+er stor'trees in the field final cut at 5A a degree of stoc=ing. f 'o( selected shelterwood thestand will 9e c(t 9' a gi+en regeneration process se@(ence. 8he se@(ence B.7C B.+C B.)CB.BC means; that the degree of stoc=ing will 9e lowered to $.# in the first timestep; $.< in the second; $." in the third; and all remaining o+er stor' will 9e o(t inthe fo(rth time step. 1ach degree of stoc=ing in that se@(ence sho(ld 9e separated9' a semicolon >[\?. 8here sho(ld 9e also a semicolon at the end. f 'o( choseclear cut all trees will 9e remo+ed.

n the line protection 'o( can set the num!er of ha!itat trees per hectare and thegro(p of trees where the ha9itat trees will 9e selected from. Qa9itat trees are selec*ted from the pool of trees which ha+e e:ceeded the target diameter limit 9' O$U.f 'o( chec= the 9o: minorities at least one crop tree per species will 9e selected toens(re that rare species get priorit'. 4dditionall' 'o( can set a minimum co%erage and

protect all tress with d!h greater or eual a certain +al(e. Notice that the protectionsettings are gi+en a higher priorit' than the thinning and har+esting r(les. So for in*stance a clear c(t might 9e not possi9le 9eca(se of the protection settings.

8he last line are the r(les for planting. First decide if 'o( want to acti+ateplanting. Define if the (nder stor' sho(ld 9e remo+ed 9efore planting. 8he plant*ing is e:ec(ted when the degree of co+erage of the o+er stor' trees is 9elow thele+el 'o( set at planting at ,]. n the last te:t field of that row 'o( tell the s'stemhat to plant. 8he te:t <55$.<H[!55$.<H[\ means that species <55 and !55 will 9eplanted; each with a co+erage of <$U. 8he ForestSim(lator does not ha+e a realregeneration ro(tine; therefore the trees planted are onl' placeholders. 1ach place*holder co+ers an area of < m gro(nd which is a9o(t the sie of the trees when in*growth occ(rs >#cm?. 8he height growth of the placeholders is oriented on the siteinde:. 8he placeholders die in the sim(lation of the competition inde: get to high.,' a gi+en hd ratio the diameter of the placeholders is calc(lated from the height.f it e:ceeds # cm in d9h a new tree of the placeholderWs species is esta9lished.

n the ta9le species settings 'o( can ad(st the settings for the treat of each spe*cies. 8he col(mn th.heightm determines at what height the first thinning is e:*ec(ted. f the a+erage height of a species is 9elow that gi+en height; there will 9e

no thinning. 8he col(mn target diameter cm determines the sie of crop trees for




Bsing the ForestSim(lator5%

har+esting. 8he n(m9er of crop trees ha is important for the thinning and the f(*

t(re species composition of the stand. 8he defa(lt +al(es of that col(mn are cal*c(lated 9' the n(m9er of crop trees which will fit on the site witho(t crown con*tact at gi+en target diameter. Yo( can of co(rse change the defa(lt settings. 8hecol(mn mixG determines how m(ch of the stand sho(ld 9e co+ered 9' one spe*cies. 8hese n(m9ers are (sed to calc(late the defa(lt n(m9er of crop trees. Yo(can 9est change the species composition 9' altering the n(m9er of crop trees.

8he sim(lation process is started when 'o( hit the 9(tton start sim(lation. f'o( press the a: s'm9ol in the top men( or choose /ction $ treatment the settingsof the window sim(lation settings will 9e read and a single treatment will 9e con*d(cted.

.).>.) &rognosis

8he maor f(nction of the ForestSim(lator is to stand prognosis. 1ach timesetp is a fi+e 'ear period. Yo( can start a prognosis 9' the men( action $ grow or 9'9' pressing the tree s'm9ol. Please notice; that the longer 'o( grow a stand the lessprecise the prediction will 9e. Generall'; the length of the sim(lation sho(ld note:ceed "$ to 7$ 'ears. 8he errors will 9e also higher if 'o( sim(late +er' e:trem

stand sit(ations.For the <*'ear growing period 'o( can set if random effects; ingrowth; and a

ris= model sho(ld 9e acti+e. 8he random effects will add a random error compon*ent to the diameter and height growth. 8hat wa' trees with the same attri9(tes willgrow differentl'. 8he ingrowth model will predict ingrowing trees. 8he ris= modeladd another component of random mortalit'. 8he pro9a9ilities are set to the a+er*age drop o(t +al(es from the s(r+e' of the states Qessen; Aower Sa:on' and Sach*sen*4nhalt.

• 8he growth action will call the following proced(resC

• chec= for age dependent mortalit' • chec= for ris= mortalit' >if acti+ated?

• chec= for densit' dependent mortalit'

• calc(late diameter and height growth

• ad(st the crown width and crown 9ase

• esta9lish ingrowth >if acti+ated?

• increase the age

• (pdate all windows in the sim(lator




Bsing the ForestSim(lator !$

1+er' time 'o( start the single growing step a cop' of the stand data will 9esa+ed in the treegross :ml format to the director' data*sim(lation. 8he cop'Ws file

name consists of the name and the 'ear >e:ampleC StandK!$!$.:ml?. Yo( can (sethe copies > Stand $ open $ reer9SS.xml-File ? if 'o( want to go 9ac= in sim(la*tion or 9ranch off a different treatment scenario.

8he stand de+elopment is also sa+ed 9' the sim(lated and can 9e displa'ed 9'?eports $ Stand ta!le .

".< 4ssortment

.).+.1 ;ntroduction

8he men( allows ?eports $ Sorting to anal'e different (tiliation strategies with respect to the +ol(me of assortment; remaining de9ris wood and n(trient 9al*ance. 8he report can foc(se on the har+ested trees of a 'ear; the remaining and theremo+ed trees of the c(rrent 'ear; and remaining stand and all remo+ed trees inthe sim(lation. 8he calc(lation of the assortments is 9ased on the taper f(nctionsof SLQ2D8 >!$$5?. -ith the help of these f(nctions it is possi9le to estimate thediameter of a tree at a gi+en height. 8he f(nctions for hardwoods sho(ld 9e onl'(sed (p to crown 9ase. 8he taper f(nctions 9' SLQ2D8 >!$$5? are also dependentof the hd*ratio. 8he 9ar= thic=ness is calc(lated 9' the f(nctions of 4A8Q1RR et al.

>5%#O?.

n the program it is possi9le to define assortments +er' fle:i9le for one or se+*eral species. n the conte:t of the program an assortment can 9e (nderstood aspieces of the tree tr(nc with certain attri9(tes. 8herefore pieces which sho(ld re*main in the forest 9eca(se of deca' or 9' other reasons need also to 9e definedli=e an assortment. 8he definition is gi+en 9' the following parametersC

• name of assortment

• Species code >or species code from to?

• minim(m and ma:im(m middle diameter cmH

• minim(m and ma:im(m top diameter cmH

• minim(m and ma:im(m length mH

• assortment is remo+ed or sta's in the forest

• tolerance for sale

• assortment can occ(r onl' 9elow crown 9ase

• assortment can occ(r in all trees or onl' in crop trees




Bsing the ForestSim(lator!5

• priorit'

• +al(e

• amo(nt of trees the assortment will occ(r in

• assortment can occ(r m(ltiple or onl' one time in a tree tr(nc

8he sorting is done in a simple wa'. 8he program tries to c(t the assortment with the highest priorit' as long as possi9le starting at the 9ase of the tree. f thatassortment does not occ(r in that tree an'more or the other restrictions pre+entthe program from doing so the assortment with the ne:t higher priorit' will come

into consideration. 8his process is contin(ed (ntil all defined assortments are e+al*(ated.

.).+., Halculate assortments

Lhoosing ?eports $Sorting in the main men( opens the 4ssortment Dialog >fig./ ?.

Figure : /ssortment Dialog

n the top row of the Sorting Dialog 'o( can set in the te:t field 9ehind choose I setassortments for #ears the time frame for the calc(lation. 8he defa(lt is all ; whichmeans all c(t and remaining trees will 9e e+al(ated. f 'o( enter a 'ear >e:ampleC

,B1B ? onl' the trees har+ested in the 'ear !$5$ are part of the calc(lation. n the




Bsing the ForestSim(lator !!

ne:t te:t field after fell.cut m 'o( can define the height at which the trees are (s(*all' felled. 4ll +ol(me 9elow that height will 9e acco(nted to the de9ris wood.

8he sorting dialog can 9e also (sed to estimate the +ol(me; the 9iomass andthe n(trient elements of :*wood and de9ris wood. 8o do so 'o( ha+e to define aspecial assortment with a high priorit'.

Yo( can alter; define new and delete assortments (sing this dialog. 8he definedand (sea9le assortments are shown in left 9o:. f 'o( clic= on a name in that 9o:the attri9(tes of the assortments will 9e displa'ed. 8o alter 'o( can change the te:tfields and press the 9(tton sa%e or add the settings as a new assortment. Do not for*get to change the name. 4 mar=ed assortment can 9e delete (sing the delete 9(tton.(int) if &ou make changes &ou should better close the dialog each time.

n order to calc(late the assortments of a stand; 'o( first choose the assort*ments 'o( want to consider. 2ar= the assortments in the 9o: with the left mo(se9(tton and choose additional ones 9' holding down the Strg or Ltr 9(tton. 4fter'o( ha+e mar=ed the assortments (st press the lower 9(tton for calc(lation. Please9e patient if 'o( choose se+eral assortments and if 'o( ha+e a stand with n(mer*o(s trees. 8he sortet trees will 9e sa+ed to the file sortierung.xml into theoutput*standsimulation director'. 8he file will 9e a(tomaticall' displa'ed 9' 'o(r9rowser with the help of a st'le sheet treegrosslogging.xsl . n case the 9rowser doesnot show the file 'o( will ha+e to open it man(all'. 8he file contains a report withse+eral ta9lesC

8a9le 5C Aist of the (sed assortments

8a9le !C 3ol(me 9' species

8a9le "C ,iomass 9' species

8a9le 7C Lalci(m 9' species

8a9le <C 2agnesi(m 9' species

8a9le /C Potassi(m 9' species

8a9le #C Aist of all stem pieces

"./ Bsing of own stand data

n this chapter 'o( will learn how to generate stands and how 'o( can (se 'o(rown data




Bsing the ForestSim(lator!"

.)..1 enerating new stands

f 'o( ha+e a special @(estion to forest growth and 'o( do not ha+e an' data;'o( can generate a stand; which sho(ld fit to 'o(r @(estion. 8his might help to geta 9etter (nderstand the pro9lem.

Yo( can generate a stand (sing the main men( Stand $ new . 4dd a name; thesie haH and choose the form >s@(are or circle? of 'o(r model stand. f 'o( pressthe 9(tton create. 4n empt' stand with no trees will appear. 8he sie of the sim(*lation plot sho(ld fit 'o(r @(estion. f 'o( want to anal'e a +er' 'o(ng stand withlots of trees 'o( sho(ld choose a sie $.5 to $.! ha so that 'o( can sa+e comp(tingtime and memor'. s 'o(r @(estion geared towards older stands; then it might 9e

9etter if 'o( chose a sie of $.< to 5 ha. f 'o( need to sim(late large stands withman' trees 'o( can switch the +is(aliation to !D that also sa+es memor' andcomp(ting time.

Yo( can trees to the stand in three different wa's. 8he first option is to gener*ate a distri9(tion; which is created 9' some a+erage plot information li=e species;age; mean 9asal area diameter >dg?; the height of dg; ma:im(m diameter and the

wanted 9asal area > #a?. 8he information for site inde: >height at age 5$$? is op*tional and if 'o( do not =now it add *%. -hen 'o( press start creating the trees will9e places on random coordinates ; which are chosen in a wa' that the crowns will noto+erlap if possi9le. ?aster coordinates plat the trees in rows and col(mns. f 'o(choose (nder "ischung 8r(pp or Qorst the trees will 9e cl(stered. Yo( can also ac*ti+ate the option s'id trails so that those trails will 9e witho(t trees. * 8he secondoptions is to generate n trees with same attri9(tes li=e species; age; diameter; heightand site inde: >optional?> #9?. 8he coordinates are assigned as descri9ed 9efore. *

4nd in the third option 'o( can create a regeneration la'er. J(st chose the speciesand add the age the height and the degree of co+erage> #c?. 8he site inde: is op*tional. Since there is onl' an ingrowth model the regeneration la'er consists of <mregeneration placeholders.

a8 b8 c8

Figure 7: Dialog add trees: a8 generate diameter distri!utionC !8 generate single treesC c8 generate re- genration la#er

f 'o( want to create a m(ltistor' or mi:ed stand; 'o( ha+e to (se the add tree dia*log se+eral times after each other. t is recommended to start with the larger trees.

8he dialog can 9e also (sed to plant\ or add new trees at an' point in the sim(la*tion.




Bsing the ForestSim(lator !7

.).., Edit stand data

Yo( can edit the stand data directl' in the ForestSim(lator (sing Edit $ Standdata . 8he dialog shows the data of the c(rrent stand >fig. O ?. f 'o( want to change'o(r changes 'o( ha+e to press the 9(tton accept changes 9efore 'o( close the win*dow. Yo( cop' and paste from the dialog window (sing Strg V c and Strg V v thecommands. Yo( can also (se the dialog to create stands with the editor dialog. Forthis tas= first generate a new stand with the correct sie and form. Ne:t add onl'one tree to that stand; so that 'o( ha+e an e:ample how 'o(r data sho(ld loo=.Sa+e that stand and open it with Edit $ Stand . 8he 9(ttons add cornerpoint and addlines let 'o( add empt' rows to the ta9les. Ne:t add the data with paste and cop' tothe ta9les. f 'o( accept the changes empt' rows of the ta9les will 9e ignored.

Figure : reer9SS editor

f 'o( ha+e polar coordinates; 'o( can con+ert them to :' coordinates >9(ttonx#,polar resp. polar,x# . 4ll coordinates are con+erted 9ased on the corner pointpol'gon. 8he coordinates are shifted so that all of them ha+e positi+e +al(es. If

&ou save the data all coordinates need to be /&0coordinates.

Some times the "D graph will not show (p after (sing the 8reeGr6SS 1ditor.n this case (st mo+e the window with the graph a little and it gets refreshed.

.)..) reer9SS J data format

For data in* and o(tp(t all stand data needs to 9e in the 8reeGr6SS Format; which is defined as an :ml data file. 2A >1:tensi9le 2ar=(p Aang(age? is a

format which allows to descri9e the data 9' tags. 8he tags are similar to Q82A




Bsing the ForestSim(lator!<

tags and are mar=ed 9' ^. 8he names of the tags can 9e freel' chosen. 8a9le <

shows the str(ct(re and the tags of a treegross.:ml file. 4n :ml file can hold alsostr(ct(red data. Yo( can print and displa' :ml*data with the help of st'le sheets indifferent wa's. For the displa' of data in the 8reeGr6SS Format there is an tree*gross.:sl st'le sheet.

a!le+: Structure and tags of a treegross.xml File

9*a!: 9*a!: Discri#tion ;data type8Stand Stand information

D Stand D character8Zenn(ng 4n' other name character8

4llgemeines 4n' te:t character8FlaechengroesseKm! Stand sie mH decimal8Qa(pt9a(m4rtLodeStd Standard code of main species integer8Qa(pt9a(m4rtLodeAo=al lo=ale code of main species integer8

4(fnahmeJahr Year of s(r+e' integer8 4(fnahme2onat 2onth of s(r+e' integer8DatenQer=(nft Data origin character8Standort Site name character8QochwertKm Ga(ss*Zrüger northing of stand decimal8RechtswertKm Ga(ss*Zrüger easting of stand decimal8QoeheK(NNKm Qeight a9o+e sea le+el mH decimal8

1:positionKGon 1:position of stand GonH integer8Qangneig(ngKProent Gradient UH integer8

-(chsge9iet Name of growth region character8 -(chs9eir= Name of growth district character8Standorts=enniffer Site code character8

aumar0tencode

Species information

Lode Lode n(m9er integer8de(tscherName German species name character8

lateinischerName Aatin species name character8

"ckpunktNr N(m9er of corner point character8Relati+eZoordinateKm relati+e :*coordinate of corner point mH

decimal8Relati+eYZoordinateKm relati+e a*coordinate of corner point mH

decimal8Relati+e,odenhoeheKm relati+e *coordinate >height? of corner

point mH decimal8

aum Tree information




Bsing the ForestSim(lator !/

Nr n(m9er character8Zenn(ng Qeight of diameter meas(rement integer8

,a(martcodeStd Species code integer8,a(martcodeAo=al Aocal species code integer8 4lterKJahr 4ge 'earsH integer8,QDKmRKcm D9h inside 9ar= cmH decimal8QoeheKm height mH decimal8ZronenansatKm Lrown 9ase mH decimal82ittlererZronenD(rchmes*serKm

2ean crown diameter mH decimal8

Sitende:Km Qeight at age 5$$ mH decimal8Relati+eZoordinateKm Relati+e :*coordinate of tree mH decimal8

Relati+eYZoordinateKm Relati+e '*coordinate of tree mH decimal8

Relati+e,odenhoeheKm Relati+e *coordinate of tree mH decimal8Ae9end 8ree ali+e trueKfalse81ntnommen 8ree remo+ed trueKfalse8

4(sscheide2onat 2onth of remo+eal integer8 4(sscheideJahr Year of remo+al ; le9end X *5 integer8 4(sscheideGr(nd Reason for remo+al integer8E,a(m Lrop tree trueKfalse8E9a(mtemporaer 8emporar' crop tree trueKfalse8Qa9itat,a(m Qa9itat tree trueKfalse8ZraftscheZlasse ZraftWsche tree class integer8

Schicht Stand la'er integer8Flächenfa=tor Sie factor normal 5.$ decimal8 3ol(menKc9m 3ol(me inside 9ar= mT decimal8 3ol(men8otholKc9m 3ol(me; if de9ris wood mT decimal8,emer=(ng Remar=s character8

".# 4dd additional trees to stand

8his was alread' e:plained in the Lhapter MGenerating new stands.

".O Special f(nctions

.)..1 Lsing the results in other programs

8his sho(ld gi+e 'o( (st some ideas; how 'o( can integrate the res(lts fromthe sim(lator into other programs.

2A* (nd Q82A* files

4ll res(lts are displa'ed and stored as :ml or hmtl files. Yo( can +iew 9oth t'pe in

'o(r 9rowser; howe+er the :ml*files might need a st'le sheet. Yo( can cop' andpaste the information from the 9rowser into other programs li=e spreadsheets >2S




Bsing the ForestSim(lator!#

1:cel or 6pen6ffice Lalc?. t is also possi9le to read in the Q28A files into those

programs directl'. 8he :ml*files 'o( might need to sa+e to Q82A 9efore doing so.

Bsing the graphical information

2ost graphical information is stored in pg files. Yo( can open these with an'graphical program. n addition 'o( can sa+e a screen shot and paste that into agraphical software.

".% 4d(st the sim(lator

8here are two important program controlling files. 8he first file ForestSimulator.inicontrols the general set(p and was alread' e:plained in the chapter installation.

8he second file ForestSimulatorSettings.xml >defa(lt name? controls the ForestSim(*lator and holds most of the e@(ations. Yo( can 9est edit this file &roperties $ Spe- cies "anager choosing in the men(. 8he dialog is displa'ed for the species oa= ofthe model region Northwest German' >fig. % ?.

Figure M: Dialog of Species "anagers

n this dialog 'o( will find on the left the species with their a99re+iation. 8he

defa(lt setting is the model for Northwest German'. f 'o( clic= on one of theshort species names; 'o( can see all the properties of that species in the main




Bsing the ForestSim(lator !O

ta9le. Yo( can of co(rse change the te:t in the ta9le. f 'o( that 'o(r changes shall9e come permanent; 'o( first lea+e the ta9le cell 'o( changes 9' clic=ing into an*

other one; then hit the 9(tton sa%e and finall' press sa%e settings to file . Yo( can addnew and also delete species. n ta9le

n ta9le / 'o( find an e:ample of the settings for the species Fag(s sil+atica.

a!le : <"=-file @ species settings for Fagus sil%atica

#ag

$Spe%ies&e'inition

(

#)pe *a%+,

age

Setting 'or -ee%h /orthwest 0erman)

'aumarten -ode I ' 211

<ur=name , ' 'u

ame , ' 'uche

lateinisch , ' Fa!us sil+atica htt#>??de.i@i#edia.or!?i@i?Rotbuche

Interner -ode I 211

/ru##en -ode I 2&&

0instellun!en ie

-ode

I ' 211

Aei!ht -ur+e I ' 1

Uniform Aei!ht-ur+e

,F ' 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.2&21332";1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;5.64&232$6;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888

Aei!ht ariation ,F S 1.12115&B&.22&343ln;s#.'ADGS*D8

DiameterDistribution

,F b ;C4.2"2B1.132s#.d!8;;;6.$?;C4.2"2B1.132s#.d!88H;4.51"B&.31s#.d!C&.2&&dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;4.51"B&.31s#.dC!C&.2&&dmaE88

olume Functiono.'. ,F ' 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.4&3$B&.&&1335t.hB1.126?t.hC11".1""?;t.dt.dt.d8B&.&&&&&42t.dt.d8

Stem olumeFunction

af s

-ron idth ,F ' ;2.&"3B&.15t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?5.2$281.3341888

-ron base ,F ' t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;&.25&4B&.11"1$t.h?t.dC&.&&2&65t.dB&.13"31ln;s#.h1&&88888

-ron t%#e I S &

Site indeE ,F ' ;s#.h1&&B5.65$&&C23.1$2&&ln;t.a!e8B1.46"&&;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&88?




Bsing the ForestSim(lator!%

;&.&&&&&B&.2152&ln;t.a!e88

Site indeE hei!ht ,F ' C5.65$&&B23.1$2&&ln;25.&8C1.46"&&;ln;25.&8H28B&.&t.siB&.2152&t.siln;25.&8

(otential hei!htincrement

,F ' ;;C5.65$&&B23.1$2&&ln;t.a!eB58C1.46"&&;;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8B&.2152&t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C5.65$&&B23.1$2&&ln;t.a!e8C1.46"&&;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8B&.2152&t.si;ln;t.a!e8888

Aei!ht increment ,F ' &.&&15$;t.hincH1.$&"68

Aei!ht incrementerror

D ' &.&"2

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(lu!in -om#etition , ' -om#etition

(lu!in*a#erFunction

a b *a#erFunction'%Schmidt

/robur=elbiomasse Fun@tion

af s &

<leinur=elbiomasse Fun@tion

af s &

Feinur=elbiomasseFun@tion

af s &

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see Fun@tion

af s &

*%#e> I K inte!erJ D K doubleL , K characterL ,F K function as strin!




Bsing the ForestSim(lator "$

*ree/rSS (ac@a!e> ' K tree!ross.baseL * K tree!ross.treatmentL S K tree!ross.standsimulationJ-a#ital letter K required in#utL small letter K o#tional

4ll information in 8a9le / that is mar=ed 9' M4F resp. Maf contains e@(a*tions. 8hese character strings are e+al(ated 9' a Ja+a 1@(ation Parser" >J1P?. 8he

J1P re@(ires some declaration for the +aria9les (sed. n 8a9le # the main f(nctionsand +aria9les are listed.

a!le 7: Declaration and 4aria!les for the Na%a Euation &arser

e%laration aria-le e%lara%tion aria-le

t.d *ree diameter McmN s#.d! ean uadratdiameter ;d!8 ofs#ecies McmN

t.h *ree hei!ht MmN s#.h! Aei!ht of d! of s#ecies MmN

t.a!e *ree a!e M%earsN s#.h1&& *o# hei!ht of s#ecies MmN

t.c66E% *ree com#etition s#.%ear Oear of simulation

t.c66c%E *ree com#etitionchan!e

s#.'ADGS*D

Standardde+iation of diameterof s#ecies McmN

t.out *ree remo+al %ear abs;8 ,bsolut

t.si *ree site indeE eE#;8 0E#onent

t.ih#ot *ree #otential hei!htincrement MmN ln;8 atural lo!.

t.hinc *ree hei!ht incrementMmN

random Random number & C1

f there is no information for a specific species and 'o( want that speciestreated li=e another species; 'o( onl' ha+e to complete the first / lines. 8he speciesin the field will refer to that species and itWs information is copied for all otherfields where there is no inp(t or the field is 9lan=.

4ttentionC Lhan

ges to the species settings ma' ha+e significant impact on the sim(lation.

".5$ Lon+ert ,-NPro/.! files to 2A

n the help men( 'o( find a proced(re which ma' help to con+ert data fromthe old ,-NPro /.! +ersion to the new 8reeGr6SS format > 5W;O, $ <"=8.t is important that all species which are in the old format are alread' defined inthe sim(lator.

" 8han=s to the open so(rce code and +ersion of J1P >httpCwww.sing(lars's.comep?




Aiterat(r"5

3iteratur

4A,1R8; 2. >5%%%?C 4nal'se der eingriffs9edingten Str(=t(r+eränder(ng (ndD(rchforst(ngsmodellier(ng in 2isch9eständen; Dissertation; Bni+ersität G&ttingen; Qainhol* 3erlag; ,and /C !$5 S.

4A,1R8; 2. >!$$$?C 1in f(n=tionalisierter Q&henergän(ngsalgorithm(s für1inel9a(mwachst(msmodelle. Jahrestag(ng des D3FF4 *Se=tion 1rtrags=(nde* inZaisersla(tern

4A,1R8; 2. >!$$#?C -aldwachst(mssim(latoren (r mehr=riteriellen Senario9ewert(ngC ein 4nsatfür eine 9en(terfre(ndliche (nd fle:i9le ,ewert(ng. 8ag(ngs9and der Jahrestag(ng der Se=tion1rtrags=(nde im D3FF4 +om !5.*!".$<.!$$# in 4lsfeld*1(dorf; 7"*</

4A,1R8; 2. >!$$#?C -aldwachst(mssim(latoren (r mehr=riteriellen Senario9ewert(ngC ein 4nsatfür eine 9en(terfre(ndliche (nd fle:i9le ,ewert(ng. 8ag(ngs9and der Jahrestag(ng der Se=tion1rtrags=(nde im D3FF4 +om !5.*!".$<.!$$# in 4lsfeld*1(dorf; 7"*</

4A,1R8; 2. BND SLQ2D8; 2. >!$5$?C Llimate*sensiti+e modelling of site*prod(cti+it' relationships forNorwa' spr(ce >Picea a9ies >A.? Zarst.? and common 9eech >Fag(s s'l+atica A.?. Forest 1colog'and 2anagement; 3ol. !<%; ss(e 7; #"%*#7%

4A81NZRLQ; -. >5%##?C _=ologie; St(dien9ücher ,ilogie; 3erlag DiesterwegSalle; Fran=f(rt; 2ain; 3erlag Sa(erländer; 4ara(; !"7 S.

4A81R ; S.A. >5%O$?C Decision S(pport S'stemsC L(rrent Practice and Lontin(ing Lhallenges; Reading;24C 4ddison*-esle'

4A8Q1RR ; 1.; BNFR1D; P. QR4D18EZY ; J. B. QR4D18EZY ; 3. >5%#O?C Statistische Rinden9eieh(ngen als

Qilfsmittel (r 4(sform(ng (nd 4(fmess(ng (nentrindeten Stammholes. 8eil 3C Fichte; 8anne; Do(glasie (nd Sit=a*Fichte. 2itteil(ngen der Forstlichen 3ers(chs* (ndForsch(ngsanstalt ,aden*-ürttem9erg Qeft %$; S. !%7

, 4A1Y ; 8.L. (. G 48R1AA; 4.L. >5%%<?C nteracti+e Spatial Data 4nal'sis. 4ddison*-esle' Aongman;Qarlow; Great ,ritain

, 4B1R >5%<<?C Die Roteiche; J.D.Sa(erländer; Fran=f(rt a.2

,1RG1A; D. >5%#7?C 2assentafeln 1iche Roteiche Ziefer. Niedersächsische Forstliche 3ers(chsanstalt; G&ttingen

,1RG1A; D. >5%O<?C Do(glasienertragstafel für Nordwestde(tschland. Niedersächsische Forstliche 3ers(chsanstalt

,1RG1A; D. >5%O#?C Der9hol*2assentafeln >Nordwestde(tschland?. Niedersächsische Forstliche 3ers(chsanstalt

,1RG1A; D. .>5%#"?C Formahl(nters(ch(ngen an ,(che; Fichte; e(ropäischer Aärche (nd apanischerAärche (r 4(fstell(ng ne(er 2assentafeln. 4llg. Forst* (. J. Etg. 577 ></?C 55#*5!7

,_LZ24NN; 8. >5%%$?C -achst(m (nd 1rtrag der -interlinde >8ilia cordata 2ill? inNordwestde(tschland. Dissertation Bni+. G&ttingen

,_LZ24NN; 8. >!$$7?C 2&glich=eiten (nd Grenen +on -aldwachst(msmodellen a(s Sicht derforstlichen Pra:is. n Qanewin=el (. +. 8e(fel >Qrsg.? -aldwachst(msmodelle für Prognosen inder Forsteinricht(ng. Frei9(rger Forstliche Forsch(ng; F34 ,aden*-ürttem9erg; <$; S. %<*5$!




Aiterat(r "!

,6NLE1Z ; R. Q.; Q6AS4PPA1; L.-. (. - QNS86N; 4.,. >5%O5?C Fo(ndations of Decision S(pportS'stems; 4cademic Press; New Yor=

,R1NN4N; J. J. (. 1A42; J. >5%O/?C 1nhanced Lapa9ilities for 2odel*,ased Decision S(pport S'stems.nC Sprag(e; R.Q.-. (nd -atson;Q.J. >1d.?C Decision S(pport S'stems. P(tting 8heor' intoPractice; Prentice*Qall; Aondon; 5"$*5"#

LQ1N; ,.-. B. G 4D6- ; Z. 3 . >!$$O?C Lom9ining spatial and other o9ecti+es in forest design.2etsand(sli=(d B(rim(sed >Forestr' St(dies? 7O; "$*7$

LE1R4NZ4; 2. (. 1QA1RS; 2. >5%%#?C GS als nstr(ment (r 1ntscheid(ngs(nterstüt(ng. Geo*nformations*S'steme; 3ol. 5$; No. !; %*5#

D1G1NQ4RD8; 4. >!$$/?C Der -aldwachst(mssim(lator M,-NPro ,randen9(rg für die Ziefer in,randen9(rg. Aandesforstanstalt 19erswalde; 49schl(ss9ericht

D1NGA1R ; 4. >5%%!?C -ald9a(. 1rster ,and. /. ne( 9ear9eitete 4(flage. 3erlag Pa(l Pare'; Qam9(rg(nd ,erlin. "<$ S.

DJZS8R4; 1.-. >5%<%?C 4 note on two pro9lems in connection with graphs; N(merische 2athemati=;5C!/%*!#5

D_,,1A1R ; Q. >!$$7?C Sim(lation (nd ,ewert(ng +on N(t(ngsstrategien (nter he(tigen (nd +eränderten Zlima9eding(ngen mit dem -(chsmodell SA34 !.!. Dissertation Bni+. G&ttingen.S. !"5

D_,,1A1R ; Q.; 4A,1R8; 2.; SLQ2D8; 2.; N 4G1A; J. >!$$!?C ,-NPro 0 Programm (r,estandesanal'se (nd Prognose. Qand9(ch (r 3ersion /.5. Niedersächsische Forstliche 3ers(chsanstalt 49teil(ng -aldwachst(m; G&ttingen; S. 5!5

DBD4; Q. >!$$/?C 3ergleich forstlicher 2anagementstrategien. Dissertation Bni+ersität G&ttingen; S.5O$ > httpCwe9doc.s(9.gwdg.dediss!$$/d(da ?

1LZ2ÀAN1R ; 6. >!$$/?C 4llometric relations to estimate needle and 9ranch mass of Norwa' spr(ceand Scots Pine on 4(stria. 4(strian Jo(rnal of Forest Science; 5!". Jahrgang; Qeft 5!; S.#*5/.

FÀDN1R ; Z. >5%%<?C Str(=t(r9eschrei9(ng +on ,(chen*1della(9hol*2ischwäldern. Dissertation;Fa=(ltät für Forstwissenschaften (nd -ald&=ologie; Georg*4(g(st*Bni+ersit' G&ttingen.L(+illier; G&ttingen. 57/ S.

G 4D6- ; Z. 3 .>!$$"?C -aldstr(=t(r (nd -achst(m. Bni+ersitäts+erlag G&ttingen; !75 S.

G 4FFR1Y ; D. >5%OO?C Forstamts* (nd 9estandesindi+id(elles Sortimentier(ngsprogramm als 2ittel (rPlan(ng; 4(shalt(ng (nd Sim(lation. Diplomar9eit Bni+. G&ttingen

G16FFR6N; 4.2. >5%O"?C Lan 2S6R 1+ol+e Fast 1no(gh nterfaces; 5"C5; 5$*!<.

G6S43; 4. >!$$"?C Sim(lation*9ased optimiationC parametric optimiation techni@(es andreinforcement learning. Zl(wer 4cademic P(9lishers; ,oston; <<7 S.

GSLQ-4N8N1R ; 8.(. SLQ4D4B1R ; Z. >!$$/?C ,iomass 9ranch f(nctions for 9roadlea+ed tree species in 4(stria. 4(strian Jo(rnal of Forest Science; 5!". Jahrgang; Qeft 5!; S.5#*"7

GB1RLZ1; 2 4R8N >!$$5?C 3ers(chsflächenanal'se; 2odellparametrisier(ng (nd wald9a(licheZonse@(enen für die ,ehandl(ng +on ,(chen*Aärchen*2isch9eständen imSüdniedersächsischen ,ergland. Dissertation Bni+ersität G&ttingen>httpCwe9doc.s(9.gwdg.dediss!$$5g(eric=einde:.html?




Aiterat(r""

Q 4NS1N; J. >!$$/?C Der -aldPlaner * 1in S'stem (r 1ntscheid(ngs(nterstüt(ng in einernachhaltigen Forstwirtschaft. De(tscher 3er9and Forstlicher Forsch(ngsanstalten * Se=tionForstliche ,iometrie (nd nformati=. 8rippstadt !$$/; S. 55!*55%

Q 4NS1N; J.; N 4G1A; J.; SLQ2D8; 2.(. SP1AA24NN; Q. >!$$O?C Das mittelfristige ,(chenhola(f=ommenin Niedersachsen (nd De(tschland. nC 1rge9nisse angewandter Forsch(ng (r ,(che. ,eiträgea(s der N-*F34; ,and "; !%5*"5$

Q 4BS1N4B1R ; Q. >!$$/?C S(staina9le Forest 2anagementC Growth models for 1(rope. Springer; ,erlinQeidel9erg; "%O

Q1N1N; 1. >5%#/?C Gr(ndfragen der entscheid(ngsorientierten ,etrie9swirtschaftslehre. Goldmann;2ünchen.

Q1N1N; 1. >5%%5?C nd(strie9etrie9slehre als entscheid(ngsorientierte Bnternehmensführ(ng. n

Qeinen; 1. >Qrsg.?C nd(strie9etrie9slehre. %. 4(flage. Ga9ler; -ies9aden; "*/%.QNRLQS; A. >!$$/?C Bnters(ch(ngen (r Sim(lation +on ,ehandl(ngspfaden für ,(chen*Fichten*

2isch9estände. Diss.; Bni+ersität G&ttingen. 5!" S.

Q6A81N; R. (. Z N4LZS81D8; R. >5%%#?C Führ(ngsinformationss'steme. Qistorische 1ntwic=l(ng (ndZoneption. 4r9eits9erichte des nstit(ts für -irtschaftsinformati= der -estfälischen -ilhelms*Bni+ersität 2ünster; Nr. <<; 2ünster

QBR21; 1.; Z BR88A4; 2.; 2_NZZ_N1N; 2.; Q1N6N1N; 8. (. PBZZ4A4; 8. >!$$#?C 2aintenance of b'ings@(irrel ha9itat and tim9er har+estC a site*specic spatial model in forest planning calc(lations.Aandscape 1colog'; !!; !7"0!</

J 4L6,S1N; L.; R 4D124LQ1R ; P.; 211S1N,BRG; Q. (. 21-1S; Z.*J. >!$$"?C Gehalte chemischer 1lementein ,a(m=ompartimenten Aiterat(rst(die (nd Datensamml(ng. ,erichte desForsch(ngsentr(ms -ald&=os'steme; Reihe ,; ,d. /%; S. O5

Z 4QA1; 2Z1 >!$$7?C 1ls9eere. Bnters(ch(ngen (m -achst(m am ,eispiel einiger 2isch9estände inNordrhein*-estfalen. Schriftenreihe der Aandesanstalt für _=ologie; ,odenordn(ng (ndForsten Nordrhein*-estfalen; ,and !5. SSNC "*O%5#7*$""*/. S. 5<<

Z 11N; P.G.-. (. SL688*26R86N; 2.S. >5%#O?C Decision S(pport S'stemsC 4n 6rganiationalPerspecti+e; Reading; 24C 4ddison*-esle'

Z 22NS; J.P. >5%O#?C Forset 1colog'; 2acmillan P(9liching Lompan'; New Yor=; <"5 S.

Z NGG1; -. (. SLQBAE; Q. >5%//?C Gr(ndriss der Forst9en(t(ngC 1ntsteh(ng; 1igenschaften;

3erwert(ng (nd 3erwend(ng des Qoles (nd anderer Forstprod(=te; Pa(l Pare'; ,erlinZ R421R ; Q. >5%O!?C N(t(ngsplan(ng in der Forsteinricht(ng; J.D. Sa(erländerWs 3erlag; Fran=f(rt

a. 2.; S. 5!O

Z R421R ; Q.(. 4Z4; 4.; >5%O!?C Aeitfaden für Dendrometrie (nd ,estandesin+ent(r; J.D. Sa(erländerWs 3erlag; Fran=f(rt a. 2.

Z BR88A4; 2.; PBZZ4A4; 8.(. A6ZZ4N1N; J. >!$$!?C 8he performance of alternati+e spatial o9ecti+et'pes in forest planning calc(lationsC a case for fl'ing s@(irrel and moose. Forest 1colog' and2anagement 5//; !7<*!/$

A1D1R24NN; 8. (. N1B24NN; 2. >!$$%?C Prognose des -aldwachst(ms (nd des N(t(ngspotenials.,F-*Pra:isinformation 5O; < 0 #




Aiterat(r "7

A186; 4. ,.; 2AA1R ; J.; 4Q1RN; J.(. 2LG 4RG4A; Z. >!$$/?C 2eas(ring AandscapesC 4 PlannersQand9oo=. sland Press; -ashington; D.L.

A6LZ6- ; Z.-. >5%%7?C 4(fstell(ng einer ne(en 1rtragstafel für im Qochwald9etrie9 9ewirtschafteteRoterlen9estände >4ln(s gl(tinosa A.H Gaertn.?. 49schl(9ericht Forstliche Forsch(ngsanstalt19erswalde e.3.

211S1N,BRG; Q.; Q1N8SLQ1A; S.; SB82_AA1R ; J.; J 4NS1N; 2.; 4QR1NDS; ,.; D_RNG; L.; R ̀ PNG; B. >!$$%?CSA34B4 SA34B4pl(s; 49schl(ss9ericht; Pilotpro=et (r Bmset(ng der 1G*-RRAin Niedersachsen

211S1N,BRG; Q.; SB82_AA1R ; J.; Q1N8SLQ1A; S. >!$5$?C Retrospecti+e and prospecti+e e+al(ation of water 9(dgets at Aange ,ram=e; Qar 2o(tains; German'C effects of plant co+er and climatechange. nC Stat(s and Perspecti+es of Q'drolog' in Small ,asins >Proceedings of the -or=shopheld at Goslar*Qahnen=lee; German'; "$ 2arch*! 4pril !$$%?; 4QS P(9l. ""/; !"%*!77

21RZ1R ; Z.. >!$$/?C ,ewirtschaft(ng des Staatswaldes in einer glo9alen -irtschaft. Forst (. Qol /5>#?C !<$ * !<!

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2_QRNG; ,.; R ̀ PNG; B.; A11FZ1N; G.(. E1GA1R ; 2. >!$$/?C Die 4nn(ität 0 ein Mmissing lin= derForst&=onomie; 4llgemeine Forst* (nd Jagdeit(ng; 5##!; !5*!%

2ÀA1R *BSNG; ,. >!$$<?C 8othold'nami= eines ,(chen9estandes im Solling; ,erichte desForsch(ngsentr(ms -ald&=os'steme; Reihe 4; ,d. 5%". G&ttingen

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N 4G1A; J. >5%%/?C 4nwend(ngsprogramm (r ,estandes9ewert(ng (nd (r Prognose der,estandesentwic=l(ng. Forst (. Qol; <5 >"?C #/*#O

N 4G1A; J. >5%%%?C Zoneptionelle ̀ 9erleg(ngen (m schrittweisen 4(f9a( eines waldwachst(ms=(ndlichen Sim(lationss'stems für Nordwestde(tschland. Schriften a(s derForstlichen Fa=(ltät der Bni+ersität G&ttingen (nd der Nieders. Forstl. 3ers(chsanstalt; ,and5!O; J.D. Sa(erländerWs 3erlag; Fran=f(rt a.2.; S. 5!!

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N 4G1A; J. >!$$O?C Schät(ng der Qoln(t(ng (nd der 8otholmengen im Qin9lic= a(f(antifiier(ng der =orrespondierenden Nährstoffmengen. 8hemenschwerp(n=t 1nergiehol(nd stand&rtliche Nachhaltig=eit 8eil 5. Forst (nd Qol; /". Jg.; !"*!<

N 4G1A; J. >!$$%?C -aldwachst(mssim(lation mit dem Softwarepa=et 8reeGr6SS 0 Ne(er(ngen;1rweiter(ngsm&glich=eiten (nd (alitätsmanagement. nC R&misch; Z.; Nothd(rft; 4.; -(nn;B. >Qrsg.?C 8ag(ngs9and der gemeinsamen Jahrestag(ng der Se=tion Forstliche ,iometrie (ndnformati= im D3FF4 >!$. 8ag(ng? (nd der 4G _=ologie (. Bmwelt in der ntern. ,iometr.Gesell.; !!.*!7.$%.!$$O in Frei9(rg. Die Grüne Reihe; 5#7*5#O

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Aiterat(r"<

N 4G1A; J.; DBD4; Q. (. Q 4NS1N; J. >!$$/?C Forest Sim(lator ,-NPro#. Forst (nd Qol /5; Qeft 5$;S.7!#*7!%

N 4G1A; J.(. ,GNG; G.S. >5%%<?C Schät(ng der Parameter der -ei9(llf(n=tion (r Generier(ng +onD(rchmesser+erteil(ngen. 4llg. Forst* (. J. Etg. 5// >%5$?C 5O<*5O%

N 4G1A; J.(. SLQ_D1R ; J. >!$$<?C 2odellf(n=tionen (nd Zoeffiienten des Forest Sim(lators ,-NPro 3ersion #.$ * 3ersion 4ln(s 0 . ,eschrei9(ng (m ForestSim(lator ,-NPro #.$Programm9eschrei9(ng httpCwww.nw*f+a.de

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P1A6B; 1.L. >5%//?. 8he meas(rement of di+ersit' in different t'pes of 9iological collections. Jo(rnalof 8heoretical ,iolog' ; 3ol(me 5"; 5"5*577

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R ̀ 8Q1R ; ,.; Q 4NS1N; J.; ABD-G; 4.; SP1AA24NN; Q.; N 4G1A; J.; 2_QRNG; ,.; D181R ; 2. >!$$#?CLl(sterst(die Forst (nd Qol Niedersachsen. ,eiträge a(s der Nordwestde(tschen Forstlichen 3ers(chsanstalt; ,and 5.

R ̀ 8Q1R ; ,.; Q 4NS1N; J.; ABD-G; 4.; SP1AA24NN; Q.; N 4G1A; J.; 2_QRNG; ,.; A`PZ1; N. 3 .; SLQ2D8* - 4A81R ; P.; D181R ; 2. >!$$Oa?C Ll(sterst(die Forst (nd Qol Schleswig*Qolstein. 1igendr(c=;G&ttingen; #O S.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00225193




http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%236932%231966%23999869999%23544830%23FLP%23&_cdi=6932&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d263f171c090d4517b00a654622ec9d1








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3 6AB4RD8S; G. >5%<O?C Die 1sche in Schleswig*Qolstein. Dissertation Bni+. G&ttingen

- 1NS1A; A.; 211RSLQ41R8; -. (. ,GNG; G.S. >5%O#?C 8ree Qeight and Diameter Growth 2odels forNorthern Lalifornia Lonifers. Qilgardia; Bni+ersit' of Lalifornia; 3ol(me <<; No. O

- 1S8PQ4A; ,. >5%%O?C ,eschrei9(ng (nd 2odellier(ng des -achst(ms +on Japan*Aärchen >Aari:=aempferi? im Rein9estand. Dissertation Bni+ersität G&ttingen

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4 -ppendi/

<.5 1@(ations and Settings for Northwest German'

a!elle : Species code

-ode <ur= ame lat. ame 0instellun! ie

11& 0i 0iche uercus 11&

111 S0i Stieleiche uercus robur 11&

112 *0i *raubeneiche uercus #etraea 11&113 R0i Roteiche uercus rubra 113

114 P0i Perreiche uercus cerris 11&

115 Su0i Sum#feiche uercus cerris 11&

211 'u 'uche Fa!us sil+atica 211

221 Abu Aainbuche -ar#inus betulus 211

311 0s 0sche FraEinus eEcelsior 311

321 ',h 'er!ahorn ,cer #seudo#latanus 321

322 S,h S#it=ahorn ,cer #latanoides 321

323 F,h Feldahorn ,cer cam#estre 321331 'Rue 'er!ulme Ulmus !labra 211

332 FlaR Flatterulme Ulmus lae+is 211

333 FRue Feldulme Ulmus minor 211

341 S7i Sommerlinde *ilia #lat%#h%llos 342

342 7i interlinde *ilia cordata 211

351 Rob Robinie Robinia #seudoacacia 211

352 <ast <astanie -astanea sati+a 211

353 uss ussbaum Qu!lans re!ia 211

354 <ir <irsche (runus a+ium 211

355 ,#f ilda#fel alus sil+estris 211

356 'ir ildbirne (%rus #%raster 211

35 0ls 0lsbeere Sorbus torminalis 35

35" S#ei S#eierlin! Sorbus domestica 35

35$ ehl ehlbeere Sorbus intermedia 35

361 *ul *ul#enbaum 7iriodendron tuli#ifera 321

362 Ai Aic@or% -ar%a alba 321

363 (la (latane (latanus acerifolia 321

365 Pe ild=etsch!e (runus domestica 35

32 Faulb Faulbaum Faulbaum 35




4ppendi:"%


35 Aas Aasel -or%lus a+ellana 353"& (faff (faffenhtchen 0uon%mus euro#aeus 35

3"6 IleE Stech#alme IleE aquifolium 35

41& 'i 'ir@e 'etula 412

411 S'i Sandbir@e 'etula #endula 412

412 'i oorbir@e 'etula #ubescens 412

413 Q'i Qa#anische 'ir@e 'etula 412

414 A%'i A%brid 'ir@e 'etula 412

421 R0r Roterle ;Schar=erle8 ,lnus !lutinosa 421

422 0r eierle ;/rauerle8 ,lnus incana 421423 /0r /rnerle ,lnus incana 421

43& (a (a##el (o#ulus 211

431 ,s 0s#e o. Pitter#a##el (o#ulus tremula 11&

432 S(a Schar=#a##el (o#ulus ni!ra 11&

433 /(a /rau#a##el (o#ulus canescens 11&

434 '(a 'alsam#a##el (o#ulus balsamifera 11&

441 ei eide SaliE 11&

442 R<ast Ross@astanie ,esculus hi##ocastanum 321

451 0bs 0beresche Sorbus aucu#aria 211

452 *<ir ameri@. *rauben@irsche (runus serotina 221

511 Fi Fichte (icea abies 511

512 SFi Sit@afichte (icea sitchensis 511

513 Fi mori@afichte (icea omori@a 511

514 SteFi Stechfichte (icea #un!ens 511

515 SFi Schar=fichte (icea mariana 511

516 SaFi Sachalinfichte (icea !lehni 511

51 OeFi ,)anfichte (icea )e=oensis 511

521 *a eisstanne ,bies alba 511

522 *a ordmannstanne ,bies nordmanniana 511

523 <*a <stentanne ,bies !randis 511

524 <ol*a <oloradotanne ,bies concolor 511

525 0*a 0deltanne ,bies #rocera 511

52 7*a SierraC*anne ,bies concolor +ar.loiana 511

52" *a eitchsC*anne ,bies +eitchii 511

52$ (*a (ur#urtanne ,bies amabilis 511

541 *s Aemloc@ (icea abies 541

542 *h 7ebensbaum *hu)a #licata 11

611 D!l Dou!lasie (seudosu!a men=ie=ii 611




4ppendi: 7$


11 <i <iefer (inus Sil+estris 11

12 S<i Schar=@iefer (inus ni!ra 1131 Stro Strobus (inus strobus 11

"11 07ae 0uro#Tische 7Trche 7ariE deciduas "11

"12 Q7ae Qa#anische 7Trche 7ariE @aem#feri "11

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4ppendi: 7!

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<ronent%#K 1 ;&K7aubhol=L 1K adelhol=8

'onitTt ;Ahe im,lter 1&&8 MmN

t.si K ;s#.h1&&B4$."2&&C.33&$&ln;t.a!e8C&.33";;ln;t.a!e88H2.&88?;&.526"4B&.1&542ln;t.a!e88 ?Fichte ;,/07 1$$$8?

Ahe ents#rechendder 'onitTt MmN

Ahe K C4$."2&&B.33&$&ln;t.a!e8B&.33";ln;t.a!e8H28B&.526"4t.siB&.1&542t.siln;t.a!e8 ? Fichte;,/07 1$$$8?


ih#ot K ;;1.2164t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&1$4;t.a!eB5.&888H1.13448C;1.2164t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&1$4t.a!e88H1.134488 ? Fichte ;,/07 1$$$8?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.h;;;;C4$."2&&B.33&$&ln;t.a!eB58B&.33";;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8B&.526"4t.siB&.1&542t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C4$."2&&B.33&$&ln;t.a!e8B&.33";;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8B&.526"4t.siB&.1&542t.si;ln;t.a!e8888?s#.h1&& 8B;&.&&21;t.hincH2.125888 ? Fichte ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?

Ahen=uachsstreuun! MmN

herror K &.&"2




4ppendi: 77

/rundflTchen=uachs McmXN

t.dinc K eE#;C6.2&1"B1.2$"4ln;3.1415$26535$;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H28;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2 B;t.c?28H28H1.5 C ;t.c?28H388C&.$366ln;t.a!e8C1.2"35t.c66E%B&.2$62t.c66cE%B&.2$261.6&$48 ?Fichte ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.63"


aEDichte K &.&&&13.1415$2?;16&.&&&&&12"41.2"42;t.hH;&.14"C1.1$14888 ? Fichte ordest ;DW''070R 2&&48 ?

aEimales ,lterMQahreN

aE,lter K 24&


1.&C;;s#.%earCt.outC5.&8?5&.&8

PielstTr@endurchmesser McmN

45.&


12.&

Ti!eDurchforstun!MmJ'YN

12.&J&.J2&.&J2&.&J&.5J26.&J26.&J&."J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 &J1&2J255


(lu!in>

<on@urren=indeE

-om#etition

(lu!in>Schaftformfun@tion

*a#erFunction'%Schmidt

olumenfun@tionSchafthol= MmVN

3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.5"4"B3.34262?;t.ht.h8C1.335?;t.ht.d8C&.26215lo!;t.d8?lo!;1&.&8B&.1"36lo!;t.h8?lo!;1&.&8B11.34436?;t.dt.ht.h88 ? Fichte Schafthol= ;'0R/07 1$38?

a!elle 1,: 5aumart 11 J Douglasie &seudosuga menziezii8


t.d K ;C&.621B1.&6&s#.d!8;;;6.$?;C&.621B1.&6&s#.d!88H;4.3"&B&.236s#.d!C&.141dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;4.3"&B&.236s#.d!C&.141dmaE88 ? Dou!lasie;,/07 u. 'I/I/ 1$$58 ?

0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.1$$651&&;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;4.632655;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ? Dou!lasie;,/07 1$$$8 ?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K &.2&1&4B&.5"4352&ln;s#.'ADGS*D8 ? Dou!lasie;,7'0R* 2&&&8?

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;C2&&.31$14?;t.ht.dt.d8B&."34?t.dC&.&&52ln;t.d8ln;t.d8B.35$4?;t.ht.d8B&.461558 ? Dou!lasie

Derbhol= ;'0R/07 1$"8?




4ppendi:7<

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;2.$1$B&.&$3$t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?1&.&16181.362888 ?

Dou!lasie ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C1."$6B&.34&56t.h?t.dC&.&&61&t.dB&."262ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? Dou!lasie ;DW''070R 0*,7 2&&28 ?

<ronent%#e in /rafi@> <ronent%#K 1 ;&K7aubhol=L 1K adelhol=8


t.si K ;s#.h1&&B4.&$&&C11.4322ln;t.a!e8B&.&;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&88?;C&.&B&.2&&63ln;t.a!e88? Dou!lasie ;,/07 1$$$8?


Ahe K C4.&$&&B11.4322ln;t.a!e8C&.&;ln;t.a!e8H28C&.&t.siB&.2&&63t.siln;t.a!e8 ? Dou!lasie ;,/07 1$$$8?


ih#ot K ;;C4.&$&&B11.4322ln;t.a!eB58C&.&;;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8C&.&t.siB&.2&&63t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C4.&$&&B11.4322ln;t.a!e8C&.&;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8C&.&t.siB&.2&&63t.si;ln;t.a!e8888 ? Dou!lasie;,/07 1$$$8?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.h;;;;C4.&$&&B11.4322ln;t.a!eB58C&.&;;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8C&.&t.siB&.2&&63t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C4.&$&&B11.4322ln;t.a!e8C&.&;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8C&.&t.siB&.2&&63t.si;ln;t.a!e8888?s#.h1&&8B;&.&&15$;t.hincH2.5255888 ? Dou!lasie ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.&"2

/rundflTchen=uachs

McmXN

t.dinc K eE#;C.$66B1.5135ln;3.1415$26535$;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hC

t.cb8H28;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2 B;t.c?28H28H1.5 C ;t.c?28H388C1.&&&$ln;t.a!e8C&.44"1t.c66E%B&.5&$$t.c66cE%B&.3&3"1.6&$48 ?Dou!lasie ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.25


aEDichte K &.&&&13.1415$2?;16.&&.&&&&&&"$3&62.4&"";t.hH;&.26C1.3555888 ? Dou!lasiesuedest ;DW''070R 2&&48 ?

aEimales ,lter MQahreN aE,lter K 2"&


1.&C;;s#.%earCt.outC5.&8?5&.&8


65.&


14.&


14.&J&.65J2&.&J2&.&J&.&J26.&J26.&J&.J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 255J12"J255








4ppendi: 7/


3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.1&$"B&.1"5"?;lo!;t.d1&.&8?lo!;1&.&88B&.&4&65;t.h?t.d88 ? Dou!lasie Schafthol= ;'0R/071$18?

a!elle 1): 5aumart 711 J Qiefer &inus sil%estris8


t.d K ;C&.&4B1.&4s#.d!8;;;6.$?;C&.&4B1.&4s#.d!88H;3.64&B&.332s#.d!C&.1"&dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;3.64&B&.332s#.d!C&.1"&dmaE88 ? <iefer ;,/07u. 'I/I/ 1$$58 ?

0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.25$6341;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;1.3&64534;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ? <iefer;,/07 1$$$8 ?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K C1."3153&&B&.$&15"3ln;s#.d!8 ? <iefer ;,7'0R* 2&&&8 ?

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.4&"&4C31".3342?;t.ht.dt.d8B36.$&522?;t.ht.d8C4.&52$2?;t.dt.d88 ? <iefer Derbhol= ;'0R/071$"8?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;1.2"3B&.113""t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?".&522&81.33$44888 ? <iefer ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;1.2&"5C&.23$2t.h?t.dB&.&&42t.dC&."$ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? <iefer ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?



t.si K ;s#.h1&&B31.64"&C11.645&&ln;t.a!e8B1.&4$"$;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&88?;C&.43221B&.31253ln;t.a!e88 ? <iefer;,/07 1$$$8 ?


Ahe K C31.64"&B11.645&&ln;t.a!e8C1.&4$"$;ln;t.a!e8H28C&.43221t.siB&.31253t.siln;t.a!e8 ? <iefer ;,/07 1$$$8 ?


ih#ot K ;;C31.64"&B11.645&&ln;t.a!eB58C1.&4$"$;;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8C&.43221t.siB&.31253t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C31.64"&B11.645&&ln;t.a!e8C1.&4$"$;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8C&.43221t.siB&.31253t.si;ln;t.a!e8888 ? <iefer ;,/07 1$$$8 ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.h;;;;C31.64"&B11.645&&ln;t.a!eB58C

1.&4$"$;;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8C&.43221t.siB&.31253t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C31.64"&B11.645&&ln;t.a!e8C1.&4$"$;;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8C&.43221t.siB&.31253t.si;ln;t.a!e8888?s#.h1&&8B;&.&&&&;t.hincH1.&888 ? <iefer ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.&"2


t.dinc K eE#;C5.&4$B&.$5&"ln;3.1415$26535$;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H28;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2 B;t.c?28H28H1.5 C ;t.c?28H388C&."35ln;t.a!e8C&.63$t.c66E%B&.113t.c66cE%C&.1"$11.6&$48 ?<iefer ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?

Durchmesser=uachsstre

uun! McmN

herror K &.64$




4ppendi:7#

aEimale Dichte der

/rundflTche MmX?haN

aEDichte K &.&&&13.1415$2?

;16&.&&&&&252$&.2"3";t.hH;&.62C&.621888 ? <iefer ordest;DW''070R 2&&48 ?



1.&C;;s#.%earCt.outC5.&8?5&.&8


45.&


12.&


12.&J&.J1".&J1".&J&.5J24.&J24.&J&."J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 153J153J153






3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2 ;&.35&$6B&.$3$64?t.dB1.5464?t.hC2.&4"2?;t.dt.d8C5.3&5?;t.dt.h8B1.444?;t.ht.dt.d8 8 ? <iefer Schafthol=;'0R/07 1$48 ?

a!elle 1>: 5aumart 11) - ?oteiche


t.d K ;&.26B1.&31s#.d!8;;;6.$?;&.26B1.&31s#.d!88H;6.122B&.34s#.d!C&.25"dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;6.122B&.34s#.d!C&.25"dmaE88 ? Roteiche;,/07 u. 'I/I/ 1$$58 ?

0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.26$32445;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;4.32123&&2;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ? Roteiche;,/07 1$$$8 ?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K C&.1$4466B&.353561&ln;s#.d!8 ? 0iche ;,7'0R* 2&&&8?

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.423B&.&3$1"?t.dC4.6$154?;t.dt.d8B3".546$?;t.ht.d8C335."31?;t.ht.dt.d88 ? RoteicheDerbhol= ;'0R/07 1$48 ?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;2.661"B&.1152t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?".33"181.4&"3888 ?0iche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;&.3652B&.3556t.h?t.dC&.&&55"t.dB&.133ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? Roteiche ;DW''070R 0* ,72&&28 ?



t.si K s#.h1&&?;1.3$52;1.&CeE#;C&.&321t.a!e88H1.5&338 ? Roteiche ,/07 1$$$ ?

Ahe ents#rechend der Ahe K 1.3$52t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&321t.a!e88H1.5&33 ? Roteiche




4ppendi: 7O

'onitTt MmN ,/07 1$$$ ?

(otentieller Ahen=uachs

MmN

ih#ot K ;;1.3$52t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&321;t.a!eB5.&888H1.5&338C

;1.3$52t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&321t.a!e88H1.5&3388 ? Roteiche ,/071$$$ ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.h;;;;1.3$52t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&321;t.a!eB5.&888H1.5&338C;1.3$52t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&321t.a!e88H1.5&3388?s#.h1&&8B;C&.&&1&2;t.hincH2.6"55888 ? Roteiche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.&"2


t.dinc K eE#;C6.$6&B1.4&5&ln;;3.1415$3;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&88;;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&B;t.c?2.&8H2.&8H1.58C;t.c?2.&8H3.&88C&."43ln;t.a!e8C1.&$$&t.c66E%B&."2"1t.c66cE%C&.2111ln;5.&88 ?Roteiche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.56$


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;1""&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88 ? Roteiche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?




6&.&

Ahe der 1. Durchforstun!MmN

12.&


12.&J&.5J1".&J1".&J&."&J24.&J24.&J&."5J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 255J255J2&




a!elle 1+: 5aumart ,,1 J 3ain!uche Harpinus !etulus8

Fun@tionen ie -ode 211

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;3.&&2B&.1"51t.d8 ? Aainbuche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C&."466B&.1534t.h?t.dC&.&1&"4t.dB&.6&&2ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? Aainbuche ;DW''070R 0*,7 2&&28 ?


t.dinc K eE#;C"."6B1.13ln;3.1415$26535$;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H28;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2 B;t.c?28H28H1.5 C ;t.c?28H388C&.316ln;t.a!e8C&.56$1t.c66E%B&.&t.c66cE%C&.31$ln;5.&88 ?Aainbuche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 c66c auf null !eset=t?


herror K &.62




4ppendi:7%

aEimale Dichte der

/rundflTche MmX?haN

aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;211&&?

;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88 ? Aainbuche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28?



1.&C;;s#.%earCt.outC5.&8?3&.&8


65.&


12.&


12.&J&.J22.&J22.&J&.65J2".&J2".&J&.5J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 1$$J"3J2"

a!elle 1: 5aumart )11 J Esche Fraxinus excelsior8


t.d K ;C1.$3B1.&"2s#.d!8;;;6.$?;C1.$3B1.&"2s#.d!88H;4.66$B&.366s#.d!C&.234dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;4.66$B&.366s#.d!C&.234dmaE88 ? 0iche ;,/07u. 'I/I/ 1$$58 ?

0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.146522;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;3."6"6&23;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ?0iche ;,/07 1$$$8 ?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K C&.1$4466B&.353561&ln;s#.d!8 ?'uche ;,7'0R* 2&&&8 ?

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.4"6C;1.&1116?t.d8B;2.1&42"?t.h8C;2&3.1$$?;t.dt.ht.h888 ?'uche Derbhol= ;'0R/07 1$38 ?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;1.32C&.&646t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?45.3181.23"888?0sche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C&.3&"B&.4211t.h?t.dC&.&&3&t.dB&.3242ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? 0sche ;DW''070R 0* ,72&&28 ?


'onitTt ;Ahe im ,lter1&&8 MmN t.si K ;s#.h1&&B46.&46C15."1""6ln;t.a!e8B1.3361";;ln;t.a!e88H2.&88?;&.&&&&&B&.22"&"ln;t.a!e88 ? 0sche;,/07 1$$$8 ?


Ahe K C46.&46B15."1""6ln;t.a!e8C1.3361";ln;t.a!e8H28B&.&t.siB&.22"&"t.siln;t.a!e8? 0sche;,/07 1$$$8 ?


ih#ot K ;;C46.&46B15."1""6ln;t.a!eB58C1.3361";;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8B&.22"&"t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C46.&46B15."1""6ln;t.a!e8C1.3361";;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8B&.22"&"t.si;ln;t.a!e8 ? 0sche ;,/071$$$8 ?




4ppendi: <$

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.h;;;;C46.&46B15."1""6ln;t.a!eB58C1.3361";;ln;t.a!eB588H2.&8B&.22"&"t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C46.&46B15."1""6ln;t.a!e8C1.3361";;ln;t.a!e88H2.&8B&.22"&"t.si;ln;t.a!e8888?s#.h1&&8B;&.&;t.hincH1.&888? 0sche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.&"2


t.dinc K eE#;C6.14&B1.1&6"ln;;3.1415$3;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&88;;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&B;t.c?2.&8H2.&8H1.58C;t.c?2.&8H3.&88C&.5533ln;t.a!e8C1.2"&2t.c66E%B2.1$16t.c66cE%C&.5&44ln;5.&88? 0sche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.6"5


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;141&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88? 0sche ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?



1.&C;;s#.%earCt.outC5.&8?3&.&8


6&.&


12.&


12.&J&."5J1".&J1".&J&.$&J24.&J24.&J&.$5J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 &J153J&

a!elle 17: 5aumart ),1 - 5ergahron



0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.146522;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;3."6"6&23;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ?0iche;,/07 1$$$?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K C&.1$4466B&.353561&ln;s#.d!8 ?'uche ;,7'0R* 2&&&8?

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.4"6C;1.&1116?t.d8B;2.1&42"?t.h8C;2&3.1$$?;t.dt.ht.h888 ?'uche Derbhol=;'0R/07 1$38 ?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;2.$16B&.134&t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?2.1$"8&.41$888 ? ,horn ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C&.31$1B&.&45t.h?t.dC&.&&5t.dB&.4&66ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? ,horn ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?




4ppendi:<5


'onitTt ;Ahe im ,lter1&&8 MmN t.si K 2$6.&432;s#.h1&&?2$6.&4328H;1.&?eE#; ;C&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&8 1&&.&H;1.3&2$6C1.&888B;&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&8t.a!eH;1.3&2$6C1.&888 88 ? ,/07 1$"5 ?


Ahe K 2$6.&432;t.si?2$6.&4328HeE#;;C&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&81&&.&H;1.3&2$6C1.&888B;&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&8t.a!eH;1.3&2$6C1.&8888 ? ,/07 1$"5 ?


ih#ot K ;2$6.&432;t.si?2$6.&4328HeE#;;C&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&81&&.&H;1.3&2$6C1.&888B;&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;1.3&2$6C1.&8888C2$6.&432;t.si?2$6.&4328HeE#;;C&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&81&&.&H;1.3&2$6C1.&888B;&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&8t.a!eH;1.3&2$6C1.&88888 ? ,/07 1$"5 ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.h;;;2$6.&432;t.si?2$6.&4328HeE#;;C&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&81&&.&H;1.3&2$6C1.&888B;&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;1.3&2$6C1.&8888C2$6.&432;t.si?2$6.&4328HeE#;;C&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&81&&.&H;1.3&2$6C1.&888B;&.623""?;;1.3&2$6C1.&8t.a!eH;1.3&2$6C1.&88888?s#.h1&&8B;&.&;t.hincH1.&888 ? ,horn;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.&"2


t.dinc K eE#;C5.$"42B1.3"&1ln;;3.1415$3;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&88 ;;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&B;t.c?2.&8H2.&8H1.58C;t.c?2.&8H3.&88C&.1&4ln;t.a!e8C&.51" t.c66E%B&.&t.c66cE%C1.&5ln;5.&88 ? ,horn ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.563


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;1$"&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88 ? ,horn ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?



1.&C;;s#.%earCt.outC5.&8?3&.&8


6&.&


12.&


12.&J&.55J1".&J1".&J&.6&J24.&J24.&J&.65J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 &J153J&

a!elle 1: 5aumart )>, J Winterlinde ilia cordata8

ie 211




4ppendi: <!


t.si K $6.1335";s#.h1&&?$6.1335"8H;1.&?eE#; ;C&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&81&&.&H;1.1&1126C1.&888B;&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&8t.a!eH;1.1&1126C1.&888 88 ? 'W-<, 1$$& ?


Ahe K $6.1335";t.si?$6.1335"8HeE#;;C&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&81&&.&H;1.1&1126C1.&888B;&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&8t.a!eH;1.1&1126C1.&8888? 'W-<, 1$$& ?

(otentieller Ahen=uachsMmN

ih#ot K ;$6.1335";t.si?$6.1335"8HeE#;;C&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&81&&.&H;1.1&1126C1.&888B;&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;1.1&1126C1.&8888C$6.1335";t.si?$6.1335"8HeE#;;C&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&81&&.&H;1.1&1126C1.&888B;&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&8t.a!eH;1.1&1126C1.&88888 ? 'W-<, 1$$& ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K ;$6.1335";t.si?$6.1335"8HeE#;;C&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C

1.&81&&.&H;1.1&1126C1.&888B;&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;1.1&1126C1.&8888C$6.1335";t.si?$6.1335"8HeE#;;C&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&81&&.&H;1.1&1126C1.&888B;&.4$55"6?;;1.1&1126C1.&8t.a!eH;1.1&1126C1.&88888? 'W-<, 1$$& ?


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;146&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88


a!elle 1M: 5aumart )+> J Qirsche &runus a%ium8

ie 211


t.si K "4.1"5464;s#.h1&&?"4.1"54648H;1.&?eE#; ;C&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&81&&.&H;1.15&$26C1.&888B;&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&8t.a!eH;1.15&$26C1.&888 88 ? RWWS 1$$& ?


Ahe K "4.1"5464;t.si?"4.1"54648HeE#;;C&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&81&&.&H;1.15&$26C1.&888B;&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&8t.a!eH;1.15&$26C1.&8888 ? RWWS 1$$& ?


ih#ot K ;"4.1"5464;t.si?"4.1"54648HeE#;;C&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&81&&.&H;1.15&$26C1.&888B;&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;1.15&$26C1.&8888C

"4.1"5464;t.si?"4.1"54648HeE#;;C&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&81&&.&H;1.15&$26C1.&888B;&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&8t.a!eH;1.15&$26C1.&88888 ? RWWS 1$$& ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K ;"4.1"5464;t.si?"4.1"54648HeE#;;C&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&8 1&&.&H;1.15&$26C1.&888B;&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;1.15&$26C1.&8888C"4.1"5464;t.si?"4.1"54648HeE#;;C&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&81&&.&H;1.15&$26C1.&888B;&."&&&"$?;;1.15&$26C1.&8t.a!eH;1.15&$26C1.&88888 ? RWWS 1$$& ?


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;154&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88




4ppendi:<"

a!elle ,B: 5aumart )+7 - Els!eere Sor!us torminalis8

Durchmesser!enerierun! McmN t.d K ;C1.$3B1.&"2s#.d!8;;;6.$?;C1.$3B1.&"2s#.d!88H;4.66$B&.366s#.d!C&.234dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;4.66$B&.366s#.d!C&.234dmaE88 ? 0iche;,/07 u. 'I/I/ 1$$58 ?

0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.146522;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;3."6"6&23;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ?0iche;,/07 1$$$?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K C&.1$4466B&.353561&ln;s#.d!8 ?'uche ;,7'0R* 2&&&8?

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.4"6C;1.&1116?t.d8B;2.1&42"?t.h8C;2&3.1$$?;t.dt.ht.h888 ?0iche Derbhol=

;'0R/07 1$48?<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;2.22B&.121t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?5.33282.261888 ?

<,A70 2&&4 ?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;C;&.62$B&.1$;t.h?t.d88H2.&88 ? <,A70 2&&4?



t.si K "5.4&&4;s#.h1&&?"5.4&&48H;1.&?eE#; ;C&.2&562?;;1.&3&""451C1.&81&&.&H;1.&3&""451C1.&888B;&.2&562?;;1.&3&""451C1.&8t.a!eH;1.&3&""451C1.&888 88 ? <,A70 2&&4 ?

Ahe ents#rechend der 'onitTt

MmN

Ahe K "5.4&&4;t.si?"5.4&&48HeE#;;C&.2&562?

;;1.&3&""451C1.&81&&.&H;1.&3&""451C1.&888B;&.2&562?;;1.&3&""451C1.&8t.a!eH;1.&3&""451C1.&8888 ? <,A70 2&&4 ?


ih#ot K ;"5.4&&4;t.si?"5.4&&48HeE#;;C&.2&562?;;1.&3&""451C1.&81&&.&H;1.&3&""451C1.&888B;&.2&562?;;1.&3&""451C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;1.&3&""451C1.&8888C"5.4&&4;t.si?"5.4&&48HeE#;;C&.2&562?;;1.&3&""451C1.&81&&.&H;1.&3&""451C1.&888B;&.2&562?;;1.&3&""451C1.&8t.a!eH;1.&3&""451C1.&88888?s#.h1&& ? <,A70 2&&4 ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.hinc


/rundflTchen=uachs McmXN t.dinc K eE#;C5.55B1.&3ln;;3.1415$3;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&88;;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&B;t.c?2.&8H2.&8H1.58C;t.c?2.&8H3.&88C&.""2ln;t.a!e8C&.2t.c66E%8 ? <,A70 2&&4?


herror K &.563


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;1$"&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88 ? <,A70 2&&4 ?



PielstTr@endurchmesser McmN 6&.&




4ppendi: <7

Ahe der 1. Durchforstun! MmN 12.&

Ti!e Durchforstun!

MmJ'YN

12.&J&.55J1".&J1".&J&.6&J24.&J24.&J&.65J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 &J153J&

a!elle ,1: 5aumart >1, J "oor!ir'e 5etula pu!escens8



0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.146522;1.&C

;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;3."6"6&23;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ? 0iche;,/07 1$$$8?


olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.4&3$B&.&&1335t.hB1.126?t.hC11".1""?;t.dt.dt.d8B&.&&&&&42t.dt.d8 ?'uche Derbhol=;'0R/07 1$38 ?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K &.3"&51B&.22141t.d ? oorbir@e ;,/07 2&&$?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C&.5"6&6B&.445&61t.h?t.dB&.&&"464t.dB&.2464ln;s#.h1&&88888 ?oorbir@e ;,/07 2&&$?

<ronent%#e in /rafi@> <ronent%#K & ;&K7aubhol=L 1K adelhol=8'onitTt ;Ahe im ,lter1&&8 MmN

t.si K s#.h1&&;;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"1&&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"t.a!e88 8H4.131$1$1 ? oorbir@e 7oc@ aus!e!lichen;,/07 2&&$8 ?


Ahe K t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"1&&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"t.a!e88 8H4.131$1$1 ? oorbir@e 7oc@ aus!e!lichen;,/07 2&&$?


ih#ot K ;;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"1&&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3";t.a!eB5.&888 8H4.131$1$18C;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"1&&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3";t.a!e888 8H4.131$1$1 88 ?oorbir@e 7oc@ aus!e!lichen ;,/07 2&&$?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K ;;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"1&&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3";t.a!eB5.&888 8H4.131$1$18C;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3"1&&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&65"$3";t.a!e888 8H4.131$1$1 88 ?oorbir@e 7oc@ aus!e!lichen ;,/07 2&&$?


herror K &.&5


t.dinc K ;eE#;4.$2B1.5233ln;3.1415$26535$;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H28;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2 B;t.c?28H28H1.5 C ;t.c?28H388C1.5"$$ln;t.a!e8C1.52&2t.c66E%C1.&t.c66cE%88?1&&&& ?oorbir@e ;,/07 2&&$?

Durchmesser=uachsstreuun! McmN herror K &.&5




4ppendi:<<

aEimale Dichte der

/rundflTche MmX?haN

aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;$$&&.&?

;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88 ? oorbir@e ;,/07 2&&$?aEimales ,lter MQahreN aE,lter K $&


1.&C;;s#.%earCt.outC5.&8?3&.&8


4&.&


12.&


12.&J&.55J1".&J1".&J&.6&J24.&J24.&J&.65J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 2&4J2&4J&

a!elle ,,: 5aumart >,1 J ?oterle Schwarzerle8



0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.146522;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;3."6"6&23;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ? 0iche;,/07 1$$$8?


olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K eE#;C1&.26254B2.155525ln;t.d8 B&.$66" ln;t.h8C&.&4314";ln;t.d88H2 B&.&1&16 ;ln;t.h88 H2 ;1."11$$$C.3"263;1.&?t.d8C &.&32335t.dB&.&&&526&"t.dH28C&.&&&&&246$$5 t.dH3.&8 ?Schar=erle 7-< ;1$$48?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K &.1$$";t.dH&.51558;;t.hCt.cb8H&.356118 ?Schar=erleS-ARWD0R ;8?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C1.662"64B&.166$&"t.h?t.dC&.&13"4t.dB&.$5""ln;s#.h1&&88888 ?Schar=erle S-ARWD0R;8?



t.si K 4.&s#.h1&&eE#;2.33&15C1.66"15"ln;t.a!e8B&.16$$"ln;t.a!e8H2.&8 ?Schar=erle 7-< ;1$$48?


Ahe K t.si?;4.&eE#;2.33&15C1.66"15"ln;t.a!eB58B&.16$$"ln;t.a!eB58H2.&88 ?Schar=erle7-< ;1$$48?


ih#ot K ;;1.2164t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&1$4;t.a!eB5.&888H1.13448C;1.2164t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&1$4t.a!e88H1.134488 ?Schar=erle 7oc@o;1$$48?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K ;;1.2164t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&1$4;t.a!eB5.&888H1.13448C

;1.2164t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&1$4t.a!e88H1.134488




4ppendi: </


herror K &.&5

/rundflTchen=uachsMcmXN t.dinc K eE#;C.236"B1.&5135ln;3.1415$26535$;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H28;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2 B;t.c?28H28H1.5 C ;t.c?28H388C&.5&2"3ln;t.a!e8C&."&1"5t.c66E%8 ?Schar=erle S-ARWD0R ;8?


herror K &.&5


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;s#.d!?2&&.&8H2.&8;551".3eE#;C&.&645s#.d!88 ?Schar=erle Schrder?

aEimales ,lter MQahreN aE,lter K 125


PielstTr@endurchmesser

McmN

4&.&


12.&


12.&J&.55J1".&J1".&J&.6&J24.&J24.&J&.65J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 2&4J2&4J&




a!elle ,): 5aumart >+1 J E!eresche Sor!us aucuparia8

ie 211

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K&.&&&$&4B&.$6266;&.&&&&22t.ht.dH2B&.&&&&1$t.dt.hB&.&&&&5"t.h8B&.1324";&.&&&&22t.ht.dH2B&.&&&&1$t.dt.hB&.&&&&5"t.h8H2 ?0beresche ;AI770'R,D 1$$68?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K 1.&21$$B&.13"4$t.d ?0beresche ;Aillebrand 1$$68?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;C;&.4$2"B&.2163$t.h?t.d8H2.&88



t.si K 66.$$&3;s#.h1&&?66.$$&38H;1.&?eE#; ;C&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&81&&.&H;&.$&C1.&888B;&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&8t.a!eH;&.$&C1.&888 88 ?0beresche ;AI770'R,D1$$68?


Ahe K 66.$$&3;t.si?66.$$&38HeE#;;C&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&81&&.&H;&.$&C1.&888B;&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&8t.a!eH;&.$&C1.&8888 ?0beresche ;AI770'R,D 1$$68?




4ppendi:<#

(otentieller Ahen=uachs

MmN

ih#ot K ;66.$$&3;t.si?66.$$&38HeE#;;C&.23515?;;&.$&C

1.&81&&.&H;&.$&C1.&888B;&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;&.$&C1.&8888C66.$$&3 ;t.si?66.$$&38HeE#;;C&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&81&&.&H;&.$&C1.&888B;&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&8t.a!eH;&.$&C1.&88888 ?0beresche;AI770'R,D 1$$68?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K ;66.$$&3;t.si?66.$$&38HeE#;;C&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&81&&.&H;&.$&C1.&888B;&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&8;t.a!eB5.&8H;&.$&C1.&8888C66.$$&3 ;t.si?66.$$&38HeE#;;C&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&81&&.&H;&.$&C1.&888B;&.23515?;;&.$&C1.&8t.a!eH;&.$&C1.&88888 ?0beresche;AI770'R,D 1$$68?

aEimale Dichte der/rundflTche MmX?haN aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;1&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88

aEimales ,lter MQahreN aE,lter K 12&




12.&


12.&J&.55J1".&J1".&J&.6&J24.&J24.&J&.65J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 2&4J2&4J&

a!elle ,>: 5aumart +,1 J Weisstanne /!ies al!a8

ie 511

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K 1."4"1&B&.1&35&t.d ?eisstanne ;,/071$$$8?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;C;&."4B&.2&t.h?t.d8H2.&88 ?eisstanne ;,/07 1$$$8?

aEimale Dichte der /rundflTcheMmX?haN

aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;15&&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88

a!elle ,+: 5aumart +,) J QRstentanne /!ies grandis8

ie 511

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K eE#;1.64134ln;t.d8B&."4522ln;t.hC1.38B&.45253ln;1.&C;.&?t.d88C".453$8 ? <ta Derbhol= a!el 1$""?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;3.152&$B&.&643&6t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?14.&6$3681.$3"416888 ?<ta ;/0' 2&&$?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C1.&4&1$$B&.5$456&5t.h?t.dC&.&&6&6$t.dB&.6"5&44ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? <ta ;/0' 2&&$8 ?





4ppendi: <O


t.si K s#.h1&&;;1.&CeE#;C&.&315&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&31t.a!e88 8H2.&"562 ? <ta ;/0' 2&&$8 ?

Ahe ents#rechend der 'onitTtMmN Ahe K t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&315&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&31t.a!e88 8H2.&"562 ? <ta ;/0' 2&&$8 ?

(otentieller Ahen=uachs MmN ih#ot K ;;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&315&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&31;t.a!eB5.&888 8H2.&"5628C;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&315&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&31;t.a!e888 8H2.&"562 88 ? <ta ;/0' 2&&$8 ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K ;;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&315&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&31;t.a!eB5.&888 8H2.&"5628C;t.si?;;1.&CeE#;C&.&315&.&88?;1.&CeE#;C&.&31;t.a!e888 8H2.&"562 881.&53&41;t.h?s#.h1&&8H&.&21"4" ? <ta ;/0' 2&&$8 ?

Ahen=uachsstreuun! MmN herror K 1.2$

/rundflTchen=uachs McmXN t.dinc K ;eE#;3.55"1B1.&1"355ln;t.dt.d8C1.2&&6ln;t.a!e8C&.$6"1&t.c66E%B&.541"26t.c66cE%88?1&&&&.& ? <ta ;/0'2&&$8 ?


herror K C$.&


aEDichte K &.&&&13.1415$2?;16&.&&&&&55"&.63;t.hH;&.2&6C1.&6&888 ? <ta ;/0'2&&$8 ?


*othol==erset=un! ;Fa@tor8


Ahe der 1. Durchforstun! MmN 1&.&


1&.&J&.6J2&.&J2&.&J&.6J26.&J3&.&J&."J1&&.&

a!elle ,: 5aumart 11 J Europ6ische =6rche =arix decidua8

Durchmesser!enerierun! McmN t.d K ;C2.4$2B1.1&4s#.d!8;;;6.$?;C2.4$2B1.1&4s#.d!88H;3.41"B&.353s#.d!C&.1$2dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;3.41"B&.353s#.d!C&.1$2dmaE88 ? Fichte;,/07 u. 'I/I/ 1$$58 ?

0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.12$31522;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;4.4423456&;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ?07ae;,/07 1$$$?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K C&.6"6&345B&.551"&3ln;s#.d!8 ? 07ae ;,7'0R* 2&&&8?

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.5"3B4.52132?;t.ht.h8C5.5$"2?;t.ht.d8C&.21&1ln;t.d8?ln;1&.&8B&.12363ln;t.h8?ln;1&.&8B21.$2$3"? ;t.dt.ht.h8 8 ?07aeDerbhol= ;'0R/07 1$48?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K ;3.6$62B&.&62t.d8;1.&CeE#;CeE#;ln;t.d?21."&4681.53888? 7ae ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?




4ppendi:<%

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;&."225C&.46""t.h?t.dC&.&&31t.dC

&.42"2ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? 7ae ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?<ronent%#e in /rafi@> <ronent%#K 1 ;&K7aubhol=L 1K adelhol=8


t.si K ;s#.h1&&B&.535158?;C&."5"B&.3"$"2ln;t.a!e88 ? 7ae;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


Ahe K C&.53515C&."5"t.siB&.3"$"2t.siln;t.a!e8 ? 7ae;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


ih#ot K ;;C&.53515C&."5"t.siB&.3"$"2t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C&.53515C&."5"t.siB&.3"$"2t.si;ln;t.a!e8888 ? 7ae;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K ;;C&.53515C&."5"t.siB&.3"$"2t.si;ln;t.a!eB5888C;C&.53515C&."5"t.siB&.3"$"2t.si;ln;t.a!e8888 ? 7ae;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


/rundflTchen=uachs McmXN t.dinc K eE#;C.1$2B&."621ln;3.1415$26535$;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H28;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2 B;t.c?28H28H1.5 C;t.c?28H388C&.51$3ln;t.a!e8C&.122t.c66E%B&.361$t.c66cE%B&.3161.6&$48 ? 7ae;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.62$

aEimale Dichte der

/rundflTche MmX?haN

aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;"4&&.&?

;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88 ? 7ae ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?aEimales ,lter MQahreN aE,lter K 24&




12.&


12.&J&.J2&.&J2&.&J&.5J26.&J26.&J&."J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 255J&J&

a!elle ,7: 5aumart 1, J Napanische =6rche =arix 'aempferi8

Durchmesser!enerierun! McmN t.d K ;C2.4$2B1.1&4s#.d!8;;;6.$?;C2.4$2B1.1&4s#.d!88H;3.41"B&.353s#.d!C&.1$2dmaE88Cln;1.&Crandom88H;1.&?;3.41"B&.353s#.d!C&.1$2dmaE88 ? Fichte;,/07 u. 'I/I/ 1$$58 ?

0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K 1.3B;s#.h!C1.38eE#;&.53$344"$;1.&C;s#.d!?t.d888eE#;4.165126"5;;1.&?s#.d!8C;1.&?t.d888 ?Q7ae;,/07 1$$$?

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K C&.6"1&1"6B&.5231ln;s#.d!8 ? Q7ae ;,7'0R*2&&&8?




4ppendi: /$

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K 3.1415$2t.h;t.d?2&&8H2;&.5&3B.4136?;t.ht.h8C.5&1? ;t.ht.d8C&.3226"ln;t.d8?ln;1&.&8B&.3&5"3ln;t.h8?ln;1&.&8B2&.542? ;t.dt.ht.h8 8 ?Q7aeDerbhol= ;'0R/07 1$38?

<ronenbreite MmN t.c K 2.3"&5B&.1&3t.d ? Q7ae ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K t.h;1.&CeE#;Cabs;;C1.&41B&.4"$t.h?t.dC&.&&$14t.dB&.6266ln;s#.h1&&88888 ? Q7ae ;DW''070R 0*,7 2&&28 ?



t.si K s#.h1&&?;1.""&62;1.&CeE#;C&.&&$2$6t.a!e88H&.63458 ?Q7ae ;0S*(A,7 1$$8 ?


Ahe K 1.""&62t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&&$2$6t.a!e88H&.6345 ? Q7ae;0S*(A,7 1$$8 ?

(otentieller Ahen=uachs MmN ih#ot K ;;1.""&62t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&&$2$6;t.a!eB5.&888H&.63458C;1.""&62t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&&$2$6t.a!e88H&.634588 ? Q7ae ;0S*(A,7 1$$8 ?

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K t.h;;;;1.""&62t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&&$2$6;t.a!eB5.&888H&.63458C;1.""&62t.si;1.&CeE#;C&.&&$2$6t.a!e88H&.634588?s#.h1&&8B;&.&1"";t.hincH3.5$22888 ? Q7ae ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


/rundflTchen=uachs McmXN t.dinc K eE#;C".1122B1.3&16ln;;3.1415$3;t.c?2.&8?;6.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&88;;;4.&;t.hCt.cb8H2.&B;t.c?2.&8H2.&8H1.58C

;t.c?2.&8H3.&88C&.6$$ln;t.a!e8C&.5&"1t.c66E%B&.466t.c66cE%B&.352&ln;5.&88 ? Q7ae;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28 ?


herror K &.5


aEDichte K ;3.1415$2;t.d?2&&.&8H2.&8;22"&&.&?;3.1415$2;t.c?2.&8H2.&88 ? Q7ae ;DW''070R 0* ,7 2&&28?

aEimales ,lter MQahreN aE,lter K 24&


PielstTr@endurchmesser McmN 6&.&Ahe der 1. Durchforstun! MmN 12.&


12.&J&.5J1".&J1".&J&."&J24.&J24.&J&."5J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 254J&J&

a!elle ,: rass MMM J 4ergrasung wird wie eine 5aumart gefRhrt@ Hode MMM 'ann nicht ge6ndertwerden

Durchmesser!enerierun! McmN t.d K0inheitshhen@ur+e MmN t.h K




4ppendi:/5

Ahen+ariabilitTt MmN t.h+ K

olumenfun@tion MmVN t.+ K &<ronenbreite MmN t.c K

<ronenansat= MmN t.cb K


'onitTt ;Ahe im ,lter 1&&8 MmN t.si K 1

Ahe ents#rechend der 'onitTt MmN Ahe K 1

(otentieller Ahen=uachs MmN ih#ot K &

Ahen=uachs MmN t.hinc K &

Ahen=uachsstreuun! MmN herror K &.&

/rundflTchen=uachs McmXN t.dinc K &Durchmesser=uachsstreuun! McmN herror K &.&

aEimale Dichte der /rundflTche MmX?haN aEDichte K &.&&3"4"6&&&?5.&

aEimales ,lter MQahreN aE,lter K $&&

*othol==erset=un! ;Fa@tor8 &.&

PielstTr@endurchmesser McmN $$$.&

Ahe der 1. Durchforstun! MmN 12&.&

Ti!e Durchforstun! MmJ'YN 12.&J&.55J1".&J1".&J&.6&J24.&J24.&J&.65J1&&.&

Farbe ;R/'8 255J1&2J55

<.! ngrowth 2odel

a!elle ,M: Qoeffizienten fRr Wahrscheinlich'eit %on Einwuchs nach fRhrender 5aumart

F5hrende aumart p6 p1

1iche $.!"# *$./<<5

,(che $.!<<5 *$.<!OO

4AQ4AN $.!77/ *$.77"<Fichte $.5/<% *$./$O/

Do(glasie $.5O$$ *$.O$!!

Ziefer $.!%7/ *$.!#%<

Aärche $.!O!% *$.#7O!

nE=e p0+p1⋅c66Kl




4ppendi: /!

a!elle )B: Qoeffizienten zur 5estimmung der /nzahl der einwachsenden 56ume in /!h6ngig'eitder fRhrenden 5aumart

F5hrende aumart p6 p1

1iche ".!O#7 *5.5!#<

,(che ".57//7 *$.%7#O%

4AQ4AN !.O$##! *$.O#"O"

Fichte !.#""5 *$.#$%/

Do(glasie !.#""5 *$.#$%/

Ziefer !.%""O *5.5#$5

Aärche !.<$5! *$.7#%"

− ,estimm(ng der ,a(mart

a!elle )1: FRhrende 5aumart Eiche

c77kl -rt 111 112 211 221 #21 #2 11 11 #1 41 411 811 8#1 911$.5 p $.!<7 $.#!7 $.#<! $.#<! $.#<! $.#<! $.%!5 $.%#$ $.%#$ $.%O< 5.$$ 5.$ 5.$ 5.$$." p $.!$" $.O55 $.O7% $.O/! $.O/! $.O/! $.O#< $.O#< $.OOO $.%$5 $.%/7 $.%O% 5.$$$ 5.$$$$.< p $.5## $./#" $.#O/ $.O!5 $.O!5 $.O!5 $.O"< $.O#$ $.O#$ $.O%O $.%%$ $.%%# $.%%# $.%%#$.# p $.5/% $.//! $.O<% $.OO# $.OO# $.OO# $.%$5 $.%$5 $.%$5 $.%5< $.%O< $.%O< $.%O< $.%%%$.% p $.$7" $.<"! $.#// $.#O# $.#O# $.#O# $.O$O $.O$O $.O$O $.O<5 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$5.5 p $.!5# $./$O $.O7# $.O%$ $.O%$ $.%"" $.%"" $.%"" $.%"" $.%<< $.%%O $.%%O $.%%O $.%%O5." p $.$$$ $.""" $./// $./// $./// $.### $.### $.### $.### $.%%% $.%%% $.%%% $.%%% $.%%%

5.<V p $.$$$ $.!<$ $./!< $.#<$ $.O#< 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$ 5.$$$

a!elle ),: FRhrende 5aumart 5uche eil 18

c66@l ,rt 111 112 211 221 311 321 331 342 365

&.1 # &.&& &.&& &.$1" &.$1" &.$1" &.$1" &.$1" &.$1" &.$1"

&.3 # &.&&" &.&&" &.$42 &.$42 &.$42 &.$42 &.$42 &.$42 &.$42

&.5 # &.&&& &.&&" &.$1$ &.$1$ &.$1$ &.$1$ &.$1$ &.$1$ &.$23

&. # &.&3& &.&6& &."2 &."2 &."2 &.""5 &.""$ &."$3 &."$3

&.$ # &.&46 &.&5$ &.$34 &.$54 &.$54 &.$54 &.$54 &.$54 &.$541.1 # &.&&" &.&&" &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$6$

1.3 # &.&&& &.&&& &.$61 &.$61 &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$ &.$

1.5 B: # & & 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a!elle )): FRhrende 5aumart 5uche eil,8

c66@ l

,rt 411 441 451 452 511 513 521 611 11 "11

&.1 # &.$4& &.$44 &.$44 &.$44 &.$$6 &.$$6 &.$$6 &.$$6 &.$$6 1.&&&

&.3 # &.$65 &.$65 &.$65 &.$65 &.$"" &.$"" &.$"" &.$$2 &.$$2 1.&&&




4ppendi:/"

&.5 # &.$35 &.$35 &.$51 &.$51 &.$$1 &.$$5 &.$$5 &.$$5 &.$$5 1.&&&

&. # &.$&6 &.$&6 &.$&6 &.$&6 &.$4 &.$4 &.$4 &.$"3 &.$$2 1.&&&&.$ # &.$54 &.$54 &.$54 &.$54 &.$"& &.$"& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&&

1.1 # &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$ &.$ 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&&

1.3 # &.$ &.$ &.$"5 &.$"5 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&&

1.5 B:

# 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&&

a!elle )>: FRhrende 5aumart /lh oder /ln eil18

c66@l ,rt 111 112 211 221 311 321 342 354 411 412 421

&.1 # &.&&& &.&51 &.22$ &.22$ &.22$ &.263 &.263 &.21 &.61" &.643 &.6"5

&.3 # &.116 &.1$5 &.256 &.262 &.26" &.26" &.26" &.26" &.62" &.&1 &.3"

&.5 # &.&16 &.&16 &.154 &.154 &.154 &.1" &.1$4 &.1$4 &.56& &.56 &.5$2

&. # &.&21 &.&32 &.11 &.11 &.213 &.266 &.266 &.266 &.45 &.45 &.66

&.$ # &.&&& &.&2" &.334 &.334 &.334 &.445 &.445 &.445 &.52" &.52" &.556

1.1 # &.1& &.1& &.35 &.35 &.3$3 &.42$ &.42$ &.42$ &.6&" &.6&" &.6$

1.3 B:

# &.&53 &.&53 &.421 &.421 &.421 &.44 &.44 &.44 &.5$ &.5$ &.5$

a!elle )+: FRhrende 5aumart /lh oder /ln eil,8

c66@l ,rt 411 441 451 452 511 513 521 611 11 "11

&.1 # &.$4& &.$44 &.$44 &.$44 &.$$6 &.$$6 &.$$6 &.$$6 &.$$6 1.&&&

&.3 # &.$65 &.$65 &.$65 &.$65 &.$"" &.$"" &.$"" &.$$2 &.$$2 1.&&&

&.5 # &.$35 &.$35 &.$51 &.$51 &.$$1 &.$$5 &.$$5 &.$$5 &.$$5 1.&&&

&. # &.$&6 &.$&6 &.$&6 &.$&6 &.$4 &.$4 &.$4 &.$"3 &.$$2 1.&&&

&.$ # &.$54 &.$54 &.$54 &.$54 &.$"& &.$"& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&&

1.1 # &.$6$ &.$6$ &.$ &.$ 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&&

1.3 # &.$ &.$ &.$"5 &.$"5 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&&

1.5 B:

# 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&& 1.&&

a!elle ): FRhrende 5aumart Fichte eil18

c66@l ,rt 112 113 211 321 411 412 421 441 451

&.1 # &.&&& &.&&& &.&65 &.&65 &.1&2 &.1&2 &.1&2 &.1& &.1&

&.3 # &.&31 &.&31 &.&"& &.&"& &.12 &.12 &.132 &.135 &.14"




4ppendi: /7

&.5 # &.&16 &.&2& &.134 &.134 &.25& &.25$ &.25$ &.25$ &.2&

&. # &.&&3 &.&&3 &.152 &.16$ &.21" &.21" &.21" &.21" &.256

&.$ # &.&&& &.&&& &.1&1 &.1&1 &.163 &.163 &.163 &.163 &.1$2

1.1 # &.&&& &.&&& &.254 &.254 &.2"2 &.2$6 &.2$6 &.2$6 &.352

1.3 # &.& &.& &.5 &.5 &.5 &.5 &.5 &.5 &.5

1.5 # &.& &.& &.4 &.4 &.4 &.4 &.4 &.4 &.4

a!elle )7: FRhrende 5aumart Fichte eil18

c66@l ,rt 511 512 525 551 611 11 "11 "12

&.1 # &.$"6 &.$"6 &.$"6 &.$"6 &.$"6 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&&&.3 # &.$64 &.$6 &.$6 &.$6 &.$2 &.$$5 1.&&& 1.&&&

&.5 # &.$64 &.$64 &.$64 &.$66 &.$"2 &.$$5 &.$$ 1.&&&

&. # &.$5& &.$5& &.$53 &.$53 &.$6& &.$$5 &.$$" 1.&&&

&.$ # &.$66 &.$66 &.$66 &.$66 &.$"& &.$$$ &.$$$ 1.&&&

1.1 # 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&&

1.3 # 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.&

1.5 B : # 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.&

a!elle ): FRhrende 5aumart Douglasie

c66@l ,rt 111 112 211 411 511 611 11

&.1 # & & & & & 1 1

&.3 # &.&&& &.&&& &.&1" &.&36 &.1$ 1.&&& 1.&&&

&.5 # &.&&& &.&1 &.&1 &.&1 &.214 &.$2" &.$$$

&. # &.&4" &.&4" &.&$6 &.1$1 &.3"1 1.&&& 1.&&&

&.$ B : # & & & & & 1 1

a!elle )M: FRhrende 5aumart Qiefer eil18

c66@l ,rt 111 112 113 211 311 411 412 421 431 441 451

&.1 # &.13$ &.13$ &.13$ &.13$ &.13$ &.153 &.153 &.153 &.153 &.153 &.153

&.3 # &.&1& &.&4 &.&4 &.& &.&"& &.2&2 &.2&2 &.2&2 &.2&2 &.2&5 &.2&5

&.5 # &.&&5 &.&12 &.&15 &.&24 &.&24 &.135 &.154 &.154 &.154 &.154 &.163

&. # &.&&2 &.&& &.&& &.&42 &.&42 &.1$4 &.2&3 &.2&5 &.2& &.2& &.23&

&.$ # &.&&6 &.&&6 &.&&6 &.&31 &.&31 &.156 &.162 &.16" &.16" &.16" &.1"&

1.1 # &.&5 &.&5 &.&5 &.&5 &.&5 &.5& &.5& &.5& &.5& &.5& &.5&

1.3 B # &.& &.& &.& &.& &.& &.5 &.5 &.5 &.5 &.5 &.5




4ppendi:/<

:

a!elle >B: FRhrende 5aumart Qiefer eil,8

c66@l ,rt 511 513 531 611 11 "11 "12

&.1 # &.16 &.16 &.16 &.16 1.&&& 1.&&& 1.&&&

&.3 # &.3"4 &.3"4 &.3"4 &.3" &.$$5 &.$$" &.$$"

&.5 # &.413 &.415 &.41 &.451 &.$$6 &.$$$ 1.&&1

&. # &.5"& &.5"& &.5"& &.5$4 &.$$4 &.$$$ &.$$$

&.$ # &.6"& &.6"& &.6"& &.11 &.$$$ &.$$$ &.$$$

1.1 # &.$5 &.$5 &.$5 &.$5 1.&& 1.&& 1.&&1.3 B : # 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.& 1.&

a!elle >1: FRhrende 5aumart =6rche

c66@l ,rt 112 211 321 411 421 422 441 451 511 611 11 "11 "12

&.1 # &.&"3 &.5&& &.5&& &.5& &.5& &."33 &."33 &."33 &."33 &."33 &.$16 &.$$$ &.$$$

&.3 # &.&22 &.435 &.435 &.522 &.522 &.522 &.544 &.544 &.5" &.3$ &."2 &.$$$ &.$$$

&.5 # &.&14 &.4&5 &.434 &.535 &.564 &.564 &.564 &.636 &.""2 &."$6 &.$25 &.$$ &.$$&. # &.&&& &."52 &."52 &."52 &."52 &."52 &."52 &."6" &.$&1 &.$5& &.$66 &.$"2 &.$$"

&.$ # &.&&& &."24 &."24 &.""3 &.""3 &.""3 &.""3 &.$12 &.$1 &.$1 &.$1 1.&&& 1.&&&

1.1B: # & 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

<." 8aper F(nctions

Ja+a ZlasseC treegross.9ase.8aper,',rin= Für die Sortimentier(ng werden die Schaftformf(n=tionen +on SLQ2D8 >!$$5?

+erwendet.

2odifiierte ,rin=f(n=tion >Aa(9holarten?

a!elle >,: 5uche

Zoeffiient -ert Std. Fehler t*-ert

' $./%7/57$ $.$$%#<"7< #5.!5#"

p $.$O/!#"< $.$$7!#"O/ !$.5O/"




4ppendi: //

$.5"<%O7$ $.$$"$7O%" 77./$$#

Resid(al Std. Fehler >mm? $./O"!77 9ei /""5 Freiheitsgraden

a!elle >): Eiche

Zoeffiient -ert Std. Fehler t*-ert

' $.</%O##$ $.$55O5/#$ 7O.!!/"

p $.$7<$/<! $.$$"<7</$ 5!.#5$!

$.!7<!%7$ $.$$#!7$7# "".O#O!

Resid(al Std. Fehler >mm? $.<$75"O 9ei %7!5 Freiheitsgraden

Painf(n=tion >Nadelholarten?

a!elle >>: Fichte

Zoeffiient -ert Std. Fehler t*-ert Pr>t?

a B *$.!!" $.$/5< *"./"! $.$$$"

a 1 5.<%< $.$5"O 55<./$O $.$$$$

a , *".5<< $.$//# *7#."$# $.$$$$

! B $.<5! $.$""" 5<."O/ $.$$$$! 1 *$.5<O $.$$#< *!5.$7! $.$$$$

! , *$.<$! $.$"/! *5".O7# $.$$$$

Resid(al Std. Fehler >mm? $.<$7 9ei %#/" Freiheitsgraden

2(ltiples ,estimmtheitsma $.%%#

F*Statisti= <%57$$ 9ei / (nd %#/" Freiheitsgraden; p- -ert X $

a!elle >+: Douglasie


a B *$.<O!O $.$!<5 *!".!"O$ $.$$$$

a 1 5.77!" $.$$7/ "5<.<#%" $.$$$$

a , *!.5O$# $.$"$5 *#!.7O%< $.$$$$

! B $.7"/% $.$5"< "!.!7<< $.$$$$

! 1 *$.!$$O $.$$!< *#%.5!"" $.$$$$

! , *$.!O"/ $.$5/# *5#.$$"! $.$$$$

Resid(al Std. Fehler >mm? $.<!#7 9ei !O"<$ Freiheitsgraden




4ppendi:/#

2(ltiples ,estimmtheitsma $.%%#$

F*Statisti= 5<#<$$$ 9ei / (nd !O"<$ Freiheitsgr.; p- -ert X $

a!elle >: Qiefer


a B *5.#!<O $.$5%7 *OO.%%7# $.$$$$

a 1 5.""55 $.$$#! 5O<.<"#" $.$$$$

a , *$.#$5/ $.$"<$ *!$.$#!! $.$$$$

! B n. signifi=ant! 1 *$.!57! $.$$"< */$.<%%" $.$$$$

! , $.5"$/ $.$5OO /.%7"! $.$$$$

Resid(al Std. Fehler >mm? $.7O!! 9ei 5$#!" Freiheitsgraden

2(ltiples ,estimmtheitsma $.%%#/

F*Statisti= OO!$$$ 9ei < (nd 5$#!" Freiheitsgraden; p- -ert X $

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