PEKING November 11,

37 1958

R E V I EW Mao Tse-tung on "Imperialism and All Reactmnarles Are Paper Tigers ~ k ° ° ° ~

Concluding instalment of the collection of excerpts from the articles, speeches and interviews of Mao Tse-tung on this theme (p. 6).

China Celebrates the Anniversary of the October Revolution

A What I Saw in the

People's Communes Notes from the field by Vice-Premier Li Hsien-nien % 12).

New High in Steel Output The record-breaking results of iron and steel produc- tion in October (p. 14).

Revolution in Education

Foreign Trade Notes, Art and Other Features

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PEKING REVIEW

( B E I J I N G ZHOUBAO)

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

November 11, 1958 Vol. 1 No. 37

C O N T E N T S

R O U N D THE WEEK

Revolut ion in Education; Nat ion Studies "On Pape r Tigers"; Taming the Desert; Texti le Boom

ARTICLES

Comrade Mao Tse- tung on " Imper ia l - ism and All React ionar ies Are Paper Tigers" (II & II I )

China Celebrates the October Revolu- tion

- - Our Cor responden t

What I Saw in the People 's C o m m u n e s - - Li Hsien-n ien

N e w High in Steel Ou tpu t - - Chu Chi- l in

Wr i t t en Languages for All - - Chang Sen

CINEMA, ART

CH INESE P R E S S O P I N I O N

October Revolut ion Ann ive r sa ry ; DuN les' English Echo; Sino,-Moroccan Relations

CHINA A N D THE W O R L D

U.S.S.R. Helps Build A n o t h e r 47 En te r - prises; Sino-Sovie t Scientific Co- operat ion; A Chinese Economic Mis- sion to Yemen; Chinese Acroba t s in Lat in America; Chinese F i lm in Iraq

FOREIGN TRADE NOTES

WHAT'S ON IN P E K I N G

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Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Registration No. 2-521

Printed in the People's Republic of China

U.S. Voters Protest Eisenhower- Dulles Policy

T HE crushing defeat sustained by the Republican Par ty in the mid- term U.S. elections signifies the widespread disillusion-

ment of the American people in the Eisenhower administration and their mounting opposition to it. National Republican Chair- man Alcorn admitted that the Republicans "have taken a bad mauling" and Eisenhower is reported to have been disappointed by the sweeping nature of the Republican licking.

The Republicans and the Democrats read the election results differently. Vice-President Nixon ascribed Democrats ' victory to their "hard work" and their "excellent organisation." National Democratic Chairman Butler explained that "the country has a growing lack of confidence in the capacity of President Eisenhower, and the Republican Party, to provide leadership."

The causes, however, are much deeper than that. In a nutshell, the American people are fed up with the Republican administration, want a change badly, and voted in a mood of anything for a change.

In 1956, as in 1952, the Republican Par ty won the elections on the strength of their slogan "peace and prosperity." Bu~ what has this slogan actually brought to the American people?

The brinkmanship policy of the Eisenhower administration gives the lie to all its talk about peace. Washington's s tubborn refusal to end nuclear tests, its subversive activities in Syria, Indonesia, Haiti and Venezuela and its armed aggression in Le- banon and in the Taiwan Straits heightened international tension. On the home front, mounting mili tary expenditure and national debt, declined industrial production and increased unemploy- ment have caused a great deal of bitterness and discontent. The American people quite natural ly voted a decisive "No" to the Republican administration as an expression of their disgust as well as their unmistakable desire for a change.

As far as fundamentals are concerned, there isn't much to choose from between the Republican Par ty and the Democratic Party. As the political situation now stands in the U.S.A., the American voters only have a choice be tween the Donkey and the Elephant. When they become fed up with one, they turn to the other to voice their desire for a change. This is the comi- tragic fallacy of U.S. elections.

The severe blow to the Republicans, however, has its positive side. The ultra-right wing was hard hit. The notorious Know- land, known as the senator from Taiwan is now down and out. Nixon, Dulles and their gang stand more isolated. The Demo- cratic Par ty is likely to tilt swords with the Republican adminis- tration over methods and procedure details in an effort to woo the voters for the 1960 presidential elections. As a result, differences between the two parties are likely to multiply.

The most important fact is that the American people are gaining a bet ter understanding of the harm of the policies of the Eisenhower administration to the American people. This makes it increasingly difficult for Eisenhower and Dulles to push ahead with their reactionary policies.

But because U.S. imperialism is the worst imperialism in the world, and the U.S. elections did not change that essential fact, the peoples of the world must continue to fight resolutely against Washington's policy of war and aggression.

Round the Week

REVOLUTION IN EDUCATION For those who w a n t to u n d e r s t a n d t h e

forces t r a n s f o r m i n g Ch' ina 's e d u c a t i o n a l sys tem, f r o m p r i m a r y school to un ive r s i ty , t h e r e is, pe rhaps , n o t h i n g m o r e i n s t r u c t i v e or h a ~ d i e r t h a n a vis i t to t he e d u c a t i o n a l e x h i b i t i o n w h i c h has j u s t opened in Pe - king. I t is one of two n a t i o n a l e x h i b i t i o n s t h a t a r e d r a w i n g big c rowds e v e r y d a y - - the o the r is t he E x h i b i t i o n on I n d u s t r y and Com mun ica t i ons , a s h o w - w i n d o w of r ecen t Ch inese i n d u s t r i a l a c h i e v e m e n t s . (See Peking Review, No. 29, Sept. 16, 1958.)

K n o w n in ful l as t he E x h i b i t i o n on the I n t e g r a t i o n of E d u c a t i o n w i t h P r o d u c t i v e Labour , i t is e s sen t i a l ly a s to ry in words acid char t s , in mode ls a n d ac tua l p roduc ts , of t he Ch inese C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ' s pol icy of c o m b i n i n g e d u c a t i o n w i t h l abour , of t r a i n i n g s t u d e n t s to use t h e i r h a n d s as wel l as t h e i r heads . Th i s idea of w o r k - ing a n d s t u d y i n g a t t h e s a m e t ime, of w e d d i n g theo ry to p rac t i ce wh i l e one is a t school, is a r evo lu t ion in educat ion .

Occupying a to t a l floor space of 15,000 s q u a r e met res , t he e x h i b i t i o n is housed fn two d i f f e ren t colleges, w i t h 21 p rov inces , 4 a u t o n o m o u s reg ions a n d two m a j o r cit ies r e p r e s e n t e d in a mos t c o n v i n c i n g manne r . As t he v i s i to r m a k e s h is way into the e x h i b i t i o n g r ounds in t h e n o r t h - e rn s u b u r b s of the city, some s t r i k i n g exh ib i t s a r e a p p a r e n t i m m e d i a t e l y m a n aeroplane , motor -ca r s , t rac tors , etc.---each w i t h a l abe l g iv ing de ta i l s l i ke " m a d e b y the students (and t eachers ) of such a n d such a school or u n i v e r s i t y " or " m a d e by t he s t u d e n t s and t e a c h e r s of such and such a u n i v e r s i t y i.n co l l abo ra t ion w i t h such and such a fac tory ."

M a n y of t he l a t e s t p r o d u c t s of science, inc lud ing e lec t ron ic computor s , acce le ra - tors, and semi -conduc to r s , a r e on display. They a r e a m o n g the f i rs t f ru i t s of t he policy of c o m b i n i n g e d u c a t i o n w i t h pro- duc t ive l a b o u r i n t r o d u c e d in the schools and un ive r s i t i e s on ly a f ew m o n t h s ear l ier . No less s t r i k i n g a re the ach ieve - m e n t s in ag r i cu l tu r e : a 4 0 - k i l o g r a m m e melon , a 5 - me t r e s o r g h u m p lan t , a r i ch v a r i e t y of o ranges , s t a lks of j u t e t o w e r i n g five m e t r e s high, g rapes h a r v e s t e d f r o m v ines t h a t h a v e yie lded seven crops th i s year , etc.

Ea r l i e r in t h e year , led by t he Com- m u n i s t Pa r ty , t he schools a n d un ive r s i t i e s in C h i n a began to t r y ou t t h e n e w sys t em of " w o r k wh i l e you s tudy ." By May or J u n e they set up fac to r ies a n d f a r m s on a big scale. Accord ing to a v a i l a b l e s ta t i s - tics, 151,608 fac tor ies a n d w o r k s h o p s and

10,319 f a r m s were se t up in a m a t t e r of f ew m o n t h s , e m b r a c i n g a l m o s t e v e r y p h a s e of t h e n a t i o n a l economy. Th e s tuden t s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r t eachers , w o r k p a r t of t h e d a y or w e e k a t t h e f ac to ry or on the f a r m a n d some of t h e resu l t s of t h e i r l a b o u r can n o w be seen a t t h e exh ib i t ion .

W h e n t h e n a t i o n a l d r i v e fo r s tee l was l aunched , t h e r e sponse of t h e schools was immed ia t e . T e a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s t u r n e d to s t ee l -mak ing . T h e exh ib i t i on shows t he d i f f e ren t types of s teel pro- duced on school grou,nds. A to ta l of 72,000 b las t f u rnaces a n d 14,400 steel fu rnaces , an e x h i b i t i o n c h a r t re la tes , h a v e b e e n bu i l t by the s t u d e n t s who, be fo re t h e end of t h e year , wi l l t u r n out 270,000 tons.

Whi l e schools a n d un ive r s i t i e s h a v e been se t t i ng up fac to r i e s a n d fa rms , t h e l a t t e r a re e s t a b l i s h i n g schools and un ivers i t i e s . The e x h i b i t i o n shows h o w the fac tor ies a n d people ' s c o m m u n e s h a v e founded schools a n d a re r u n n i n g them. T h e T a i y u a n S tee l C o m p a n y in S h a n s i P r o v i n c e i l l u s t r a t e s h o w a comple t e sys t em of e d u c a t i o n h a s b e e n bu i l t up f r o m k i ,nde rga r t en to col lege for the w o r k e r s a n d m e m b e r s of t h e i r fami l ies in a fac tory . S ince al l e d u c a t i o n a l faci l i - t ies a r e p rov ided on the spot, t h e w o r k e r s of the T a i y u a n S tee l C o m p a n y need no longe r go ou t s ide t h e i r p r e m i s e s for schooling. H e r e t h e w o r k e r s a l t e r n a t e t h e i r w o r k w i t h s tudy, so t h a t they b e c o m e p a r t - t i m e w o r k e r s a n d p a r t - t i m e s tuden t s , a p r ac t i c e w h i c h h a s t h e m e r i t of i m p a r t i n g k n o w l e d g e to t h e w o r k e r s a n d of r a i s ing t h e q u a l i t y of t h e w o r k a t the s a m e t ime.

Wi th t h e r ap id e x p a n s i o n of educa t iona l fac i l i t ies in t h e fac to r ies a n d in t h e peo- ple 's c o m m u n e s , a mass m o v e m e n t to se t up schools is un fo ld ing t h r o u g h o u t t he count ry . In on ly ha l f a yea r ' s t ime, t h e e x h i b i t i o n shows, m o r e t h a n 100 mi l l i on people h a v e ceased to be i l l i tera te . I n the g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e c o u n t r y faci l i - t ies for p r i m a r y school e d u c a t i o n a r e n o w a v a i l a b l e to al l school -age ch i ld ren . E n r o l m e n t at s econda ry schools a n d h i g h e r ed u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t e s has j u m p e d f r o m 7,524,000 to 15,790,000 in t h e pas t s ix m o n t h s .

Thus , f r o m the exh ib i t ion , one c a n see t h e w ide scope of changes b r o u g h t a b o u t by t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e P a r t y ' s pol icy of c o m b i n i n g educa t i on w i t h p r o d u c t i v e l abour . Th e s t uden t s a n d t h e i r t e a c h e r s a r e educa t ing , or r e -educa t ing ,

t hemse lves , as w o r k i n g people, a re be- coming w o r k e r - i n t e l l e c t u a l s , j u s t as the f ac to ry w o r k e r s doing p a r t - t i m e s tudy at schools a r e b e c o m i n g in t e l l ec tua l -worke r s .

T h e t e ache r s h a v e to l e a r n be fo re they c a n t each t h e s t u d e n t s in the sp i r i t of soc ia l i sm a n d c o m m u n i s m . The rectif ica- t ion campa ign , w h i c h has b e e n repor ted on in pa s t issues of Peking Review, h e l p e d t h e t eache r s f o r w a r d in this re- spect. In one ha l l of the e x h i b i t i o n p a r t of t h e dazibao (opinions and cr i t ic i sms w r i t t e n ou t in b o l d Ch inese c h a r a c t e r s on l a rge shee t s of p a p e r pos ted f ree ly for e v e r y b o d y to see ) w r i t t e n by secondary school s t u d e n t s for the benef i t of t he i r t e ache r s a r e on display. These dazibao s h o w h o w n e w re l a t i onsh ips based on d e m o c r a c y a n d equa l i t y b e t w e e n s tuden t a n d t e a c h e r a r e shapi~ng up. In the pas t the s t u d e n t s took e v e r y t h i n g t a u g h t t h e m by t h e i r t e a c h e r s for gospel. Now the s t u d e n t s offer sugges t ions on teach ing m a t e r i a l s a n d help t h e t e ache r s improve t h e i r s ty le of work. Th e fo l lowing dazi- bao, p icked at r a n d o m by your repor ter , a re c h a r a c t e r i s t i c :

" D e a r T e a c h e r Ho Yu- l an : You are a n e w t e a c h e r b u t w e l ike the way you t each h i s t o r y a n d g e o g r a p h y to us. Your f a u l t is no t be ing s t r i c t enough. The o ther d a y you asked a fe l low c l a s s m a t e a ques- t ion a n d s o m e o n e p r o m p t e d her. You s h o u l d h a v e cr i t ic ized tha t . S p a r i n g us is no good."

A n o t h e r dazibao says: " D e a r Teache r Ho Yu- l an : W e all l i ke you, as a h i s tory t e a c h e r b u t you s eem to s t ick too close to t h e t e x t b o o k a n d a r e no t bold enough in i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . W e a re not ge t t ing m u c h ou t of this. We hope you will c h a n g e y o u r m e t h o d . "

These a re b u t two example s of t he 4 mi l l ion or so dazibao pu t up by the s t uden t s d u r i n g the c a m p a i g n in Pek ing ' s s e c o n d a r y schools. They give a n ink l ing of t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y changes t h a t a re t a k i n g p lace in educa t i on in China , wh ich a r e p a r t of t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ' s policy of m a k i n g e d u c a t i o n se rve t h e pol i t ica l i n t e re s t s of the w o r k i n g class and com- b in ing e d u c a t i o n w i t h p r o d u c t i v e labour .

$ $ $

Nation Studies "On Paper Tigers" Peop le al l o v e r t h e count ry , m a n y for

t h e f irst t ime, a r e s t u d y i n g the col lect ion of exce rp t s f r o m C h a i r m a n Mao 's art icles, speeches a n d i n t e r v i e w s on the t h e m e " I m p e r i a l i s m and All Reac t iona r i e s Are

P a p e r Tigers" p r i n t e d in Renmin Ribao a n d the theore t i ca l j o u r n a l Hongqi (Engl ish t r a n s l a t i o n in Peking Review, Nos. 36 and 37). T h e t heo re t i c a l j o u r n a l Hongqi a lone sold n e a r l y 6 mi l l ion copies. Fo re ign L a n g u a g e s Press , w h i c h p u b l i s h e s books and m a g a z i n e s for r e ade r s ab road , is bri.nging out the col lec t ion in p a m - ph l e t form in t w e l v e l anguages . T h e Engl i sh and Russ i an ed i t ions a re a l r e a d y off the press.

I.n Pek ing , wor ke r s of the C h a n g h s i n - t i en Locomot ive R e p a i r W o r k s he ld a discussio.n on these wr i t ings . S e v e r a l v e t e r a n worker s who took p a r t in t he r a i lway s t r ike of 1923 spoke f r o m pe r sona l expe r i ence abou t the s t rugg l e aga ins t t h e r eac t i ona ry w a r l o r d s of those days. T h e y and t h e i r mas te rs , t he fo re ign imper ia l i s t s , seemed so s t rong, t hey said, bu t in t h e end they t u r n e d out to be m e r e " p a p e r t igers," jus t as C h a i r m a n Mao sa id t hey were. An old m e m b e r of a people ' s com- m u n e in t he s u b u r b s of t h e cap i t a l re - called the gue r r i l l a days in the w a r to resist J a p a n e s e aggress ion in the t h i r t i e s and ea r ly fort ies. T h e people faced a fo rmidab le e n e m y a r m e d to t he tee th , b u t t he end p rov ided e l o q u e n t p roof t h a t " i m p e r i a l i s m a n d the r eac t i ona r i e s a r e p a p e r tigers. T h e y are not to be f ea red , " he concluded.

Teache r s and s tuden t s in t he u n i v e r - sit ies a re eager ly s t u d y i n g C h a i r m a n Mao 's wr i t ings too. Assoc ia te P r o f e s s o r Li H e n g - t e h of T s i n g h u a Un ive r s i t y , w h o had spen t h is g r a d u a t e yea r s in the U n i t e d States , sa id a t a meeti ,ng t h a t C h a i r m a n Mao's wr i t i ngs a r e s ign i f ican t in t h a t they show you h o w to ana lyse a n d con- s ider p roblems . The U n i t e d S ta t e s l ikes to b r a n d i s h its a tomic b o m b s and rocke t s bu t now m a n y p roduc t s of t he mos t a d v a n c e d b r a n c h e s of sc ience a r e b e i n g m a d e in China , h e said. U.S. impe r i - a l i sm is no t only a p a p e r t ige r in pol i t ics and m i l i t a r y affa i rs bu t also in sc ience and cul ture , he concluded.

Worke r s in S h a n g h a i who a re s t r i v ing to rea l ize a t a r g e t of 1.2 mi l l ion tons of s teel this y e a r m a d e a n i n t e r e s t i n g comparison1 of s teel o u t p u t in C h i n a and the Uni t ed Sta tes . They po in ted ou t t h a t the U.S. imper ia l i s t s h a v e a lways t r i ed to i n t i m i d a t e us w i th t he i r s teel ou tput . Bu t jus t c o m p a r e t he r a t e of increase . This yea r C h i n a wil l be doub l ing las t year ' s output . A n d w h e r e does t h e U n i t e d S ta tes s tand, t hey asked. C h a i r m a n Mao said "a s ingle s p a r k can s t a r t a p r a i r i e fire." Now it is no longe r a s ingle spark . The s p a r k has b e c o m e a g lowing sun, one w o r k e r sa id w i t h pride.

In the People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y a n d a m o n g t h e Ch inese Peop le ' s Vo lun tee r s , the l a s t of w h o m h a v e r ecen t ly re turnedt ' f r o m Korea , m e n a n d officers r ev i ewed t he m a n y years of w a r w i t h t h e enemy. One gene ra l reca l l ed h o w s t rong t he

K u o m i n t a n g r eac t i ona r i e s a n d h o w w e a k t h e forces of r evo lu t ion s e e m e d a t the t ime, bu t in t h e e n d the people ' s forces t r i u m p h e d . T h e r e a c t i o n a r i e s a n d the fo re ign impe r i a l i s t s b e h i n d them, he said, w e r e j u s t p a p e r t ige rs w h i c h we s l a shed to pieces. A n d t h e People ' s Vo lun - t ee rs w h o h a d dea l t te l l ing b lows to U.S. a r m e d forces in K o r e a s t ressed t he f ac t t h a t C h a i r m a n Mao ' s b r i l l i an t ana lys i s of t h e impe r i a l i s t s be ing p a p e r t igers h a d gu ided t h e m f r o m v ic to ry to v ic to ry d u r i n g the K o r e a n war .

Taming the Desert C h i n a has m o r e t h a n 1,0{]0,000 s q u a r e

k i l ome t r e s of d e s e r t lands. One h a l f of t h e dese r t a r e a is in the S i n k i a n g U i g h u r A u t o n o m o u s Region a n d t h e res t is in o t h e r p rov inces a n d autonomo*as reg ions of no r thwes t , ~ o r t h a n d n o r t h e a s t China . T a m i n g the deser t s , con t ro l l i ng t h e sh i f t - ing s a n d s a n d c o n v e r t i n g ar id a reas into f e r t i l e ones is no longer a d r e a m of the r e m o t e f u t u r e b u t a p r ac t i c a l ac t iv i ty w h i c h is m a k i n g progress .

L a n c h o w , in K a n s u Province , was r e c e n t l y t h e scene of an o n - t h e - s p o t c o n f e r e n c e of t en p rov inces a n d a u t o n - omous reg ions to deve lop a n a t i o n w i d e c a m p a i g n to c o n q u e r t h e deser ts . Specific p r o g r a m m e s m a p p e d out by t h e d i f fe ren t p r o v i n c e s a n d a u t o n o m o u s reg ions env i s - age a v ic to r ious conc lus ion of the w a r aga in s t t h e dese r t in a pe r iod r a n g i n g f r o m one to seven years .

Af fores ta t ion , t h e p l a n t i n g of s h r u b s a n d grasses a n d t h e d igg ing of i r r iga t ion cana l s a r e a m o n g t h e chief m e a s u r e s now be ing ca r r i e d out to c o m b a t t h e d a m a g i n g effects of the ar id i ty , winds , sca rc i ty of v e g e t a t i o n a n d seve re c l imat ic c h a n g e s of Ch ina ' s deser t s .

T h o u s a n d s of canals , l a rge a n d smal l , h a v e a l r e a d y been dug in t h e Gobi Dese r t a n d t h o u s a n d s of wells h a v e been s u n k to e n h a n c e t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e of sapl ings. T h e a f fo res t a t ion of 360,000 hec t a r e s of l and w h e r e s a n d s t o r m s t r a d i t i o n a l l y r age was comple t ed th i s spr ing. This is five t imes the a f fores ted a r e a of p rev ious years . T w o - t h i r d s of a p ro j ec t ed s h e l t e r be l t e x t e n d i n g ove r a n a r e a exceed ing 1,500 k i l o m e t r e s h a s b e e n comple ted . In n o r t h e r n Shens i , a s a n d s h e l t e r be l t of 300 k i l ome t r e s is n e a r l y comple ted . In t h e K a n s u cor r idor , s ince 1956, h u n d r e d s of t r e e n u r s e r i e s h a v e b e e n set up a n d m a n y a f fo res t a t ion t e a m s h a v e b e e n o rgan ized for l a rge - sca l e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e d e s e r t lands . In t h e pa s t f ew m o n t h s a e r o p l a n e s h a v e been employed to sow t r ee seeds in S ink iang , S h e n s i a n d K a n s u - the h e a r t l a n d of Ch ina ' s deser t s .

The L a n c h o w c o n f e r e n c e dec ided t h a t t h e s a n d con t ro l w o r k wil l be done chiefly by t he people ' s c o m m u n e s a n d f a r m co- ops w i t h t h e he lp of s t a t e f o r e s t r y uni ts . E x p e r i m e n t a l a n d scient if ic i n s t i t u t i o n s

to s tudy s a n d con t ro l will be e s t ab l i shed to i n v e s t i g a t e t h e a rea , types a n d cha r - ac te r i s t ics of deser t s , t h e laws of s and sh i f t ing a n d t h e bes t d i s t r i bu t ion of p lants .

In S i n k i a n g a n e x t e n s i v e a f fores ta t ion c a m p a i g n is g a t h e r i n g m o m e n t u m , s p a r k e d by t h e call of t h e a u t o n o m o u s reg ion ' s C o m m u n i s t P a r t y c o m m i t t e e th i s sp r ing u rg ing each a n d e v e r y house - ho ld a n d e v e r y f a r m co-op to p l a n t trees. 6,600 h e c t a r e s of l and wil l be af fores ted by the end of th i s year , a s izeable addi - t ion to t h e 16,400 h e c t a r e s af fores ted up to t h e end of 1957.

S i n k i a n g ' s d r i v e to t r a n s f o r m i ts dese r t s into f e r t i l e l and inc ludes the e s t ab l i sh - m e n t of a o n e - m i l l i o n - h e c t a r e she l t e r be l t in t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of the D z u n g a r i a ba s in by t h e end of n e x t year . This g ian t t r e e - p l a n t i n g p ro j ec t wi l l he lp c h a n g e the d r y w e a t h e r in n o r t h e r n S ink iang , p r e v e n t the dese r t f r om m o v i n g f u r t h e r sou th - wards , p ro tec t t h e cot ton fields a long t he M a n a s s R i v e r a n d o t h e r f a r m l a n d s , safe- g u a r d the L a n c h o w - S i n k i a n g R a i l w a y and aid t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the K a r a m a i oilfleld.

Textile Boom China ' s t ex t i l e i n d u s t r y ha s n e v e r been

as p rospe rous as it is today. Accord ing to f igures re leased by t he Min i s t ry of Te x t i l e I n d u s t r y , t h e c o u n t r y expec t s to p r o d u c e 6.66 mi l l ion bales of co t ton y a r n th is year , an i n c r e a s e of 43.15 pe r cent ove r las t year . Co t ton fab r i c s wil l i nc rease by 26.86 p e r cent , wool lens by 29.72 pe r cen t a n d g u n n y sacks by 39.21 pe r cent . T h e cot ton fabr ics p roduced this y e a r wil l c o m e to 6,407,800,000 met res , en:~ugh to p r o v i d e n e a r l y ten m e t r e s of cloth for e v e r y one of the 650 mi l l ion Ch inese people.

B u t the b igges t g r o w t h will be in t he m a n u f a c t u r e of s i lk fabr ics , w h i c h is ex- pec ted to r e a c h 195.24 mi l l ion me t res , or 85.45 p e r cent m o r e t h a n las t year.

This yea r ' s e s t i m a t e d o u t p u t and r a t e of i nc r ea se a re based on t he o u t p u t of the f irst n ine m o n t h s of t he y e a r and a n ana lys i s of t h e prospec ts of t he f o u r t h qua r t e r , a n d t h e a b u n d a n t supp ly of cot ton to t h e indus t ry . Ch ina ' s to ta l co t ton out- p u t th is y e a r is e s t i m a t e d a t 3.5 mi l l ion tons, an inc rease of 100 p e r cen t ove r las t year , a n d n e a r l y o n e mi l l ion tons more t h a n t h e e s t ima ted o u t p u t of the U n i t e d S ta t e s as a n n o u n c e d by t he U.S. Depa r t - m e n t of Agr i cu l tu re . The qua l i t y of cot ton, s i lk a n d wool l en fabr ics has r i sen m a r k e d l y a long w i th t h e rap id inc rease in ou tput . S h a n g h a i , t he t ex t i l e c e n t r e of Ch ina , t u r n e d out m o r e t h a n a t h o u s a n d n e w va r i e t i e s to m e e t g rowing needs be- t w e e n J a n u a r y a n d Augus t , and qui te a n u m b e r of t h e S h a n g h a i p roduc ts a re r a t ed by expe r t s as super io r to the best B r i t i s h b rands .

Comrade Mao Tse-tung on "Imperialism and All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers"

In the editorial 'The Turning-Point In World War II" that he wrote for the Yenan J i e fang Ribao (Liberation Daily) on October 12, 1942, Comrade Mao Tse-tung analysed the essential nature of the reactionary forces Which are outwardly strong but inwardly weak, and re- minded the revolutionary people not to be misled by superficial phenomena. He wrote:

"In the his tory of mank ind all reac t ionary forces on the verge of ext inct ion invar iab ly exer t themselves to give a dying kick at the revolu t ionary forces, and some revolu- t ionaries are apt to be deluded for a while by this display of s t rength cloaking actual exhaust ion and fai l to grasp the essential point tha t thei r enemy is near ing extinction while they themselves are approaching victory. The rise of the fascist forces and the war of aggression they waged for some years are precisely an example of such a dying kick, while in the war the dying kick took the form of the a t tack on Stal ingrad. At this tu rn ing-poin t in his tory many people in the world ant i - fascis t f ront are misled by the ferocious appearance of fascism and fai l to see its real substance."

The reactionaries are always boasting of their seem- ingly powerful military strength. Among the people themselves, there are a certain number who, in varying degrees, fear the mil itary strength of the reactionaries. This is the viewpoint that "weapons decide everything." In his wel l -known treatise On the Pro t rac t ed W a r written in May 1938, Comrade Mao Tse-tung made a pro- found criticism of this viewpoint:

" . . . The so-called theory of 'weapons decide every- t h i n g ' . . , is a mechanist ic theory of war, a subject ivis t and one-sided view. Our view is contrary to this; we see not only weapons but also the power of man. Weapons are an impor tan t factor in war but not the decisive one; it is man and not mate r ia l that is decisive. The contest of forces is not only a contest of mi l i t a ry and economic power, but also one of the power and morale of man. Mil i tary and economic power must be controlled by man."

In August 1946, Comrade Mao Tse-tung gave an in- terview to the American journalist Anna Louise Strong and expressed his famous viewpoint that all reactionaries are paper tigers. Following is the ful l text of the inter- view:

This concludes the collection of excerpts from Chairman Mao's articles, speeches and interviews on the theme "imperial- ism and all reactionaries are paper tigers." The first instal- me.nt was published in our previous i s s u e . - Ed.

II

"Strong asks: Do you think there is hope for a polit- ical and peaceful se t t lement of the Chinese question in the near future?

"Mao answers: That depends on the a t t i tude of the Government of the United States. If the American people hold back the hands of the Amer ican reactionaries that are helping Chiang Kai -shek fight the civil war, there is hope for peace.

"Q. Suppose the United States gives Chiang Kai-shek no more aid than it has a l ready done, how long can Chiang Kai-shek keep on fighting?

"h . Over a year.

"Q. Can Chiang Kai-shek possibly last that long economically ?

"A. Yes, he can.

"Q. What if the United States makes it clear that i t will give Chiang Kai -shek no more aid f rom now on?

"A. At present , there is no sign as yet to indicate tha t the United States Government and Chiang Kai-shek have any desire to stop the war at an ear ly date.

"Q. How long can the Communis t Pa r ty keep going?

"A. As far as our desires are concerned, we don' t want to fight even for a day. But if the circumstances force us to fight, we are able to fight to the finish.

"Q. Suppose the American people ask why the Com- munist Pa r ty fights the war, wha t should I answer?

"A. Because Chiang Kai -shek wants to massacre the Chinese people and the people have to defend themselves if they want to survive. This the Americans can under-

stand.

"Q. What do you th ink of the possibil i ty that the United States will go to war against the Soviet Union?

"A. The propaganda about an ant i -Soviet war con- sists of two aspects. On the one hand, U.S. imper ia l ism is real ly p repar ing a war against the Soviet Union; the current ta lk about an ant i -Sovie t war and other anti- Soviet p ropaganda are the polit ical p repara t ion for an ant i :Sovie t war. On the other hand, this propaganda is a smokescreen put up by the U.S. react ionaries to cover up the many real contradict ions U.S. imper ia l i sm is now facing. These are the contradict ions between the U.S. react ionaries and the Amer ican people and the contradic- tions between U.S. imper ia l i sm and other capital ist coun- tr ies and colonial and semi-colonial countries. At present the U.S. slogan of waging an ant i -Sovie t war actually means the oppression of the Amer ican people and the

expansion of its aggressive forces in the capitalist world. As you know, Hitler and his partners, the Japanese war- lords, used the anti-Soviet slogan for a long time as an excuse for enslaving the people in their own countries and carrying out aggression against other countries. Now the U.S. reactionaries are doing precisely the same thing.

"To start a war, the U.S. reactionaries must first launch an attack against the American people. They are already attacking the American people. They have been oppressing the American workers and democratic elements politically and economically, and are preparing to in- stitute fascism in the United States. The American peo- ple should rise to resist the attacks of the U.S. reac- tionaries and I believe they will.

"Between the United States and the Soviet Union there stretches a vast territory, consisting of many cap- italist countries and colonial and semi-colonial countries on the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa; before the U.S. reactionaries have subjugated these countries, an attack against the Soviet Union is out of the question. In the Pacific, the U.S. now controls more than all of the former British spheres of influence. It controls Japan, Kuomintang-ruled China, half of Korea and the south Pacific; it has long dominated Central and South America; it also seeks to control the entire British Empire and Western Europe. Under various pretexts the United States is conducting large-scale military preparations and establishing military bases in many countries. All the naval bases they have established and are preparing to establish all over the world, the U.S. reactionaries say, are directed against the Soviet Union. True, these military bases are directed against the Soviet Union. But, at present, it is not the Soviet Union but those countries where military bases are established which suffer U.S. aggression first. I believe it won' t be long before these countries come to realize who is really oppressing them, the Soviet Union or the United States. The U.S. reac- tionaries will one day find themselves opposed by the people throughout the world.

"Of course, I do not mean to say that the U.S. reac- tionaries do not intend to attack the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is the defender of world peace, the powerful factor in obstructing the establishment of world domina- tion by the U.S. reactionaries. With the Soviet Union in existence, the ambitions of the U.S. and world reaction- aries cannot be realized at all. That is why the U.S. reactionaries hate the Soviet Union intensely and are actually dreaming of wiping out this socialist country. But, today, not long after the end of World War II, all the high-pitched loose talk of the U.S. reactionaries about a U.S.-Soviet war and the foul atmosphere they create cannot but make one take a look at their real aims. It turns out that under the anti-Soviet slogan, they are fl'antically attacking the American workers and democratic elements and turning all the countries which are the objects of U.S. expansion abroad into U.S. appendages. I think the American people and the peoples of all coun- tries menaced by U.S. aggression should unite to repel the attacks of the U.S. reactionaries and their lackeys in various countries. Only victory in this struggle can avert a third world war; it cannot be averted otherwise.

"Q. This is an excellent explanation. But suppose the United States uses the atom bomb? And suppose the

United States bombs the Soviet Union from its bases m Iceland, Okinawa and China?

"A. The atom bomb is a paper tiger with which the U.S. reactionaries try to terrify the people. It looks ter- rible, but in fact is not. Of course, the atom bomb is a weapon of mass destruction, but the outcome of a war is decided by the people, not by one or two new weapons.

"All reactionaries are paper tigers. In appearance, they are frightening, but in reality their strength is not so great. From the long-term point of view, the really powerful strength lies not with the reactionaries, but with the people. Before the February 1917 Revolution in Russia, which side in Russia was really strong? Super- ficially, the tsar at the time was powerful; but he was swept away by one blast of the February Revolution. In the final analysis, the strength of Russia was on the side of the Soviets of workers, peasants and soldiers. The tsar was only a paper tiger. Wasn't Hitler once considered very powerful? But history proved him to be a paper tiger. So were Mussolini and Japanese imperialism. On the other hand, the Soviet Union and the democracy and freedom-loving people of all countries are more powerful than expected.

"Chiang Kai-shek and his supporters, the U.S. reac- tionaries, are also paper tigers. Speaking of U.S. im- perialism, people seem to feel that it is exceedingly power- ful, and the Chinese reactionaries are using the 'power' of the United States to frighten the Chinese people. But the U.S. reactionaries, like all reactionaries in history, will be proved to be not strong at all. In the United States, there are people of another kind who really have strength - - t h e y are the American people.

"Take the situation in China for instance. What we rely on is only millet plus rifle, but history will finally prove this millet-plus-rifle stronger than Chiang Kai-shek's aircraft plus tanks. Although many difficulties still con- front the Chinese people, although the Chinese people will suffer hardships for a long time under the joint attacks of U.S. imperialism and the Chinese reactionaries, one day these reactionaries will fail and we shall win. The reason is none other than the fact that the reactionaries represent reaction, while we represent progress."

On D.ecember 25, 1947, Comrade Moo Tse-tung de- livered the report "The Present Situation and Our Tasks" at a meeting of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. In this report, Comrade Moo Tse-tung said:

"Having soberly appraised the international and domestic situations on the basis of the science of Marxism- Leninism, the Chinese Communist Par ty is convinced that all the attacks of the reactionaries at home and abroad not only must be, but also can be, defeated. When the sky seemed overcast, we pointed out that the darkness was only temporary, that the storm would quickly blow over and the light of day would soon shine forth. When Chiang Kai-shek's gang of bandits launched the nationwide coun- ter-revolutionary war in July 1946, they thought that the People's Liberation Army could be defeated in three to six months. They calculated that with a regular army of two million, more than one million irregulars and over one million in the military establishments and armed units in the rear, they had a total armed strength of more than four million; that they had spent adequate time in corn-

pleting their preparations for the offensive; that they had regained control of the big cities; that they held areas embracing a population of more than 300 million; that they had taken over all the equipment of the one million invading Japanese troops; and that they had obtained huge military and financial aid from the U.S. Government. Furthermore, they thought that the People's Liberation Army had been worn out in the eight years of the War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression and was far inferior to the Kuomintang army in number and equipment; that the population of the Chinese liberated areas was only a little more than 100 million;* and that in most of those areas the reactionary feudal forces had not yet been cleaned up, the agrarian reform not yet universally and thoroughly carried out and the rear of the People's Liberation Army was thus not yet consolidated. On this basis Chiang Kai-shek's gang of bandits, ignoring the Chinese people's desire for peace, finally tore up the cease- fire agreement concluded between the Kuomintang and the Communist Par ty in January 1946 and the resolutions adopted by the Political Consultative Conference of all parties, and launched an adventurist war. We said then that the enemy's superiority in military strength was but transient and was a factor that could produce only tem- porary effects, and the aid from U.S. imperialism was like- wise a factor that could produce only temporary effects, while the anti-popular character of Chiang Kai-shek's war and the support or opposition of the people are factors which would have constant effects. In this respect, the Peo- ple's Liberation Army enjoys superiority. By its patriotic, just and revolutionary nature, the war waged by the People's Liberation Army is bound to gain the support of the people throughout the country. Here lies the political foundation for victory over Chiang Kai-shek. Our ex- perience in the eighteen months of war has fully confirmed this judgement."

"Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary clique ventured to launch the nationwide anti-popular civil war in 1946 because they not only counted on their own military superiority but principally upon what they regarded as the most powerful, invincible force in the w o r l d - U.S. imperialism with the atom bomb in its hand. On the one hand, they thought that U.S. imperialism could meet their military and financial needs with a steady flow of supplies, and on the other, they fondly dreamed of an 'inevitable war between the United States and the Soviet Union' and 'the inevitable outbreak of a third world war. ' Such reliance on U.S. imperialism is a common characteristic of the reactionary forces in every country of the world since the conclusion of World War II. It is a reflection of the serious blow dealt to world capitalism in World War II, of the weakness of the reactionary forces in all countries, their panic and their loss of confidence and of the great strength of the revolutionary forces of the world, which make the reactionaries of all countries feel that there is no way out except to rely on the aid of U.S. imperialism. But is post-war U.S. imperialism really as powerful as Chiang Kai-shek and the reactionaries of

* The population census at that time was inaccurate and generally put the population of the country at 450 million. After liberation, the accurate census showed that China had a population of 600 million, m Note of R e n m i n Ribao Ed.

other countries imagine? Can it really send them a steady flow of supplies? Not so. The economic power of U.S. imperialism, increased during World War II, faces unstable and daily shrinking domestic and foreign markets. A further shrinking of the markets will lead to an economic crisis. The wartime boom the United States is enjoying is only a temporary phenomenon. Its strength is only superficial and transient. The crisis daily menaces U.S. imperialism like a volcano, U.S. imperialism is just sitting on the volcano. Pressed by this situation, the U.S. im- perialists have drawn up their plan for enslaving the world and, running amuck like wild beasts into Europe, Asia and other areas and mustering the reactionary forces in all c o u n t r i e s - - t h e human dregs cast off by their people-- have organized an imperialist, anti-democratic camp to oppose all the democratic forces headed by the Soviet Union and to prepare~for war, in the hope that some day in the remote future they may launch a third world war and defeat the forces of democracy. This is a wild scheme. All the democratic forces of the world must and certainly can defeat it. The strength of the world anti-imperialist camp exceeds that of the imperialist camp. It is we who enjoy superiority, not the enemy."

In the art ic le " R evo lu t ionary Forces of the World Ral ly to Combat Imper ia l i s t Aggress ion ," w h i c h he w r o t e for the journal For a Last ing Peace, for a People's Democ- racy in N o v e m b e r 1948, C o m r a d e Mao Tse - tung pointed out that "it w o u l d be a v e r y big m i s t a k e to o v e r e s t i m a t e the s t rength of the e n e m y and to u n d e r e s t i m a t e the s t rength of revolut ion."

"After the victory in World War II, U.S. imperialism, which has taken the place of fascist Germany, Italy and Japan, together with its stooges in various countries, is frantically preparing for a new world war and is menacing the whole world. This reflects the extreme decay of the capitalist world and its fear of impending doom. This enemy still has strength. Therefore, all the revolutionary forces within each country and the revolu- tionary forces of all countries must be united. An anti- imperialist united front headed by the Soviet Union must be formed and a correct policy pursued, otherwise victory cannot be achieved. The foundation of this enemy is weak. It is collapsing internally, is divorced from the people and is confronted with an inextricable economic crisis. Therefore, it can be defeated. It would be a very big mistake to overestimate the strength of the enemy and to underestimate the strength of revolution."

On J a n u a r y 18, 1948, in the d irec t ive "Concerning Severa l Important Q u e s t i o n s in the Pres en t P a r t y Pol icy" w h i c h he w r o t e for t he Central C o m m i t t e e of the Chinese C o m m u n i s t P a r t y to be i s sued w i t h i n the Party , Comrade Mao T s e - t u n g told us that as a w h o l e and s tra teg ica l ly w e should s l ight t he e n e m y , w h i l e at the same t ime w e should be a t t e n t i v e to the art of s t rugg le and in regard to each ind iv idua l part and in each concrete s truggle , w e should take ful l account of the e n e m y .

"We are against overestimating the strength of the enemy. For example, the fear of U.S. imperialism, the fear of going to fight in the Kuomintang-controlled area, the fear of abolishing the comprador feudal system, dis- tributing the land of the landlords and confiscating bureaucratic capital, the fear of protracted war, etc. All these are incorrect. Capitalism throughout the world and

the rule of the reactionary Chiang Kai-shek clique in China are already rotten, without any future. We have reasons to slight them. We are certainly able and have the confidence to defeat all the enemies of the Chinese people at home and abroad. But in regard to each individual part and in each concrete struggle (whether military, political, economic or ideological), we must never slight the enemy. On the contrary, we should take full account of the enemy, concentrate all our efforts on the fight. Only in this way can victory be achieved. While we correctly point out that as a whole and strategically we should slight the enemy, we must never slight the enemy in regard to each individual part as well, and in each concrete struggle. If as a whole we overestimate the enemies' strength and consequently do not dare to overthrow them and do not dare to gain victory, we shall be committing the mistake of right opportunism. If in regard to each individual part and in each concrete struggle we are not careful, are not attentive to the art of struggle, do not concentrate all our efforts on the struggle and do not pay attention to winning over all the allies whom we should win over (middle peasants, independent industrialists and merchants, the middle bourgeoisie, students, teachers, professors and the intellectuals in general, the general run of public functionaries, the professionals and the enlight- ened gentry), we shall be committing the mistake of 'left' opportunism."

On November 18, 1957, in his speech at the meeting of representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries held in Moscow, Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:

"In 1946 when Chiang Kai-shek attacked us, many of our comrades and people throughout the country felt very much worried: Could the war be won? I myself was also worried about this. But of one thing we were confident. At that time an American journalist named Anna Louise Strong came to Yenan. We discussed many questions in our talks, including Chiang

Kai-shek, Hitler, Japan, the United States, the atom bomb, etc. I said that all the reputedly powerful reactionaries were merely paper tigers. The reason was that they were divorced from the people. You see, wasn' t Hitler a paper tiger? Wasn't Hitler overthrown? I also said that the tsar was a paper tiger, the Chinese emperor was a paper tiger, Japanese imperialism was a paper tiger. You see they were all down and out. U.S. imperialism has not yet fallen and it has the atom bomb. I believe it will also fall. It is also a paper tiger. Chiang Kai-shek was very power- ful. He had more than four million regular troops. At that time we were in Yenan. What was the population of Yenan? Seven thousand. How many troops did we have? We had 900,000 guerrillas, all divided by Chiang Kai-shek into scores of bases. But we said Chiang Kai-shek was only a paper tiger and we would certainly defeat him. In order to struggle against the enemy, we have formed the concept over a long period, namely, that strategically we should slight all enemies, and tactically we should take full account of them. That is also to say, we must slight the enemy as a whole but take full account of him so far as each and every concrete question is concerned. If we do not slight the enemy as a whole, we shall be committing the mistake of opportunism. Marx and Engels were only two people. In their time they already said that capitalism throughout the world would be overthrown. But on concrete questions and on questions concerning each and every particular enemy, if we do not take full account of the enemy, we shall be committing the mistake of adventurism. In war, battles can only be fought one by one and the enemy can only be annihilated bit by bit. Factories can only be built one by one. The peasants can only plough the land plot by plot. The same is true of eating a meal. Strategically, we slight the eating of a meal: we can finish the meal. But when actually eating, we do it a mouthful at a time. It would be impossible for you to swallow the entire feast in a single mouthful. This is called one by one solution. And in military literature, it is called smashing the enemy one by one."

IH

Speaking at the Moscow meet ing of representatives of Communist and Workers' Parties of socialist countries, on November 18, 1957, Comrade Mao Tse-tung analysed the international situation at that t ime and pointed out that the socialist forces have surpassed the imperialist forces and that the East wind has prevailed over the West wind. He said:

"I am of the opinion that the international situation has now reached a new turning-point. There are two winds in the world today: the East wind and the West wind. There is a Chinese saying: 'Either the East wind prevails over the West wind or the West wind prevails over the East wind.' I think the characteristic of the situation today is the East wind prevailing over the West wind. That is to say, the socialist forces are overwhelm- ingly superior to the imperialist forces."

Addressing Chinese students studying in the Soviet Union on the day before he made the above-mentioned speech, that is on November 17, Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:

"The direction of the wind in the world has changed. In the struggle between the socialist camp and capitalist camp either the West wind prevails over the East wind or the East wind prevails over the West wind. The whole world now has a population of 2,700 million, of which the various socialist countries account for nearly 1,000 million, the independent, former colonial countries make up more than 700 million, and the countries now strug- gling for independence or for complete independence arid capitalist countries with neutral tendencies have 600 million. The population of the imperialist camp is only about 400 million; moreover, they are divided internally. 'Earthquakes ' may occur there. At present, it is not the West wind which is prevailing over the East wind but the East wind that is prevailing over the West wind."

On November 6, 1957, speaking at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. in celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the October Revolution, Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:

"The imperialists pin their hope on war, in addition to staking their fate on the oppression of the peoples at home and in the colonial and semi-colonial countries. But what can they expect from war? In the past half century, we have experienced two world wars. After World War I, the Great October Socialist Revolution took place in Russia. And after World War II, more revolutions took place in eastern Europe and in the East. If the imperialist warriors are determined to start a third world war, there is no other result they can achieve but bringing about the complete destruction of the world capitalist system."

On February 27, 1957, Comrade Mao Tse-tung de- livered his speech On the Correct Handling of Contradic- tions Among the People at the l l t h enlarged session of the Supreme State Conference. In Part 10 of his speech, under the sub-heading "Can Bad Things Be Turned Into Good Things?", he said:

"People in all countries of the world are now dis- cussing whether or not a third world war will break out. In regard to this question, we must be psychologically prepared, and at the same time take an analytical view. We stand resolutely for peace and oppose war. But if the imperialists insist on unleashing another war, we should not be afraid of it. Our attitude on this question is the same as our attitude towards all disturbances: firstly, we are against it; secondly, we are not afraid of it. The First World War was followed by the birth of the Soviet Union with a population of 200 million. The Second World War was followed by the emergence of the socialist camp with a combined population of 900 million. If the imperialists should insist on launching a third world war, it is certain that several hundred million more will turn to socialism; then there will not be much room left in the world for the imperialists, while it is quite likely that the whole structure of imperialism will ut terly col- lapse.

"Given specific conditions, the two aspects of a con- tradiction invariably turn into their respective opposites as a result of the struggle between them. Here, the conditions are important. Without specific conditions, neither of the two contradictory aspects can transform itself into its opposite. Of all the classes in the world the proletariat is the most eager to change its position; next comes the semi-proletariat, for the former possesses nothing at all, while the latter is not much better off. The present situation in which the United States controls a majority in the United Nations and dominates many parts of the world is a transient one, which will eventually be changed. China's situation as a poor country denied her rights in international affairs will also be changed-- a poor country will be changed into a rich country, a country denied her rights will be changed into a country enjoying her r i g h t s - - a transformation of things into their opposites. Here, the decisive conditions are the socialist system and the concerted efforts of a united people."

On June 28, 1950, when U.S. imperial ism openly launched the aggressive war against Korea and invaded China's territory of Taiwan by armed force, Comrade Mao Tsc-tung made the fol lowing statement in his address to the Eighth Meeting of the Central People's Government Council:

"The Chinese people have long since affirmed that the affairs of the various countries throughout the world

should be run by the peoples of these countries, and that the affairs of Asia should be run by the peoples of Asia and not by the United States. U.S. aggression in Asia will only arouse widespread and resolute resistance by the peoples of Asia. Truman stated on January 5 this year that the United States would not interfere in Taiwan. Now he has proved his own statement to be false, and has torn to shreds all the international agreements regarding non-interference by the United States in the internal affairs of China. The United States has thus exposed its own imperialist face and this is beneficial to the people of China and of all of Asia. There is no reason at all for U.S. intervention in the internal affairs of Korea, the Philippines, Viet-nam or other countries. The sympathy of the people throughout China, as well as of the broad mass of the people everywhere in the world, is on the side of the victims of aggression, and most decidedly not on the side of U.S. imperialism. The people will neither be bought by imperialism nor cowed by it. Imperialism is outwardly strong but feeble within, because it has no support among the people. People throughout China and the world! Unite and prepare fully to defeat any provoca- tion by U.S. imperialism."

On February 14, 1955, at a reception given by the Soviet Embassy in Peking celebrating the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:

"With the co-operation between our two great coun- tries, China and the Soviet Union, I am convinced that the aggressive plans of imperialism will be smashed.

"We can all see that with the great co-operation between China and the Soviet Union, there are no aggressive plans of imperialism which cannot be smashed. They will certainly be smashed thoroughly. Should the imperialists start a war of aggression, we, together with the people of the whole world, will certainly wipe them off the face of the earth."

On September 8, 1958, at the Supreme State Con- ference, Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:

"The present situation is favourable for the people the world over who are fighting for peace."

"The general trend is that the East wind prevails over the West wind."

"U.S. imperialism invaded China's terri tory of Taiwan and has occupied it for the past nine years. A short while ago it sent its armed forces to invade and occupy Lebanon. The United States has set up hundreds of military bases in many countries all over the world. The Chinese terri- tory Taiwan, Lebanon, and all U.S. military bases on foreign territories are like nooses tied round the necks of the U.S. imperialists. The Americans themselves, and nobody else, made these nooses, and they themselves put them round their own necks and handed the ends of the ropes to the Chinese people, the peoples of the Arab coun- tries and all the peoples of the world who love peace and oppose aggression. The longer the U.S. aggressors remain in these places, the tighter the nooses round their necks will become."

"The U.S. imperialists have been creating tension in all parts of the world in attempts to achieve their aggressive ends and to enslave the peoples of various

10

countries. The U.S. imperialists calculate that they wilI always benefit from tense situations, but the fact is that the tense situations created by the United States have led to the opposite of what the Americans wish. They serve. in effect, to mobilize the people of the world to oppose the U.S. aggressors."

"If the U.S. monopoly capitalist group is bent on carrying out its policy of aggression and war, the day will certainly come when humani ty will hang it by the neck. A similar fate awaits the accomplices of the United States."

On September 29, 1958, Comrade Mao Tse-tung re- turned to Peking after a tour of inspection in several Yangtse valley provinces. In an interview with a cor- respondent of Hsinhua News Agency he said:

"Imperialism will not last Iong because it has been consistently doing all sorts of evil things. It makes a point of grooming and backing up reactionaries against the people in various countries. It seizes and occupies large numbers of colonies, semi-colonies and military bases. I t threatens peace with atomic war- fare. In this way, imperialism has forced more than 90 per cent of the people of the world to rise against it or prepare to fight it. Imperialism is still alive and kicking, still blustering its way in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The imperialist~ are still oppressing the people of their own countries in the West. But such a situation has to be changed. It is the task of the people of the world to put an end to the aggression and oppression perpetrated by imperialism, especially by U.S. imperialism."

China Celebrates the October Revolution by OUR CORRESPONDENT

I T was with full-hearted enthusiasm that the Chinese people celebrated the forty-first anniversary of the

Great October Revolution. There was no place through- out the nation that did not have its celebration activities. All over the country, in the coastal areas, in Shanghai, Tientsin and Canton, far inland in Urumchi and I~hasa, and in Amoy at the front, special anniversary meetings were organized with film shows, concerts, recitals, exhibi- tions and talks in factories, farms, workers ' clubs, govern- ment and people's organizations. At all, the central theme was the October Revolution and the prospects it has opened up, the enormous successes the Soviet people have achieved since 1917, and the great, unbreakable friendship between China and the Soviet Union. In clubs and cultural palaces, at street corners and in shop windows, posters and photo- graphs were exhibited showing the many-sided life of the Soviet people and their zest in building communism. Radio stations both national and local gave special programmes in honour of the occasion, recitals of Soviet poetry, songs and music, broadcasts of Soviet operas and film stories, and talks on Soviet social progress, economy, culture, art and literature.

On November 7, the Peking newspapers ran red ban- ner headlines on their front pages, and carried editorials and special features celebrating the great day. The Ren- min Ribao (People's Daily) splashed across its front page a red banner headline in both Chinese and Russian: "Long Live the Great October Socialist Revolution!" and devoted more than six pages to this great occasion. Its many special articles included one on the brilliant prospects of the Soviet national economy by I. Kuzmin, Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Chairman of the State Planning Commission of the Soviet Union, and one on the Soviet sciences today by A. Nesmeyanov, President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Every year the Chinese people celebrate the anniver- sary of the October Revolution with heartfelt joy. They look on every fresh success attained by the Soviet people in their march to communism as their own. In a joint message of greetings to N. S. Khrushchov, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Par ty of the

Soviet Union and Chairman of the Soviet Council of Min- isters, and K. Voroshilov, President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Mao Tse-tung, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Com- munist Par ty and Chairman of the People's Republic of China, Liu Shao-chi, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and Chou En-lai, Pre- mier of the State Council, wrote: "The Soviet people, under the leadership of the great Communist Par ty of the Soviet Union, are advancing with giant strides along the road of communist construction. The brilliant achieve- ments of the Soviet people in their magnificent work of construction have opened up vistas of the happy tomorrow for the working people of other lands. The Chinese people warmly greet the fraternal Soviet people on the successes they have achieved by their labour, and rejoice over them as over their own successes."

S p e c i a l M e e t i n g in P e k i n g

On the eve of the anniversary, a celebration meeting was held in Peking. In his address, Lin Po-chu, Vice-Pres- ident of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association, paid tribute to the great Soviet people and congratulated them on their tremendous achievements since the October Rev- olution. "The past forty-one years," he said, "have been years in which capitalism and imperialism have sunk more and more rapidly to their doom, in which socialism has forged ahead with an increasingly irresistible momen- tum . . . . The youthful vitality of the socialist system and the decay and corruption of the imperialist system have never been so clearly visible as now. The ~tay will come the sooner when the socialist camp will utterly defeat imperialism in peaceful construction."

Lin Po-chu pointed out that more and more people have come to understand that imperialism is the root of war and colonialism, that the days when the imperialists could ride roughshod over the people are now gone for ever. He condemned the U.S. plot of creating "two Chinas" to achieve the aim of permanently occupying China's ter- ri tory of Taiwan and organizing aggression against China. But this plot, he asserted, is doomed to fail utterly.

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On the evening of November 7, Ambassador Yudin gave a reception in celebration of the anniversary. Vice- Chairman Chu Teh, Premier Chou En-lai and other lead- ers attended. Speaking at the gathering, Vice-Chairman Chu Teh said: "Today, the socialist camp is more solidly united and much more powerful than ever before . . . . The Chinese people not only have the confidence to com- plete the building of socialism and move ahead to com- munism, but also the determination to fulfil the task of uniting the whole of our great motherland . . . . The strug- gle of the Chinese people in defending their sovereignty and territorial integrity is a just one . . . . Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu must be returned to the embrace of the motherland, and the U.S. imperialists must get out of the Taiwan Straits area."

Vice-Chairman Chu Teh stressed: "The history of the past forty-odd years has enabled the people to see more and more clearly that the road of the October Revolution is the only road which enables mankind to shake off the fet- ters of class exploitation and national enslavement, and which will lead mankind to a bright, happy and free life."

In the midst of these celebrations, the State Planning Commission of China announced that the Soviet Govern-

ment had decided to provide China with technical assist- ance in building or expanding another 47 industrial enter- prises. This is the first group of industrial enterprises which the Soviet Union will help China build during the period of the Second Five-Year Plan (1958-1962).

The Soviet Union has consistently given selfless help to the Chinese people in building their country. Besides material help, over the past few years, it has sent experts to aid China in building many thoroughly up-to-date enter- prises. To express the heartfelt thanks of the Chinese people for this aid, Kuo Mo-jo, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, gave a reception on the evening of November 5 for Soviet experts working in the academy. Greeting the great anniversary, Kuo Mo-jo said: "Like all our work of socialist construction, China's scientific development has greatly benefited by the help of the Soviet Union." The State Council also gave a banquet on Novem- ber 7 for the Soviet experts who are helping China in her socialist construction, at which Vice-Premier Po I-po expressed his thanks to the Communist Party, government and people of the Soviet Union and the Soviet experts in China for their great and selfless aid to China over the years.

Notes from the Field

What l Saw in the People's Communes by LI HSIEN-NIEN

Vice-Premier of fhe State Council

W E left Peking on September 11, visited Hsushui, Pao- ting and Ankuo in Hopei Province, Hsinhsiang in

Honan Province and arrived in Chengchow on the 17th. On the way we heard reports from local Communist Par ty committees and visited some people's communes. We observed, asked questions and talked things over. Cotton, sweet potatoes and autumn crops grew beautifully wher- ever we went. The masses of the people, men and women, young" and old, are high-spirited and full of confidence following the establishment of people's communes. Their sincerity and enthusiasm show that they have boundless trust in, and ardent love for, the Communist Par ty and Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Let me tell you something about what we saw and the problems we encountered.

Two Types of People's Communes 1. Practically all the peasant households in these areas

have joined people's communes. Generally speaking, the people's communes are of two types: a single commune for a whole county, the commune and the county becom- ing one entity; or several communes in a county, with a federation of communes for the county as a whole. In the case of a single commune for a whole county the re- ceipts, payments and accounts are handled in a unified way, with profits and losses shared in common. The receipts of the original agricultural producers ' co-operatives and production brigades are turned over to the county and their expenditures are made with the approval of the county. The standard of the supply of necessities to the

commune members and the wage rates are practically the s ame- th roughou t the county. This is the case with Hsushui and Hsiuwu Counties. In the case of several communes in a county, the individual communes take care of their own accounting and are individually responsible for their profits and losses while the county federation of communes may draw a certain portion from the ac- cumulation funds of the communes to finance construction undertakings in the county. This is the case in Ankuo and Hsinhsiang Counties.

The single commune for a whole county involves, to a large extent, ownership by the whole people, and all the communes will follow this road in the future. I think that this type of commune may, at present, involve two problems the handling of which requires careful considera- tion. The first is how, with the adoption of unified accounting for the whole county, to avoid hindering the initiative of the original co-operatives and brigades in running their own economies. The second is how to deal properly with the differences in financial means and living standards among the various co-operatives and brigades while arranging wage rates. If high levels already achieved are brought down, the living standards of some would be lowered. If all are brought up to the same high level, the commune's accumulation would be affected. To my thinking, the county federation of communes at present may, to a certain extent, adjust the accumulation of the various communes and avoid the inconveniences which might possibly be faced by a single commune for a whole

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county. The change from collective ownership to owner- ship by the whole people takes a bit of time and, in the present situation, it may be more appropriate to establish federations of communes on a wide scale. As the Resolu- tion on the Establishment of People's Communes in the Rural Areas adopted by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Par ty pointed out: "There is no need immediately to transform collective ownership into owner- ship by the whole people. It is better at present to main- tain collective ownership." A single commune for a whole county is certainly a creative experiment which may be continued in order to gather experience from it.

Distribution System

2. The introduction of a distribution system of half supply and half payment in wages in most of the people's communes is an inevitable result of the development of the people's communes. The portion in the form of supply is to meet the basic necessities of life of the members while the portion in the form of wages is to meet other expenses, including miscellaneous spending. The supply portion is distributed according to needs (equally dis- tributed among the members) on the basis of the current conditions of production. The portion in wages is dis- tributed according to the work done. In some of the communes we visited, the supply portion covers seven items: food, clothing, medical care, materni ty care, educa- tion, housing, marriage and funeral expenses. In others, according to their financial conditions it covers five or six items, or just meals or food grain. The proportion of supply and wages is, to take the Chiliying People's Commune in Hsinhsiang County as an example, roughly half and half. In other communes the proportion of supply is larger than that of wages or vice versa. Because the people's communes have been established only recently, and because economic conditions vary from place to place, it is impossible to unify either the items of supply or the wage rates. In any case, for the peasants to have free meals and draw regular income in the form of monthly wages is a great event without parallel in history.

At the Peitaiho Conference [the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chi- nese Communist Par ty which was held last Augus t . - -T r . ] some comrades suggested the introduction of free meals. As I see it now, it is not difficult to apply it on an extensive scale. It can be applied to whatever product is plentiful. The portion for distribution according to needs and for supply in given quantities will be gradually increased, and the portion of payment according to the work done will be gradually reduced. In this way, the transition to com- munism will be realized step by step. The peasants are all the more satisfied with regular monthly wages on top of free meals.

The first time wages were distributed in some peo- ple's communes impressive ceremonies were held, attended by men and women, young and old. On receiving their wages, some of the peasants were moved to tears. To have free meals while drawing regular monthly wages is an event of world significance. Since Marx advanced the lofty ideal of communism there have been those who have opposed it on the ground that the implementation of the policy "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" would produce idlers. The facts have shown that this is not true. The introduction of the

distribution system of part supply plus basic wages and bonuses has freed the people from their worries about food and clothing. What is now uppermost in their minds is how to work still better so that they may be worthy of the new society and show their gratitude to the Communist Par ty and Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Peo- ple have not become idlers; on the contrary they have become still more industrious and work with still greater fervour and vigour. It appears that the gradual carrying out of the communist economic system and the enhance- ment of the communist consciousness and morality of the people promote one another. In this connection, every- body asks these questions: Now that the distribution system of half supply and half payment in wages has been introduced among the peasants, what should be done about the salaries of government cadres in the rural areas? And with the introduction of such a system in the rural areas, what should be done in the cities? And what about the wages of workers and employees and government cadres? It appears that the force of compelling circum- stances makes it necessary to give urgent consideration to these questions.

A Momentous Change

3. The establishment of the people's communes is another new momentous change of historic significance in our society. It will inevitably bring about a series of profound changes in production, distribution, exchange and consumption. Judging from what we saw in Hopei and Honan, these changes are mainly the following:

First, some of the last remnants of the private owner- ship of means of production have been wiped out and the productive forces have been further emancipated. Some well-to-do middle peasants said: "Now it's uprooted." Small merchants and pedlars have disappeared in many areas. Not a single one can be seen in the whole county of Hsushui. Many communes are big ones embracing more than ten thousand people or households. With their large population, wide scope of activity and great strength, they arC able to use and deploy their manpower, material and financial resources still more rationally. Things that could not be done by small agricultural co-operatives in the past can now be done swiftly. Freed from household drudgery, women have become a new source of labour power in the communes. Although the communes have been established only recently, people see their advan- tages and also the beautiful prospects of communism. The masses have become more confident and are working with still greater fervour and energy.

Second, the portion of the products which is directly distributed has increased and the proportion of products for commercial exchange has decreased. Many products which, in the past, were circulated between handicraft co- operatives and agricultural co-operatives, between agri- cultural co-operatives and between peasants through com- mercial channels are now being turned out and used by the communes themselves and directly distributed within them. That is to say, the goods which were produced for sale in the past are being produced to meet the require- ments of the producers; certain goods which had to be procured on the market are now being produced to satisfy the producers' own needs. The present conditions are like this: the communes themselves make ball-bearings from scrap iron and steel and distribute them directly to the

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various production brigades to be fitted on their carts without going through the process of buying and selling: Certain changes have also taken place in the portion of products for commercial exchange. Many commodities which were bought and sold in small quantities by single households are now being bought and sold collectively by the communes and production brigades. The com- munity dining-rooms now buy cooking oil and salt in large containers. The scene of single households queuing for bottles of cooking oil and small packets of salt no longer exists. To organize along military lines, to work with militancy and to lead a collective life brings about changes in the kinds of commodities required. Some kinds of articles like small-sized pots and pans suitable only for private use can find few buyers or none at all. On the con- trary, there has been a great increase in the sale of articles suitable for collective use.

Third, the distribution system has changed and the communist factors have increased. Many people's com- munes, as said above, have changed their method of dis- tribution to the system of part-supply and basic wages plus bonuses. Formerly the distribution method was to rate the work of the members, enumerate their workdays, pay them in summer and autumn in accordance with the estimates of the year 's harvest and then determine the exact income of each member at the end of the year. Moreover, the wages are now to be paid to the members themselves instead of entirely to the head of the family, thus breaking down the old patriarchal system. This is a good thing. Human relations are changing; the ideol- ogy and state of mind of the people are changing too.

Fourth, the collective welfare establishments of the people's communes have witnessed extensive development. The communes we visited have generally set up their community dining-rooms, tailoring groups, creches, kin- dergartens, rest homes for the aged, health centres and maternity homes and other organizations. Many things formerly undertaken by the state, such as hospitals and schools, have now been set up by the people's communes themselves. In many people's communes, food and clothing,

• child care and medical t reatment for the members, are all managed by the communes in a unified way, replacing

household work with social services. The women are particularly interested in the community dining-rooms, creches and kindergartens, and say that these organizations "have come to stay, and no one can break them up and get rid of them."

Reorganization of the Socialist Economy

4. The widespread establishment of people's com- munes signifies a great reorganization of the socialist economy. It is changing the old relations between pro- duction, distribution, exchange and consumption and set- ting up new relations. The changes, as they are reflected in financial work, are that the industrial and commercial tax system based on commodity circulation is practically no longer suitable for use. The changes, as they are re- flected in the work of the banks, are that the rule of seasonal investment and seasonal recall of cash in the rural areas has changed, the volume of transactions in cash payment has shrunk and the scope of the clearance of accounts has increased. The changes, as reflected in commerce and in work connected with food grain, are that purchase and supply are now more concentrated and are carried out in a better planned and organized way, and that the methods of management and the variety of commodities dealt with have also changed. Planned marketing of food grain in the rural areas is practically ended. A common problem is that now that the town- ship and the people's commune have become one entity and the people's commune is both an economic and a political organization, the financial work of the state in the township must be merged with that of the people's commune. The banks in the rural areas will further become the clearing centres for various economic activities of the people's communes. Commercial work will in- creasingly become an inseparable part of the economic life of the people's commune. In these circumstances, how to adjust financial and trade work in the rural areas in respect to the machinery to be set up and the manage- ment, and how to deal with the related questions of organization and work relations also claim urgent con- sideration and solution.

(Excerpts from an article published in Hongqi, No. I00

Nearing 10.7 Million

New High in by CHU

C HINA produced 7.2 million tons of steel in the first ten months of this year. Output literally leaped

month by month. In October, the key month in the battle for steel, 1.88 million tons of steel and 8.72 million tons of iron were produced, exceeding the September figures by 91.7 per cent and 457 per cent respectively. With two more months to go, the target of 10.7 million tons of steel is already in sight. Even if production continues at the present rate, this year 's stepped up plan will be fulfilled.

More and more new equipment is going into produc- tion. That's why steel production is soaring continuously.

Steel Output CHI-LIN

On October 31, one of the world's biggest open hearth furnaces went into operation in Anshan, China's greatest steel centre. This furnace, designed and built by Chinese engineers and workers and equipped entirely with modern equipment made in China, uses the three-tapping trough method initiated by workers in Taiyuan, Shansi Province, and has a daily capacity of from 1,300 to 1,500 tons. It is the fourth new giant modern open hearth furnace to go into production in Anshan this year. Another open hearth furnace of similar size is nearing completion. By October 10, more than a thousand Bessemer converters of

varying sizes had been built throughout the country. They are rapidly increasing steel production.

The soaring daily output of steel can be seen from the following figures. In the week from October 15 to 21, steel production reached a new average high of 62,000 tons per day. This was pushed up to 160,000 tons on October 30 and to 230,000 tons the next day.

As output rises continuously, the battle for steel is entering a new phase: improving quality and gradually modernizing the native-style furnaces. In the past period, numerous different types of native-style furnaces shot up all over the country. Now is the time to sum up ex- perience, select the most successful types for populariza- tion and choose sites where iron ore and coal resources abound for the establishment of groups of furnaces. On these sites, small iron mines, coal pits, steel mills and roads will be built and they will gradually be developed into small iron and steel bases employing both native and modern methods.

Mass M o v e m e n t

The continuous leap in steel production is the result of relying on the initiative of the masses of the people not only in developing native-style iron and steel smelting but also in the operation of the modern integrated iron and steel works. In other words, the steel industry is leaping on two legs - - one "native" and the other "foreign," and the strength of both is their mass character.

Miracle after miracle has been worked as a result of the initiative of the masses. In Luchai County in the Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region, 130,000 people turned brick and lime kilns, old castles, blockhouses and obsolete houses into native-style iron-smelting furnaces and in a single day on October 18 produced 207,243 tons of i ron- -7 ,000 tons more than the annual target for the entire autonomous region.

Between October 29 and 31, average daily output of iron in Honan Province was around one million tons. On October 30, iron and steel output reached the astounding levels of 1.33 million tons and 103,000 tons respectively. What this means may be seen from the following comparison:

Honan Province U.S.A. West Germany Britain Japan

Daily Iron Output

1,333,000 tons (October 30, 1958) 200.000 tons (average for 1957) 53,000 tons* (average for 1957) 40,000 tons (average for 1957) 17,000 tons (average for 1957)

Comparing one day's output with the daily averages of a whole year may seem unfair. But this at least brings out the tremendous capacity of a single province in China for iron production. And it is no accident that daily iron output has been maintained in Honan at a very high level. The mass movement for iron and steel production there has already advanced to a new and higher stage. The big leaps in iron ore and coal mining and in transport ensure an adequate supply and reserve of raw materials for iron and steel production. Through debates and dis- cussions, the masses of iron and steel m a k e r s - numbering

* including iron alloy

A giant blast furnace in c o n s t r u c t i o n S k e t c h in Chinese ink by L~ Chieh~wen

6.7 million out of a total of 48 million people in the p r o v i n c e - - s u m m e d up their experiences and introduced a scientific system of management. The furnaces are organized in small clusters and large groups of furnaces have become factories. Small iron and steel bases are being established.

How every section of the population takes part in iron and steel making is illustrated by the example of Peking. Nowadays native-style steel-smelting f u r n a c e s - - mostly small reverberatory furnaces made of b r i c k s - - c a n be seen in the backyards of government offices, along the alleys and on open grounds. On one fine Sunday, October 26, 700,000 turned out to make steel, ministers, office work- ers, students, soldiers, housewives and commune members in the suburbs. Actors and actresses acted as puddler~ and put on goggles as soon as they cleaned their faces of paint after the shows. Ho Chang-kung, Vice-Minister of Geology, personally took part in the all-out effort for steel and, together with other cadres of the ministry, made 13.3 tons that day. Steel-making is on everybody's lips and has become everybody's business.

On September 29, Chairman Mao Tse-tung called far large-scale mass movements in industrial production when interviewed by a Hsinhua correspondent upon his return to the capital from visits to the Yangtse provinces. Four days earlier, on September 25, Li Fu-chun, Vice-Premier and Chairman of the State Planning Commission, visited Anshan, and in a talk with the workers there urged them to emancipate their minds from all blind faiths and in- troduce bold measures to boost steel production. The re-

I5

sponses to Chairman Mao's call and to the talk in Anshan were tremendous.

When Anshan steel workers discussed the production plan for October, they revised it upward and made count- less suggestions to ensure its fulfilment. Liu Tieh-ling, a veteran worker, suggested and successfully tested a new method of blowing in compressed air when the steel is being melted and reduced smelting time by 20 minutes. Hou Ying-wu, a worker who has been in the steel industry for only a short time, devised a new method which reduces smelting time from over ten hours to an average of some six hours and set a record of five hours and ten minutes for large open hearth furnaces. Proposals were advanced by workers in every phase of steel production. The time required to overhaul a 100-ton crane in Anshan has been reduced from 30 hours to nine. As a result of bold in- novations like those described above, average daily steel output in Anshan from September 25 to October 15 was 1,460 tons higher than in the first 20 days of September.

In Shanghai, emulation between workers of the open hearth shops of the first and third steel plants is going on in white heat. The third plant had been leading the country in the coefficient of utilization of open hearth furnaces with a record, set in August, of 14.225 tons pro-

duced per square metre of furnace floor in 24 hours. In October, workers of the first plant, under the slogan "learn from, catch up with and surpass the third plant," raised their coefficient from 8.463 tons in September to 15.748 tons, b u t w o r k e r s of the third plant increased theirs further to 17.046 tons and retained their title. Steel pro- duction in Shanghai as a whole kept rising and on November 1, it produced 9,077 tons.

Thus the battle for steel continues and the workers are chalking up one record after another. All this is the result of overcoming difficulties and toppling conservative ideas. First, there was the question of transporting the iron made in all parts of the country to the major steel works for steel smelting. This was solved by mobilizing the people to engage in transport in a manner described as "ants moving a mountain." Then, there is the ques- tion of making steel from low-grade iron produced by native-style methods. Successes have been scored in Tientsin and elsewhere and the quality of iron is being steadily improved. I n these struggles, the might and wisdom of the masses of the people is demonstrated time and again, a huge a rmy of iron and steel workers is being formed and in making steel the people themselves are steeled.

National Minorities

Written Languages for All by CHANG SEN

I N these days of the technical and cultural revolutions, the work of creating written languages for those national

minorities in China which still have none has been stepped up. Socialism requires cultured, literate citizens. Literacy is as essential for the peasant as for the scientist. Owing to the lack of an adequate script, some national minority peasants have had to record their work-points with rice stalks. Some keep accounts by punching holes in wooden boards. Now industry is developing fast in the national minority areas. Without a written language, the difficul- ties of learning new scientific, industrial and farm skills are enormously increased.

Liberation brought a new day to some 50 national minorities in China. Preparatory measures were im- mediately taken to provide written languages for the 30, numbering over 13 million people, who had no written languages of their own.

Working in close contact with the peoples concerned, Chinese scientists and scholars have already produced written languages for four minorities and improved writ- ten languages for another eight. All the nationalities that still have no written languages will have their appropriate scripts within a few years.

Part of Nat iona l i t i e s P o l i c y

The work being done to solve these problems sheds an illuminating light on the nationalities policy of the Chinese Communist Par ty in its practical application.

Minority languages in China, spoken by peoples numbering from a few thousand to several million, belong to the Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, Austro-Asiatic and Indo- European families. The Sino-Tibetan languages are used mainly by peoples in the southern and southwestern parts of the country, while the Altaic languages are found in northwest and northeast China and Inner Mongolia. Languages belonging to the Austro-Asiatic family are found in the border regions of the southwestern province of Yunnan. Tajik, spoken in Sinkiang is China's only language belonging to the Indo-European family.

Of some 50 languages of these four families existing in China, about 20 had writ ten forms in 1949. Several written forms were used chiefly for religious purpose or only by a small number of persons.

They use three systems of writing. Some use the spelling system with Latin, Arabic, Tibetan or other alphabets. Others use a syllabary, in which each syllable is represented by a character. Ideographic system is the third way of writing by Chinese minorities.

The situation is further complicated by the fact that several nationalities have as yet no standard national language and their different dialects have different writ- ten forms. The Tais, for instance, write their language in five different' ways, while the Chingpo, Lisu and Yi people each have three written forms for their language. In many cases this diversity is not due to any essential

16

differences in the dialects but it hampers the unification and growth of the national culture.

Reactionary rulers in the past at tempted to deprive the minority peoples of their national consciousness and culture by putting limitations on the use of their languages.

New China, on the contrary, gives every help to the minority people to develop their national culture. As to the use of languages, Article 3 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China states specifically that all nationalities shall have freedom to use and foster the growth of their spoken and written languages.

Steps were taken as early as 1950 to help the national minorities devise or perfect their written languages. In 1956, seven teams comprising 700 people from 20 national- ities began a comprehensive study of the various minority languages. Sixteen scripts have been devised for four peo- p l e s - t h e Chuangs, Puyis, Hanis and Lis- -who had no writ- ten language before, and seven o t h e r s - - t h e Miaos, Yis, Nahsis, Lisus, Chingpos, Lahus and K a w a s - - w h o had written languages of only limited use. Two sets of alphabets were devised to help the Tais arrive at a unified script to replace their five competing scripts. The Chuang script has been formally adopted. The rest are still in trial use. Today nearly 90 per cent of China's 35 million minorities have their own written languages.

In devising these different scripts a basic principle has been to respect traditional practices and consolidate unity within the various nationalities. It is therefore considered preferable to devise one writ ten language for a people who live in a compact community and have a fairly homogeneous language. If two or more national- ities have a basically common language it is also found preferable, if they agree, to adopt one common script. In the case of a nationality with several different spoken languages or dialects, the principle is to encourage them to shift to one language or dialect and use the others as a reservoir of words and terms to supplement it. Unless there are overriding considerations, it is not recommended that a single nationality should have more than one writ- ten language as this obviously hinders its internal contacts and cultural growth. There is, of course, no need to make a change artificially in the case of national minorities who have long used the Han spoken and written language. In some cases where a people has partially used or become familiar with the written language of another they may

GAK YUD DI5 MIN2CUZ CUD1)G02 DOqGIET FANIlBI

DAD5 MINCU BEIqNUEDH CUI2GUE DA DUANGIE FAN'oBI

above: "Hail the UnBy of the Fraternal Nationalit ies of the Chinese People!" written in Chuang

below: The same slogan written in Puyl

decide to adopt it as their own instead of devising a new one for themselves.

R o l e o f C h i n e s e P h o n e t i c A l p h a b e t

The Chinese (Han) ideographs, Latin and other alphabets and syllabaries have been in use in China. To facilitate cultural exchanges and mutual study of languages it is clear what great advantages can be gained by getting a common basis for all written languages in China or as many as possible. As 94 per cent of the Chinese popula- tion are Hans, their language and culture have already formed unbreakable ties with all the other nationalities of China. It is, therefore, natural that the national minor- ities should wish to link their new scripts with the Han language.

The recent adoption of the new Chinese phonetic alphabet provides just the common basis that was needed. The Committee for Reforming the Chinese Written Language started work in this direction in 1952. Years of intensive study has produced the present scheme based on the Latin alphabet. It was approved by the National People's Congress last February. For the time being it is used mainly to indicate pronunciation alongside the characters and to popularize the "common speech" or standard Chinese pronunciation. The newly devised writ- ten languages of the national minorities also use the Latin alphabet as a base. Furthermore, wherever possible this alphabet will become the basis for devising or perfecting the written languages of the remaining minorities with the pronunciation and usage of individual letters closely following that in the Chinese phonetic alphabet.

This will make it immeasurably easier for the various peoples to learn their own and each other's languages and enrich their vocabularies with words from other languages. Standard typewriters and printing presses with standard founts of types can then be used, a consideration of special significance in communities where many nationalities live together.

The example of the Chuangs is enough to show the importance of this measure. The Chuangs, China's largest national minority, number 7 million people. They are now using their own writ ten language which has been devised since liberation. Before that their schools used textbooks with Han characters and teachers taught in the Chuang language. As a result a Chuang child took two years more than a Han child to reach the same primary school graduation standard.

Now this difficulty has been eliminated by the adop- tion last year of the new Chuang script based on the Latin alphabet. By the middle of July, 300,000 Chuangs were able to read simply written books and one-third of them could read and write as well as a graduate from a primary school.

Beginning in September 1957, the Miao and Puyi writ- ten languages were put into experimental use in certain selected areas in Kweichow. After studying two hours a day.for three or four months, most of the students enrolled in literacy classes were able to record farm co-op work- points and write simple letters. Some of the more advanced could write down traditional ballads and stories.

The provision of written languages for the rest of the national minority peoples who need them will prepare the way for the final assault on illiteracy in China and the flowering of culture that is a socialist country's birth- right.

I7

CINEMA

S o v i e t Fi lnn W e e k

A Sovie t fi lm w e e k ha s opened in Pe - k ing a n d o t h e r cit ies to c e l e b r a t e t h e fo r ty - f i r s t a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e Oc tobe r Revolut ion . T h e p r o g r a m m e inc ludes four Mosf i lm p r oduc t i ons : The Com- munist; The Ulianov Family, a s to ry of Len in ' s you th ; 1918; Stories o] Lenin; And Quiet Flows the Don (Gork i F i l m Studios) ; and two d o c u m e n t a r i e s : Light el October and The Great Change.

I t is a n exce l l en t select ion. T h e s e films, all of wh ich h a v e been d u b b e d in to Chinese , f o rm a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y rec- ord of the h i s to ry of the Sov ie t Un ion t h a t is the ve ry s tuff of life. S p e a k i n g of The Communist, a v e t e r a n m e m b e r of t he Sovie t C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of 55 yea r s s t and ing , in a l e t t e r to Soviet Screen, w r o t e a b o u t the scenes showing L e n i n : "I h a d the h a p p i n e s s of w o r k i n g w i t h V l a d i m i r I lych . . . th ings r ea l ly w e r e l ike t h a t in those t ense a n d d i f f icu l t days ." This was h o w the Oc tober Revo lu - t ion was won, th i s was how the Sov ie t people bu i l t the wor ld ' s f i rs t socia l i s t state.

The Communist is a s to ry of the f i rs t yea r s a f t e r t he r e v o l u t i o n w h e n t he n e w state , i n h e r i t i n g a rui 'ned economy, was bese t by f a m i n e a n d locked in a m o r t a l s t rugg le a g a i n s t t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n i s t s a n d coun te r - r evo lu t ion . I t was a t th is t ime, as a lways , t h a t the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y sen t i ts m e m b e r s to t h e m o s t d i f f icul t f ronts . I t was t he c l i m a x of t h e s t ruggle . T i red a n d h a l f - s t a r v e d , t he se m e n a n d w o m e n roused t h e i r n a t i o n to bea t back the e n e m y a n d p e r f o r m mi rac l e s in bu i ld - ing a n e w world . T he f i lm desc r ibes t h e even t s of t h a t t i m e t h r o u g h t he l ives of people, s imp le people, l i nked w i t h the bu i ld ing of S h a t u r p o w e r s ta t ion , t he f irst to be bu i l t by the n e w Sov ie t s tate .

Vas i ly G u b a n o v , a young C o m m u n i s t , a f t e r be ing w o u n d e d a t the f ron t , is sen t by t he P a r t y to t he p o w e r s t a t i o n site. As a f o r m e r f ight ing m a n he is a b i t p u t ou t w h e n h e f inds h e is in c h a r g e of stores, an d is be ing b l a m e d for the over - s ights of his p r edeces so r on t he job. La t - er, h e sees his m i s t a k e a n d m a k e s up for i t by t he zeal a n d qu ick wi t w i t h w h i c h he gets th ings needed for t h e n e w plant . The s e a r c h for nai ls , fo r ins t ance , t akes h i m to a l l t h e w a r e h o u s e s in Moscow and even to t h e K r e m l i n w h e r e , w i th L e n i n ' s help , h e f ina l ly gets them. Bu t t he di f f icul t ies seem endless . Lack of food n e x t t h r e a t e n s to b r i n g w o r k to a s tandst i l l . Vas i ly goes ou t in s e a r c h of a t r a i n t h a t has lef t Moscow, b u t for

some r e a s o n o r o ther , h a s n o t a r r i v e d a t Sha tu r . W h e n h e f inds i t s t r a n d e d for l ack of fuel , h e forge ts h is f a t i g u e a n d h u n g e r a n d sets a b o u t so lv ing th is p r o b - l e m too. I f Vas i ly h a s wo~ m a n y f r iends , h e h a s also e a r n e d the b i t t e r h a t r e d of t h e e n e mi e s of t h e people. As t he t r a i n f ina l ly gets on its w a y to S h a - t u r he is k i l l ed in a n a t t a c k b y a gang of W h i t e G u a r d s a n d kulaks . Bu t his e x a m p l e has a l r e a d y s p u r r e d t h o u s a n d s of o the r s to c a r r y on" t h e task.

The Communist was e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y r ece ived in t h e Sov ie t Union . Ra i zman , the reg i sseur , h a s d o n e fu l l j u s t i ce to a f inely co n s t r u c t e d scenar io by Ye v g e n y Gabr i l ov i ch . E. U r b a n s k y , in his f irst f i lm lead, c rea tes an i~ntensely h u m a n Vas i ly bo th in the hero ic scenes a n d in the scenes of his love t h a t m a k e s the second t h e m e of t h e film.

The Ulianov Family is the f irst eve r m a d e a b o u t t h e y o u t h of Len in . L ike t h e p lay by I. Popov on w h i c h it is ba sed it tel ls the s to ry of the y e a r fo l lowing the d e a t h of L e n i n ' s f a t h e r w h e n his m o t h e r was lef t to look a f t e r t h e t h r e e ch i l d r en : Sasha , t h e eldest , A n n a a n d V l a d i m i r (Lenin). In M a r c h 1887, t h e t e r r i b l e news c a m e t h a t S a s h a a n d A n n a , s t u d e n t s in St. P e t e r s b u r g , w e r e a r r e s t e d for t ak - ing p a r t in a d e m o n s t r a t i o n . L a t e r w h e n S a s h a is s e n t e n c e d to d e a t h fo r a n a t - t e m p t on the l i fe of the tsar , t he m o t h e r is a sked to p e r s u a d e h e r son to b e t r a y h is c o m r a d e s and s ave his life, bu t she f lat ly r e fused to do so. Th e film shows t h e qua l i t y of the U l i a n o v f ami ly - - t h e s incer i ty , m o r a l p u r i t y a n d h a r d - w o r k i n g a t m o s p h e r e of t h e home, the h igh idea ls a n d r ead ines s to sacrif ice for those idea ls t h a t i~nspired a n d bu i l t Len in ' s o wn g r e a t c h a r a c t e r . His b r o t h e r ' s d e a t h t eaches L e n i n t h a t a s s a s s i n a t i o n a n d isola ted acts of d e s p e r a t e h e r o i s m c a n n o t c r e a t e a r ev - o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t , t h a t if v i c to ry is to be w o n it m u s t be based on t h e ac t iv i ty of the b road m a s s e s of t h e people.

T h e p o r t r a y a l of L e n i n is, of course, c ruc ia l for t h e film. H e r e he is p l ayed by V. Korov in , a young n e w c o m e r to t h e screen, as a h i g h - s p i r i t e d youngste~ wh o loves to p lay a n d to work . A t t h e s a m e t ime, one senses t h a t g r o wi n g i n n e r s t r e n g t h of c h a r a c t e r , s t aunchnes s , f r a n k - ness a,nd c l a r i ty of j u d g e m e n t t h a t m a d e the boy t h e f a t h e r of t h e man . T h e re - gisseur , V. Nevzerov , is o n e of t h e young- e r g e n e r a t i o n of Sov ie t f i lm worker s .

Stories o] Lenin is a ser ies of s e p a r a t e episodes in w h i c h t h e regisseur , S. Yu tkev ich , h a s t r i ed a n d s u p e r b l y suc- ceeded in b r i n g i n g ou t t h a t key c h a r a c - te r i s t ic of L e n i n - - h i s i nd i s so lub l e l ink w i t h the peop le a n d t h e love of t h e peo- ple for t h e i r l eader . G e r a s s i m o v ' s p ro- duc t ion of And Quiet Flows the Don,

( P a r t I), ba sed on S h o l o k h o v ' s g rea t novel , a n d r eg i s seu r Rosha l ' s 1918, based on t h e second p a r t of A lexe i Tolstoi 's nove l Ordeal, h a r d l y need a n in t roduc- t ion. T h e people a n d cr i t ics al l ove r the wor ld h a v e acc l a imed them.

Light o~ October a n d The Great Change are d o c u m e n t a r i e s dea l ing w i th the epic of t h e Oc tobe r R e v o l u t i o n itself. Bo th a r e

f r o m the C e n t r a l D o c u m e n t a r y Studios. Th e first is a j o i n t ef for t of n e a r l y two score c a m e r a m e n of t h e va r ious socialist count r ies , i nc lud ing China . I t is a record of t h e r ea l i ty of t h e peop le w h o a re bu i ld - ing soc ia l i sm toge the r . T a k i n g as its p ro logue t h e words of L e n i n desc r ib ing the U.S.S.R. as a b e a c o n of t he i n t e r n a - t iona l socia l i s t m o v e m e n t , i t is an im- p re s s ive r e m i n d e r t h a t today 950 mi l l ion people a r e a d v a n c i n g a long t he social is t p a t h in t h e l i gh t of t h a t beacon. Th i s d o c u m e n t a r y t a k e s us back to t he h is tor ic b e g i n n i n g s of t h a t m o v e m e n t w h e n the guns of t h e Aurora s igna l l ed t he s t a r t of the Oc tober Revolu t ion .

The Great Change is a m o n t a g e of d o c u m e n t a r y f i lm m a t e r i a l m a d e by Rus- s ian, Engl ish , F r e n c h a n d G e r m a n c a m e r a - m e n b e t w e e n 1913 a n d 1917, up to t he eve of October . I t h a s some u n f o r g e t t a b l e sho ts of L e n i n a n d t h e m e m b e r s of t he C o m m u n i s t P a r t y in t h e p re -Oc tobe r days , p i c tu re s of t h e F i r s t Wor ld War, the F e b r u a r y Revo lu t ion , t h e g rea t May Day P a r a d e in Moscow in 1917 and the a r m e d upr i s ings t h a t led to t he o v e r t h r o w of t h e old r e g i m e a n d t h e found ing of the f irst soc ia l i s t c o u n t r y in t he world.

Sov ie t f i lms in C h i n a h a v e a solid rep- u ta t ion . F o r t h e Ch i n ese peop le bui ld- ing socia l i sm, th i s se lec t ion is a n insp i ra - tio.n. T h e y see t h e Sovie t peop le as the p ionee r s w h o p a v e d t h e p a t h for those t h a t follow. T h e sacr if ices t h e y m a d e w e r e for a l l h u m a n i t y . Fo r Ch ine se fi lm worke r s , t h e s e f i lms a r e a l oads tone of exper ience . T h e r e is a n i n t e n s e in t e r e s t a m o n g t h e m in s t u d y i n g h o w t h e i r Sovie t co l leagues h a v e successfu l ly d r a w n on the r e v o l u t i o n a r y pa s t to p roduce f i lms t h a t a r e g r ea t ar t , of i m m e n s e educa- t iona l va lue , r i ch in i nc iden t a n d h u m a n in t e r e s t a n d a r t i s t i c in tegr i ty .

- - L IU C H U N G - Y U

ART

I r a q i A r t i n P e k i n g

T h e c u r r e n t e x h i b i t i o n of I r aq i pa in t ings a n d h a n d i c r a f t s in Pek ing ' s Pa lace M u s e u m p r e s e n t s a p i c tu r e of a na t ion a w a k e n e d . T h e r e is a n i m m e n s e v i ta l i ty in i ts colour ; a r t i s t s e x p l o r e a va r i e ty of

18

fo rms w i th eage r i nqu i s i t i venes s a n d m u c h inven t ion , and, w h a t is h e r e of essen t ia l a n d p r i m a r y impor t ance , g ive v isua l a r t i s t ic expres s ion to t he a sp i r a t i ons of the I r aq i p e o p l e - - t o p u t a t h o r o u g h end to the d o m i n a t i o n of f e u d a l i s m a n d colonial ism, conso l ida te t h e i r n a t i o n a l i .ndependence, f r e edom a n d peace, to a s se r t the ideals of p rog re s s ive m a n k i n d . This is why, t h o u g h t he a r t i s t i c l a n g u a g e in some cases m a y not be so c lear to t he genera l viewer, as a who le th is is a n exh ib i t ion t ha t power fu l ly enl i s t s t he s y m p a t h y of the Ch inese people. Such asp i ra t ions a re p ro found ly sha red by

them,

In some pa in t ings t he se r e v o l u t i o n a r y

and progress ive ideals a re rea l i s t i ca l ly stated; i,n o the r s they a re m a n i f e s t e d in symbols t h a t t oday ca r ry u n i v e r s a l m e a n i n g s - - b r o k e n chains , doves, t he aveng ing sword of t he oppressed , t he c rea t ive h a n d s of the l a b o u r i n g people. The even t s of Ju ly 14, the da te of t h e v ic tory of the I r aq i r evo lu t ion , a re t he sub jec t of ten of the h u n d r e d - o d d p a i n t - ings on show.

Feuda l a n d colonial oppress ion in old I r aq was excep t iona l l y b ru ta l . Suhe i l El J azza ' i r e depic ts a typical , ove r f ed l and - lord she ik s mok ing and lol l ing in a pav i l ion w i t h w ine a n d f ru i t w i t h i n easy r each wh i l e his pea san t s toi l u n d e r t he scorch ing sun. Thea t re ol the Old R e g i m e by A k r a m S h u k r i sti l l m o r e ful ly ind ica tes the l i cen t iousness and r e a c t i o n a r y n a t u r e of t h e feuda l mona rchy , i ts h a n g e r s - o n and suppor te rs , a n d t he suf fe r ings of the people. H a m e d Yausef gives his v iv id vers ion of the t r u t h t h a t al l r e ac t i ona r i e s a re p a p e r t igers who wil l fa l l as soon as the people a re a w a k e n e d . Cal l ing his pa in t i ng D o w n l a l l ol the Idol, h e t u r n s the ac tua l scene of d e s t r u c t i o n of e x - K i n g

Fa i sa l ' s m o n u m e n t in B a g d a d in to an e v e n t w i t h w i d e r mean ings . A su rg ing c rowd is t e a r i n g d o w n t h e e q u e s t r i a n s t a tue of . a genera l . T h e re l ig ious hypocr isy , oppres- s ion and w a r t h a t he s tood for is h i n t e d a t in the cross, b o m b s a n d gal lows a b o v e him.

T h e r e is a g r ea t h u m a n i t y in M e h d i E1 B a y a t i ' s p a i n t i n g of T h e Prisoner 's Re- turn. T h e pa ra l l e l s e t t i ng of its five f i g u r e s - - t h e p r i s o n e r e n t e r i n g t h e e m b r a c e of his m o t h e r , w h i l e his f a the r , wi fe a n d chi ld s t and b y - - h a s a s impl ic i ty a n d so- l e m n i t y t h a t loads it w i t h mean ing . His Trai tor ' s End, whi l e m o r e d r a m a t i c , de- pends m o r e on an outs ide k n o w l e d g e of i ts m e a n i n g : the d i scovery a n d d e a t h of t he t r a i t o r Nur i Sa id a t t e m p t i n g to escape

d isguised as a w o m a n .

Sidig A h m e d ' s gouache pa in t ings : Thus W e W e r e a n d T h u s W e Have B e c o m e show in direct , forcefu l a n d rea l i s t ic t e r m s the s h a r p con t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e l i fe of the wo r k i n g people be fo re and a f t e r the r evo lu t ion : the soul des t roy ing toil in t he past , a n d t h e i r vir i le , d e t e r m i n e d ,

pu rpose fu l m i e n today.

The I raq i a r t i s t s also reflect the h igh expec t a t i on s of t h e people n o w they h a v e w o n t h e i r n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d a re m a r c h i n g to the fu tu re . T h e y see t h a t f u t u r e of peace, a.nd happ iness , f r e e d o m a n d p r o s p e r i t y in b r i g h t colours. I n v i t a -

t ion to Happ iness by Nur i A r a w i and $l(all ol Peace by K h a l i d H a m d i exp res s such ideas in symbols of h a p p i n e s s and peace. N e w Song, The R e t u r n and Begin - ning, oil p a i n t i n g s by S a l m a n Dewood, show w i t h a lyr ica l touch h o w the I r aq i m e n and w o m e n we l c o me t h e new day.

A ske tch by Harold A t t a r is l ike a s h o r t lyr ica l poem: a b a b y is ly ing fa s t as leep, w i t h a dove a n d an o l i v e - b r a n c h

The Fight at the Bridge (The Bagdad Demon- stration of 1948)

Ot/ painting. Design S o r a mural by Tartk Madhloom

Invitation to l lappiness Oil painting by Nurl Arawt

beside he r ; wh i l e a b o v e is an a l a r m clock w i t h its h a n d s a t f ive- th i r ty . Our I r a q f r i ends e x p l a i n e d : " T h e r evo lu t ion b r o k e ou t a t f i ve - th i r t y i,n the m o r m n g of Ju ly 14 w h e n the c h i l d r e n w e r e st i l l in bed." In Harmony , a w a t e r - c o l o u r by Abdu l S a t t a r , a l i t t le gir l s i t t ing on a l a w n wi th a d r o w s y ki t ten , amid g reen bushes and w h i t e doves, becomes a n invoca t ion to peace, t r a n q u i l l i t y a n d beauty , t he u t t e r a n t i t h e s i s of w a r a.nd t y r anny .

T h e p a i n t i n g s a re suppo r t ed by a n a t - t r a c t i v e d i sp lay of p h o t o g r a p h s of I raq a n d I r aq i h a n d i c r a f t s : s i lve r and copper

goble ts of b e a u t i f u l in la id work , clay pot- tery , c a r v e d w o o d e n d r i n k i n g cups, p la tes a n d spoons, f ab r i c s in sens i t ive ly m a t c h e d colours, rugs, e m b r o i d e r e d caps and clothes. These c raf t s of t he people all h a v e a d i s t i nc t ive ly n a t i o n a l f l avour t h a t has b e e n j ea lous ly p r e s e r v e d f r o m the dead h a n d of colonia l i sm.

P e k i n g ' s people, wh o t u r n e d ou t in t h e i r h u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s to d e m o n - s t r a t e t h e i r s u p p o r t for I r aq w h e n the A m e r i c a n a n d Br i t i s h imper ia l i s t s t h r e a t - ened t h e n e w republ ic a t its b i r th , h a v e t a k e n th i s e x h i b i t i o n to t he i r hear t . I t h a s b r o u g h t I r aq st i l l n e a r e r to them. I t has m a d e a good s t a r t in s t r e n g t h e n i n g the c u l t u r a l t ies b e t w e e n the two countr ies .

- - KO L U

CHINESE PRESS OPINION O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n Anniversary

The Ch inese press c e l e b r a t e d t h e fo r ty - first a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e Oc tobe r R e v o l u - t ion in m a n y ar t ic les a n d fea tu res . Ran- rain Ribao in i ts a n n i v e r s a r y ed i to r i a l (Nov. 7) wr i t e s : " T h e G r e a t O c t o b e r Socia l i s t Revo lu t ion u s h e r e d in for m a n - k ind a new era of t r a n s i t i o n f r o m cap i t a l - i sm to social ism. In t he 41 yea r s s ince then, the n e w - b o r n socia l is t r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces and t he n a t i o n a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces w i t h the s u p p o r t of soc ia l i sm h a v e waged a n acu te and p r o t r a c t e d s t rugg l e aga ins t the ro t t en forces of imper ia l i sm. The h i s to ry of those yea r s is o n e of s t rugg le be tween the forces of t h e n e w and those of decay. I t shows t h a t t he new socia l is t forces c an d e f e a t t he r o t t e n forces of imper i a l i sm."

" A f t e r the Second Wor ld w a r , a m i g h t y social is t sys tem was f o r m e d w i t h t he Sovie t Un ion at i ts cen t re , " the ed i to r i a l adds. " In l ine w i th the p r inc ip les of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m a n d p r o l e t a r i a n in t e r - na t iona l i sm, the coun t r i e s of the socia l i s t camp h a v e e s t ab l i shed a n e w type of f r a t e r n a l re la t ions . Closely un i t ed in a big social is t f ami ly w i t h the Sov ie t U n i o n a t t h e i r head , t hey s u p p o r t a n d i n sp i r e each o t h e r a n d a re m a r c h i n g f o r w a r d s h o u l d e r to shou lde r . "

Fol lowing the v ic to ry of the Oc tobe r Revolut ion , impe r i a l i sm , u n d e r t he im- pact of the two forces of the socia l i s t m o v e m e n t a n d the .nat ional r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t , has been h e a d i n g s t ead i ly to its dec l ine and doom. T h e ed i to r i a l points ou t t h a t pol i t ical , economic , a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y crises" h a v e b e c o m e inc rea s - ingly acute in t h e cap i t a l i s t wor ld in t h e years fo l lowing t h e Second Wor ld War . The Old Wor ld is d i s i n t e g r a t i n g a n d t h e l i fe span of i m p e r i a l i s m n e a r i ts end.

"Th i s year ," t he ed i to r i a l says, " t h e grea t Sovie t people h a v e t r e m e n d o u s a c h i e v e m e n t s to t h e i r c red i t in b u i l d i n g c o m m u n i s m . T h e m a g n i f i c e n t Sov ie t S e v e n - Y e a r P l a n now be ing w o r k e d ou t wil l be a dec is ive s tep in s u r p a s s i n g t h e Un i t ed S ta te s by peace fu l compe t i t i on . " "This year , " the ed i to r ia l con t inues , " t h e m i g h t y Sovie t Un ion p layed a n o u t s t a n d - ing role in p r e s e r v i n g peace and h a l t i n g imper ia l i s t aggress ion. I t h a s s tood f i rmly aga ins t U.S . -Br i t i sh impe r i a l i s t agg re s s ion in Lebantm and Jordan and for the in- dependence of the new-born Iraqi Re- public. It has resolutely supported the Chinese people's just struggle in defence of their territory and severely condemned the U.S. imperialists' military provoca- tions and threats of war in the Taiwan Straits area."

" In t he pa s t 41 years , " t h e ed i to r ia l con- eludes, " t he o u t c o m e of t h e s t rugg l e be- t w e e n t he g rowing forces of soc ia l i sm a n d t he d e c a d e n t forces of i m p e r i a l i s m fu l ly conf i rms the b r i l l i a n t thes is of C o m r a d e Map T s e - t u n g t h a t ' i m p e r i a l i s m a n d al l r e ac t i ona r i e s a re p a p e r t igers . ' F u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s wil l c e r t a i n l y conf i rm th i s thes i s in a n e v e n m o r e c o n v i n c i n g m a n - ner . Soc ia l i sm a n d t h e n a t i o n a l r evo lu - t i ona ry m o v e m e n t , r e p r e s e n t the r i s ing N e w Wor ld ; a n d i m p e r i a l i s m a n d colo- n i a l i sm r e p r e s e n t the dec l in ing Old World. The N e w Wor ld m u s t of necess i ty r ep l ace the Old World. This is t h e d i r ec t ion m a p p e d out by t h e Oc tober Revolut ion . No force can stop th is deve lopmen t . Th e people of the socia l i s t coun t r i es and w o r k - ing people t h r o u g h o u t the wor ld wil l fo rge a h e a d on t h e road i l l umined by the Oc tobe r Revo lu t ion . "

Dulles" E n g l i s h E c h o

" B r i t a i n ' s F o r e i g n S e c r e t a r y dances to Dul les ' mus ic , " wr i t e s O b s e r v e r in Renmin Ribao ( N o v e m b e r 3), c o m m e n t i n g on S e l w y n Lloyd 's speech on F a r Ea s t e r n affa i rs in the House of C o m m o n s on Oct. 30. "L loyd t r ies to he lp Dul les sell t h e ' two Ch ina s ' plot. L ike Dulles, h e does h is bes t to p lay up t h e so-ca l led t h e m e of no t us ing force."

Poi ,nt ing out t h a t the ques t ion of w h e t h - e r t h e r e is f igh t ing or peace b e t w e e n t he Ch ines e people a n d t h e C h i a n g Ka i - s h e k c l ique is Ch i n a ' s i n t e r n a l m a t t e r in w h i c h no fo re ign c o u n t r y has a n y r i g h t to meddle , O b s e r v e r notes, " T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s h a s occupied Ch ina ' s t e r r i - t o ry of T a i w a n a n d deployed h u g e a r m e d forces in t h e T a i w a n S t r a i t s a rea in o r d e r to pose a m i l i t a r y t h r e a t a n d c a r r y ou t a r m e d p rovoca t ions a g a i n s t the Ch ine se people. Th i s is a case of t h e m o s t n a k e d use of force in i n t e r n a t i o n a l re la t ions . B u t Lloyd passed ove r t h e s e fac t s in s i lence a n d did his bes t to d e f e n d t he U.S. aggressors . I t is c l ea r t h a t h e did not r ea l ly w a n t to oppose the 'use of force ' a t all. On the con t r a ry , h e was do ing his u t m o s t to s u p p o r t t h e U.S. use of fo rce to se ize Ch i n a ' s T a i w a n a n d fol- low t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s in i n t e r f e r i n g in Ch ina ' s i n t e r n a l af fa i rs ."

"L loyd p r a i s e d t h e U.S. effor ts fo r a ' cease- f i re ' b u t c h a r g e d t h a t t h e C h i n e s e G o v e r n m e n t ' s a t t i t u d e was ' comple te ly i n f l e x i b l e , ' " O b s e r v e r notes. " W a s h i n g - ton is a t t e m p t i n g to d r a w a d e m a r c a t i o n l ine b e t w e e n T a i w a n a n d t h e m a i n l a n d as a s tep t o w a r d s t h e c r ea t i on of ' two C h i n a s ' a n d p e r m a n e n t U.S. occupa t ion of T a i w a n . I ts d e m a n d for a so-cal led

' cease- f i re ' is a v ic ious s c h e m e to in te r - f e re in C h i n a ' s i n t e r n a l affa i rs and to c a r r y out aggress ion aga ins t China . Lloyd a n d his l ike a r e open ly back ing and con- n i v i n g a t t h e U.S. pol icy of aggress ion a n d p r o v o c a t i o n s a g a i n s t China . This b r a n d s t h e m as accompl ices of the Uni ted S ta tes . " Lloyd sa id t h a t B r i t a i n will " u s e i ts in f luence" hut , O b s e r v e r poin ts ou t : t h a t in f luence is be ing used "to d rag m o r e na t ions in to t h e bus iness a n d c rea te a so-cal led ' i n t e r n a t i o n a l c l i m a t e and op in ion ' in o r d e r to impose the ' two C h i n a s ' p lo t on Ch ina . "

Desp i te Br i t a in ' s d ip loma t i c re la t ions w i t h China , its Fore ign S e c r e t a r y ca r r ies on b l a t a n t l y hos t i le ac t iv i t i e s aga in s t the Ch i n e s e people a n d open ly exa l t s the C h i a n g K a i - s h e k clique. O b s e r v e r poin ts out, "Th i s is a n e x t r e m e l y u n f r i e n d l y act and the C h i n e s e people c a n n o t bu t ex- p ress t h e i r i nd igna t ion . "

Sino.Moroccan Relat ions " T h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of d ip loma t i c rela~

t ions b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d Morocco," says an ed i to r ia l in Renmin Ribao ( N o v e m b e r 2) "is a h a p p y even t for the peoples of t h e two coun t r i e s a n d a new l a n d m a r k in t h e f r i e n d s h i p and co-opera- t ion b e t w e e n t h e Ch i n e s e a n d A r a b peo- ples. P e a c e f u l a n d co rd ia l r e la t ions and co -ope ra t ion b e t w e e n C h i n a and Morocco d a t a b a c k m o r e t h a n s e v e n h u n d r e d years . " T h e p a p e r reca l l s t h a t t r a d e and c u l t u r a l con tac t s d e v e l o p e d con t inuous ly b e t w e e n t h e two coun t r i e s for m a n y cen- tm~es. Th i s f r i end ly i n t e r c o u r s e was d i s r u p t e d only by t h e im pe r i a l i s t inva- sion of As ia a n d Af r i ca in the las t h u n - d r e d years .

T h e Ch i n e s e people h a v e a l w a y s had the d e e p e s t s y m p a t h y for Morocco ' s s t rug- gle for f r e e d o m a n d i ndependence , the p a p e r notes. They re jo iced o v e r t he v ic to ry w o n b y t h e M o r o c c a n peoplo a f t e r t h e i r long s t ruggle . The Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t a n d peop le w a r m l y gree ted Morocco 's d e c l a r a t i o n of i n d e p e n d e n c e in 1956 a n d wi shed t h e Moroccan peo- ple wel l in p r e s e r v i n g t h e i r coun t ry ' s s o v e r e i g n t y a n d d e v e l o p i n g its na t i ona l economy. Goodwi l l vis i ts a n d economic l inks b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d Morocco h a v e p r o m o t e d m u t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n the peoples of t h e two cou.ntries a n d s e r v e t h e i r c o m m o n in te res t s .

" D i p l o ma t i c r e l a t i ons b e t w e e n C h i n a and Morocco," Renmin Ribao a f f i rms in con- c lusion, "wi l l f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n f r i end- sh ip a n d co -ope ra t ion b e t w e e n t he two n a t i o n s . . . . O b s e r v i n g u n s w e r v i n g l y the p r inc ip les of t h e B a n d u n g c o n f e r e n c e in i n t e r n a t i o n a l affairs , t h e Ch ine se peo- ple w i s h to w o r k t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e Moroc- can peop le to fulf i l t h e i r c o m m o n asp i ra - t ions for f r i e n d s h i p a n d co-opera t ion b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d Morocco a n d a m o n g t h e coun t r i e s of As ia a n d Afr ica ."

20

C H I N A AND THE

W O R L D U . S . S . B . H e l p s B u i l d A n o t h e r

4 7 E n t e r p r i s e s

As announced by the State Planning Commission in Peking on November 6, the Soviet Government has decided to give technical assistance to China in the construction and expansion of another 47 industrial enterprises, under the terms of an agreement signed between representa- tives of the two countries in Moscow last August. Surveying and designing work for these enterprises is already proceed- ing.

These 47 units constitute the first group of plants which the Soviet Union is helping China build in the Second Five- Year Plan. They are of two categories: those urgently needed for the rapid devel- opment of the Chinese national economy, and those based "on the latest technology. Among them are important metallurgical enterprises, giant turbine works, turbo- generator works, precision instrument w-orks, power plants, coal mi.nes, an oil refinery, chemical works, t imber works and a special metal products plant.

Thanks to the correct leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, and to the help of the Soviet Union, China built up a powerful industrial foundation during her First Five-Year Plan. Her capacity for industrial expansion has gone up in all fields: designing, construction and the manufacture of equipment. It should be noted that, as a result, the form of Soviet aid to China today is quite dif- ferent from that duri.ng the First Five- Year Plan. For some projects involving the latest technological achievements, the Soviet Union still provides complete designs or technological specifications and all or most of the equipment. But for the rest of the projects, the majority, surveys and designs are carried out by Chinese personnel, while key equipment is supplied by the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Government will send ex- perts to China to help install equipment and to start the trial production and initial operation. It will also accept Chinese technicians and workers for training and technological study i,n the U.S.S.R.

8 1 n o . S o v i e t S c i e n t i f i c C o . o p e r a t i o n

Sino-Soviet co-operation in scientific

and technical research has been very ex-

tensive this year. The Soviet Union has given particularly valuable assistance to China in establishing a comprehensive system of scientific research.

Co-operation between the two countries this year covers a wide range in the natural sciences, technology, philosophy and the social sciences. The scientific co-operation agreement signed early this year between the two countries contains more than 100 major items. Problems to be jointly tackled pertain to natural resources, metallurgy, the comprehensive use of coal and petroleum, the electric power industry, precision and heavy machinery equipment, new techniques in chemistry, radio electronics, atomic energy, water conservancy and soil im- provement, agricultural techniques, and medicine.

The field of co-operation in philosophy and the social sciences covers, among other subjects, the history of philosophy, modern philosophy, economics, linguistics and philology, l i terature and the interna- tional working-class movement.

China has received valuable technical materials and equipment from the Soviet Union. In building the country's first experimental atomic reactor and cyclo- tron, Chinese workers and nuclear physicists received most up-to-date data from the Soviet Union and technical help from front-rank Soviet nuclear scientists.

As a mark of their friendship for the Chinese people, it was in China that Soviet nuclear physicists first announced the discovery of a new and very prom- ising method of harnessing thermo- nuclear energy, the Ogra device. Lectures on it were delivered by Soviet scientists who came to Peking specially for the purpose.

Soviet designs and technical help also contributed greatly to the successful construction of China's first universal digital electronic computor by the Insti- tute of Computation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Joint investigations in the Heilungkiang (Amur) River valley are one of the im- portant projects of scientific co-operation between the two countries. Beginning in late April this year, more than 170 Chinese and Soviet scientists conducted extensive scientific investigations along the Heilungkiang and its major tributaries, in the Great and Lesser Khingan Moun- tains, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and other areas.

As a result, important data on flood- prevention, electric power stations, navigation, agriculture, forestry, fisheries and geology have been obtained. According to preliminary data provided by the joint investigation teams, the first-stage hydro- electric power stations to be built on the Heilungkiang River will have a capacity of over 2 million kilowatts. Chinese and Soviet geologists also located iron, lead,

molybdenum, fluorite, gold, tin, copper and other mineral reserves on the Chinese side of the area.

Soviet technical help also contributed to the successful manufacture of many important new products including rolled steels, machinery, equipment, instruments and tools.

Chinese and Soviet experts have made reciprocal visits, conducted investigations together and attended joint scientific conferences. Many Soviet experts have come to China to give on-the-spot help in China's scientific and construction work according to the Sino-Soviet scientific co- operation agreement. The designs for the bridges spanning the Yellow River and the Tun River have been worked out with the assistance of Soviet bridge engineers.

In addition to all this, direct contacts have been established between Chinese and Soviet scientific institutes. These greatly facilitate the speedy exchange of scientific and technical information and experiences between the two fraternal countries.

A C h i n e s e E e o n o m I o M i s s i o n t o Y e n l e n

A Chinese economic mission left Peking for Yemen on October 27. Its over 30 members include highway, textile and leather specialists.

Last May, when the Chinese Minister to Yemen, Chen Chia-kang, presented his credentials, Yemen, under the terms of the Sino-Yemeni Agreement on Scien- tific, Technical and Cultural Co-opera- tion, asked China to help build a highway from Hodeida to Sana, and set up textile, leather, tinned fish and glass factories and a school for handicrafts. The Chinese economic mission will discuss the prac- tical details of building these projects with the Yemeni Government.

China and Yemen also have a Treaty of Friendship and a Treaty of Commerce signed when Crown Prince Seif al-Islam Mohammed al-Badr of the Kingdom o£ Yemen visited China in January, and held talks with Premier Chou En-lai. These agreements have played a big role in promoting friendly relations between the two countries.

C h i n e s e A e r o b a t s i n L a t i n A m e r l e a

The Chinese Arcobatic Troupe has made a stir in both Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Over 70,000 people saw its shows at the Buenos Aires' Opera Theatre. Hundreds of thousands more heard the music of its orchestra over the Argentine radio.

Members of the Troupe have sent back to China glowing reports of the hospitality they have received on their tour and the warm friendship which the Argentine

21

people h a v e s h o w n for China . A t a pe r - f o r m a n c e g iven by t he T r o u p e to A r g e n - t ine cu l tu ra l circles, P r e s i d e n t F rond iz i sen t his pe r sona l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e to convey his g ree t ings to the C h inese people a n d his g r a t i t u d e for the gif ts w h i c h t h e Troupe h a d b r o u g h t to him. Chou Erh- fu , head of t he T r o u p e and o t h e r m e m b e r s of t he T roupe l u n c h e d and h a d a f r i end ly t a lk w i t h Dr. Zonny, V i c e - P r e s i d e n t of t he House of Deput ies , a n d o t h e r deput ies .

A t a C o l u m b u s Day ce l eb ra t i on a t E1 Rodea n e a r the capi ta l , an ova t ion g ree ted the a r r i v a l of t he Troupe. Chou E r h - f u was inv i t ed to u n f u r l the A r g e n t i n e n a - t iona l flag and a w a r d pr izes to the w i n n e r s of games. A fo lk - song s inge r g ree ted t he Ch inese a r t i s t s a n d t he f r i end - ship b e t w e e n t he two coun t r i e s w i t h a song composed on t he spot.

In Rio de Jane i ro , the T roupe g a v e e igh t p e r f o r m a n c e s to 100,000 people be- t w e e n Oc tober 24 and N o v e m b e r 1. I t was the topic of the day in cafes, a t bus s t a - t ions, in offices a n d r e s t a u r a n t s . M a d a m e S a r a h Kub i t s chek , wi fe of t he P r e s i d e n t , and he r two d a u g h t e r s s aw the pe r - f o r m a n c e and p r e s e n t e d f lowers to t he Ch inese ar t is ts . O t h e r p r o m i n e n t pe r - sonal i t ies w h o a t t e n d e d t he shows w e r e the Chief of the B r a z i l i a n A r m e d Forces, Sec re t a ry of the P re s iden t , s eve r a l min i s - ters, t he G o v e r n o r of P e r n a m b u c o , and the M a y o r of Rio de Jane i ro .

T h e Braz i l i an press has c a r r i e d m a n y ar t ic les a b o u t - the T r o u p e and news photos. C o m m e n t i n g on the p e r f o r m a n c e s , Ultima Hora said t h a t t hey h a d b r o u g h t Ch ina n e a r e r to Brazi l . The Voice of Worker sa id t h a t once m o r e the Ch inese people t h r o u g h the i r a r t i s t s had s t r e t c h e d out t h e i r h a n d s to the B r a z i l i a n people for c u l t u r a l exchange . Th i s success was a f i rs t s tep to c loser r e l a t ions b e t w e e n C h i n a and Brazi l .

C h i n e s e F i l m I n I r a q Tung Tsun-jui, t he first Ch inese f i lm

to be s h o w n in B a g d a d is d r a w i n g capac - i ty crowds. Long queues l ined up to get t i cke t s for i ts p r e m i e r e on Oc tobe r 27, a n d m a n y w e r e s t i l l w i t h o u t t i cke t s w h e n the " h o u s e sold ou t " s ign w e n t up.

T h e s to ry of Tung Tsun - ju i , one of t h e young he roes of the Ch ine se W a r of L ibera t ion , qu ick ly w o n t h e h e a r t s of t h e audience . App lause g ree t ed m a n y epi- sodes d u r i n g t he p e r f o r m a n c e .

T h e Ch inese A m b a s s a d o r to I raq , Chert Ch ih - fang , and o t h e r e m b a s s y officials a t t e n d e d t h e f i rs t showing . T h o u s a n d s of peop le w a i t e d ou t s ide t h e c inema , b o t h be fo re a n d a f t e r t h e pe r - f o r m a n c e to s h o w t h e i r f r i e n d s h i p w i t h chee r s a n d shou t s of " L o n g L ive Mao T s e - t u n g ! " " L o n g L ive K a s s i m !" a n d "Long L ive I r a q i - C h i n e s e F r i e n d s h i p ! " M a n y h a d l e a r n t to say " L i b e r a t e T a i w a n ! " in Ch inese a n d th i s s logan was qu ick ly t a k e n up by o thers .

Foreign Trade Notes

Sino-SovieE Trade

T h e to ta l v o l u m e of C h i n a ' s t r a d e w i t h t h e Sovie t U n i o n in 1958 is expec t ed to be 18 p e r cen t h i g h e r t h a n l a s t year . I m p o r t s wil l i nc rease a b o u t 12 p e r cent , a n d expor t s a r o u n d 23 p e r cent . W i t h t he big leap f o r w a r d in Ch i n a ' s socia l i s t constructic>n a n d the upsu rge of t h e n a t i o n a l economy in the Sovie t Union , a f u r t h e r i nc rease is expec t ed n e x t year . To s t r e n g t h e n economic co-opera t ion f u r t h e r on a p l a n n e d basis , C h i n a is p r e p a r i n g to ho ld t r a d e t a lk s a n d s ign a l o n g - t e r m t r a d e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e Sovie t Union . A g o v e r n m e n t t r a d e de l ega t ion led by V i c e - M i n i s t e r of Fo re ign T r a d e Li C h e - j e n a r r i v e d in Moscow on N o v e m b e r 1.

S ince the s ign ing of the first S ino - Sov ie t t r a d e a g r e e m e n t in 1950, t r a d e b e t w e e n t h e t wo coun t r i e s has g r o w n cons ide rab ly . T h e v o l u m e of t r a d e in 1957 is a b o u t f ou r t imes as h igh as in 1950. T r a d e w i t h t h e Sovie t U n i o n cons t i t u t e s a b o u t 50 p e r cen t of Ch i n a ' s fo re ign t rade .

C o m p l e t e sets of e q u i p m e n t for p l a n t s and . en te rp r i ses , m a c h i n e r y , r a w m a t e r i - als, sc ient i f ic a p p a r a t u s and o t h e r m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n c o n s t i t u t e a b o u t 90 p e r c en t of C h i n a ' s a n n u a l i mp o r t s f rom t h e Sovie t Union . D u r i n g t h e F i r s t F ive- Y e a r P lan , in add i t i on to comple t e se ts of e q u i p m e n t for scores of big e n t e r - pr i ses t h a t t h e Sovie t U n i o n h e l p e d C h i n a bui ld , i t suppl ied C h i n a w i t h 3,000 m e t a l - c u t t i n g la thes , o v e r 2 mi l l ion tons of f e r rous meta l s , ove r 10,000 a g r i c u l t u r a l mach ines , 100 mi l l ion y u a n w o r t h of sc ien t i f ic a p p a r a t u s a n d l a rge a m o u n t s of o t h e r e q u i p m e n t n e e d e d by C h i n a ' s cons t ruc t ion . Wi th t h e Sovie t a id r e n d e r e d in p r e v i o u s years , th i s has p l ayed a n i m p o r t a n t role in he lp ing C h i n a f r u s t r a t e t h e U.S. p lo t to s a b o t a g e h e r e c o n o m y by m e a n s of e m b a r g o a n d la id a p r e l i m i n a r y f o u n d a t i o n fo r t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of the count ry .

In t h e f i r s t t en m o n t h s of th is year , w h e n C h i n a b e g a n h e r Second Five- Y e a r P lan , the Sovie t U n i o n aga in supp l i ed h e r w i t h comple t e sets of up- t o -da t e i n d u s t r i a l e q u i p m e n t for m o r e t h a n t w e n t y big me ta l lu rg i ca l , m a c h i n e - bu i ld ing , p o w e r a n d coal en te rp r i ses . By t h e en d of th i s year , i t is expec t ed t h a t m o r e t h a n t h i r t y m a j o r C h i n e s e e n t e r p r i s e s wi l l beg in fu l l ope ra t ions w i t h t h e a s s i s t ance of t h e Sovie t Union . In add i t i on to w h o l e se ts of e q u i p m e n t , t h e Sov ie t U n i o n is supp ly ing C h i n a t h i s y e a r w i t h ove r four t imes as m a n y mach ine - too l s , s e v e n t imes as m u c h p o w e r - g e n e r a t i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d over t h r e e t imes as m u c h bu i ld ing m a c h i n e r y as in 1957. Sovie t w o r k e r s h a v e fu l f i l led

on Ehe increase

m a n y C h i n e s e o rde r s for e q u i p m e n t a h e a d of schedule , in keep ing wi th the acce l e r a t ed pace of c o n s t ruc t i on work in Ch ina .

T h e Sovie t Un ion is doing he r bes t to fulf i l t h e e x t r a o rde r s p laced by China in t h e c u r r e n t big leap fo rward . For example , i t has a l r e ady sh ipped to C h i n a m o r e t h a n 9,300 m o t o r - c a r s and locomot ives th i s year , bu t in v iew of t h e g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d v o l u m e of t raff ic d u r i n g C h i n a ' s r ap id i n d u s t r i a l advance , i t h a s dec ided to p r o v ide C h i n a wi th a d d i t i o n a l suppl ies of 8,000 lorr ies , 2,000 t ra i le r s , ove r 500,000 tons of p e t r o l e u m a n d locomot ives a n d r a i l s

M e a n w h i l e , C h i n a h a s suppl ied the Sovie t U n i o n to the bes t of h e r abi l i ty w i t h va r ious k inds of goods wh ich the l a t t e r needs. Wi th the rap id expans ion of h e r economy, C h i n a can offer m o r e a n d m o r e va r i e t i e s of goods. These n o w inc lude such m i n e r a l s a n d m e t a l s as t in, m e r c u r y , w o l f r a m , m o l y b d e n u m , and s u l p h u r ; soya beans , rice, ed ib l e fa ts a n d oil, silk, tea, br is t les , wool, sk ins a n d hides , l e a t h e r ar t ic les , f rozen pork, beef, m u t t o n a n d fowl, f rui ts , egg prod- ucts, t i nned food, hemp, tobacco, c h e m i c a l r a w m a t e r i a l s , l ight indus t r ia l goods, h a n d i c r a f t s , etc. In th is way, C h i n a is c o n t r i b u t i n g to the r i s ing l iving s t a n d a r d s of the people of the Soviet U n i o n as wel l as to the Sovie t na t ional cons t ruc t ion .

In Apr i l th i s y e a r C h i n a and the Sov ie t U n i o n s igned t he Sino-Soviet T r e a t y of C o m m e r c e a n d Navigat ion. T h e t r e a t y p r o v i d e s f a v o u r a b l e condi- t ions for t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of economic a n d t r a d e r e l a t ions be tween the two f r a t e r n a l count r ies .

• Bus;ness aE khe Canton Fa;r

A p p r o x i m a t e l y £22.3 mi l l ion w o r t h of bus ines s wa s t r a n s a c t e d at t he c u r r e n t 1958 A u t u m n E x p o r t Commodi t i e s Fa i r in C a n t o n d u r i n g t h e ha l f m o n t h s ince its o p e n i n g on Oc tobe r 15.

More t h a n 5,000 i m p o r t a n d expor t t r a n s a c t i o n s w e r e conc luded b y C h i n a ' s v a r i o u s t r a d i n g c o m p a n i e s w i t h bus i - n e s s m e n f rom 42 c o u n t r i e s a n d regions. E x p o r t o rde r s for C h i n e s e n a t i v e prod- ucts, aqua t i c products , cot ton kn i t - w e a r , ~ c o n s u m e r s ' goods, silk, tea, g ra ins a n d vege t ab l e oils, foods tu f f s and a n i m a l p r o d u c t s al l r eg i s t e r ed a m a r k e d increase as c o m p a r e d w i t h p rev ious fairs. The o rde r s for n e w e x p o r t i tems also increased .

B u s i n e s s m e n f r o m Br i ta in , Canada , W e s t G e r m a n y , F rance , Swi tzer land , Hol land, I taly, D e n m a r k and o the r

22

coun t r i e s of fered commodi t i e s for sale. A dozen la rge i m p o r t t r a n s a c t i o n s w e r e concluded, cove r ing meta l s , sc ient i f ic a p p a r a t u s a n d o t h e r commodi t i e s .

The n u m b e r of fore ign conce rns pa r t i c ipa t i ng in the f a i r is g r e a t e r t h a n in any p rev ious year . More t h a n 1,600 bus ine s sm en f rom over 40 coun t r i e s and reg ions had a r r i v e d at the f a i r by t h e end of October . O t h e r s a r e s t i l l on t h e i r w a y to Canton . T h e f a i r wi l l be open till N o v e m b e r 30.

• "Aladd;n" Generator--Popular Export Item " A l a d d i n " is the t r a d e n a m e of a new

a n d novel Ch inese p r o d u c t - - semi-

c o n d u c t o r t h e r m o - e l e c t r i e a l genera to r . I t cons is t s of a n oil l a m p equ ipped w i t h a s e m i - c o n d u c t o r t h e r m o - e l e c t r i c a l de- v ice w h i c h g e n e r a t e s su f f i c i en t p o w e r to o p e r a t e D.C. rad io receivers . I t a lso p roduces a l igh t e q u i v a l e n t to t h a t of a 20-wat t l amp. I ts dua l f u n c t i o n m a k e s its use fo r rad ios f a r m o r e economica l t h a n ba t te r ies . I t is a v e r y v a l u a b l e de- v ice in a reas w h i c h h a v e no electr ic i ty .

S ince its i n t r o d u c t i o n to t h e wor ld m a r k e t s , it h a s m e t w i t h exceed ing ly f a v o u r a b l e responses . I t has b e e n sold to m o r e t h a n 20 coun t r i e s a n d reg ions i nc lud ing B a h r a i n , Brazi l , Cambod ia , t h e Congo, Chile, Ceylon, F in l and , India , In - dones ia , J o r d a n , I raq , I r an , Ku wa i t , Labs ,

Malaya , Mexico, Morocco, New Zea land , Peru , S ingapore , t h e Un i t ed A r a b Repub- lic, a n d t h e Un ion of S o u t h Africa. Be- cause i t is m o d e r a t e l y p r iced fore ign f i rms h a v e found it h igh ly m a r k e t a b l e a n d prof i table . D u r i n g t he pa s t f ew m o n t h s m a n y orders h a v e been pou r ing in a n d t h e p r o d u c e r s a re h a r d p ressed to keep up w i th the c o n s t a n t l y increas - ing d e m a n d .

T h e e x p o r t of " A l a d d i n " is h a n d l e d by t h e C h i n a N a t i o n a l I n s t r u m e n t s I m p o r t Corpora t ion , T i e n t s i n B r a n c h , 14 C h a n g Teh Road, T ien t s in . Two types a r e now ava i l ab le , a h a n g i n g type and a t ab le type, bo th of w h i c h h a v e the same qual i ty , c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d price.

W H A T ' S ON IN PEKING Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

P r o g r a m m e s are s u b j e c t to change . W h e r e t imes are n o t l isted consu l t t hea t re or dai ly press .

P E K I N G OPERA

• LIU H U - L A N A n e w P e k i n g O p e r a b a s e d o n t h e t r u e s t o r y o f a y o u n g g i r l r e v o l u t i o n - a r y , L i u H u - l a n o f S h e n s i , w h o w a s k i l l e d b y t h e K M T w a r l o r d Y e n H s i - s h a n ' s m e n b e c a u s e s h e r e f u s e d t o s u b m i t to t h e i r o r d e r s . " A G r e a t L i f e ! A G l o r i o u s D e a t h ! " i s t h e e p i t a p h C h a i r m a n M a p T s e - t u n g w r o t e f o r L i u H u - l a n . P r o d u c e d b y t h e C h i n e s e O p e r a S c h o o l .

N o v , 11, 7:30 p . m . Z h o n g He T h e a t r e

• Y U T A N G CHUN T h e w e l l - k n o w n o p e r a b a s e d o n t h e l o v e s t o r y o f t h e f a m o u s c o u r t e s a n Yu T a n g Chun of t h e M i n g d y n a s t y . P r o d u c e d b y t h e C h i n e s e O p e r a S c h o o l .

N o v . 12, 7:30 p . m . Z h o n g He T h e a t r e

P I N G J U OPERA

• C H A O Y A N G K O U V I L L A G E A n e w opera d e s c r i b i n g t h e c h a n g e i n t h e o u t l o o k o f i n t e l l e c t u a l s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p e a s a n t s i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . P r o d u c e d b y t h e C h i n e s e O p e r a S c h o o l .

N o v . 13. Xt St W o r k e r s ' Club

• THE GIRL W I T H P I G T A I L S A y o u n g g i r l h e l p s u n c o v e r a e o u n t e r - r e v o l u t l o n a r y g a n g i n P e k i n g . P r o d u c e d b y t h e P i n g J u O p e r a C o m p a n y o f P e k i n ~ .

N o v . 11-17, 7:00 p . m . Da Z h o n g T h e a t r e

T H E A T R E

• F L A M E OF Y O U T H A p l a y b y t h e S o v i e t o l a y w r l g h t P . G o r b a t o v . P r o d u c e d b y t h e P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e a b o u t t he e x - p l o i t s o f v o u n g S o v i e t f i g h t e r s i n t h e c a m - u a i g n s a g a i n s t t h e G e r m a n i n v a d e r s a n d W h i t e G u a r d s .

N o v . 11-16. 7:30 p . m . China Y o u t h Ar t Thea t r e

• F R I E N D S A N D FOES a b o u t t h e f r i e n d - s h i p b e t w e e n a S o v i e t e x p e r t a n d a C h i n e s e w o r k e r w h o s a v e d h i s l i f e i n 1945. A f t e r l i b e r a t i o n , t h e y m e e t a g a i n . W o r k i n g to - g e t h e r i n a p o w e r p l a n t i n n o r t h e a s t C h i n a t h e y o v e r c o m e s o m e b a f f l i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s in r e h a b i l i t a t i n g t h e r~lant a n d i n c i d e n t a l l y u n - c o v e r a n e n e m y p lo t . P r o d u c e d b y t h e E x - n e r i m e n t a l T h e a t r e o f t h e C e n t r a l D r a m a S c h o o l .

N o v . 11-17, 7:30 p . m . P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club

FILMS

- - T H E S O V I E T F I L M W E E K - - Celebrat ing the 41st A n n i v e r s a r y o f the

G r e a t o c t o b e r R e v o l u f t o n • T H E C O M M U N I S T A f i l m a b o u t t h e s p i r i t that a n i m a t e s a true Communist Party mere-

h e r . A y o u n g C o m m u n i s t , a f t e r b e i n g w o u n d e d a t t h e f r o n t i n 1918, h e l p s to b u i l d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n ' s f i r s t e l e c t r i c p o w e r s t a t i o n a n d g i v e s h i s l i f e i n i t s d e f e n e e . A S o v i e t c o l o u r f i l m d u b b e d i n C h i n e s e .

N o v . 11 & 12, S h o u d u Cinema, X t n Jie Kou, P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen tre Cinema, Guang A n Men, Z h o n g y a n g , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club

N o v . 13-17, Jiao Dab K o u , Da Hue , Er tong

N o v . 14-17, X i n Z h o n g Guo, G u a n g He T h e a t r e

• L I G H T OF O C T O B E R A f u l l - l e n g t h d o c - u m e n t a r y i n e o l o u r , a r e c o r d o f t h e h e r o i c h i s t o r y o f t h e S o v i e t p e o p l e d u r i n g t h e l a s t 40 years.

N o v . I I & 12, S h o u d u C lnemh , X i n Jie Kou , P e k i n g Exh ib i t i on Cen t re Cinema, G u a n g A n Men, Z h o n g - yang , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' C l u b

Nov. 13-1/, Jtao D a b K o u , Da Hue , Er tong

N o v . 14-17, X i n Z h o n g Guo, G u a n g He T h e a t r e

• A N D Q U I E T F L O W S T H E D O N A d a p t e d f r o m S h o l o k h o v ' s f a m o u s n o v e l o f t h e s a m e t i t l e . T h e l i f e a n d s t r u g g l e s o f t h e D o n C o s s a c k s d u r i n g W o r l d W a r ~; t h e l o v e s t o r y o f a C o s s a c k y o u t h . A S o v i e t c o l o u r f i l m d u b b e d i n ~ h l n e s e .

NOV. 13-17, Guang A n Men , Z h o n g y a n g , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' CZuO

• THE U L I A N O V F A M I L Y A S o v i e t f e a t u r e f i l m a b o u t t h e y o u t h o f L e n i n . D u b b e d in C h i n e s e .

N o v . 13-17, G u a n g A n Men. Z h o n g y a n g , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club

• NO O R D I N A R Y S U M M E R A d a p t e d f r o m K. F e d i n ' s n o v e l o f t h e s a m e t l t l e , s h o w i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t p a t h s m e n t o o k d u r i n g t h e s t r i f e a g a i n s t D e n i k i n a n d h i s W h i t e G u a r d s . T h o s e w h o l e a r n e d t h e t r u t h w e n t to t h e s i d e o f t h e p e o p l e . A S o v i e t c o l o u r f i l m d u b b e d in C h i n e s e .

N o v . 14 & 15, S h o u d u Cinema, X i n Jie Kou, P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen tre C i n e m a

• T H E P O E T T h e r o m a n c e o f a y o u n g r e v - o l u t i o n a r y p o e t i n t h e e a r l y d a y s o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . A S o v i e t c o l o u r f i l m d u b b e d i n C h i n e s e .

N o v . 14 & 15, S h o u d u Cinema, X t n Jte Kou, P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen tre C i n e m a

S O N G RECITAL

S e r g e i S a p o j h n i k o v , P e o p l e ' s A r t i s t o f t h e R . S . F . S . R . , w i l l s i n g s o n g s b y T c h a i k o v s k y , R a e h m a n i n o i f , M o z a r t , S c h u m a n n , G o u n o d ,

V e r d i , M a s s e n e t a n d c o n t e m p o r a r y S o v i e t c o m p o s e r s .

N o v . 15, 7:30 p . m . R e n m l n T h e a t r e

E X H I B I T I O N S

• N A T I O N A L E X H I B I T I O N OF I N D U S T R Y A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S O p e n d a l l y ( e x c e p t M o n . ) 9:00 a . m . - 5 : 0 0 p . m .

A t P e k i n g Exh ib i t i on Cen tre a n d Bui ld ing Cons t ruc t ion Exh ib i t ion Centre

• E X H I B I T I O N OF N E W S C I E N T I F I C A N D T E C H N O L O G I C A L A C H I E V E M E N T S O p e n d a f f y ( e x c e p t M o n . ) 8:30 a .m . -6 :00 p . m . t i l l N o v . 15 a t t h e n e w b u i l d i n g o f t h e Central M u s e u m of Na tura l His tory i n T i e n c h i a o .

• P A I N T I N G S B Y I R A Q I A R T I S T S O v e r o n e h u n d r e d m o d e r n p a i n t i n g s , a r e c o r d o f t h e I r a q i p e o p l e ' s s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e ; m o s t w e r e p a i n t e d a f t e r t h e J u l y 14 R e v o l u t i o n . A l s o h a n d i c r a f t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h s . O p e n d a i l y 0:30 a .m. -4 :30 p . m .

A t Palace M u s e u m

• G R A P H I C A R T E X H I B I T I O N B Y MOS- C O W A N D P E K I N G A R T I S T S - - o v e r 260 p r i n t s . W o o d c u t s i n b l a c k a n d w h i t e a n d i n e o l o u r , e t c h i n g s , l i t h o g r a p h s , e t c . , b y r e p - r e s e n t a t i v e a r t i s t s o f P e k i n g a n d M o s c o w . Open daily 0:00 a.m.--6:00 p.m.

A t t h e Gal lery of the Ar t i s t s ' Union on S h u a i F u Y u a n , off W a n g f u e h i n g St .

• F O L K D E S I G N S F R O M T H E M O N G O L I A N P E O P L E ' S R E P U B L I C O p e n d a i l y ( e x c e p t M o n . ) 8:00 a . rn . - -6 :00 p . m .

A t Z h o n g s h a n P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N ON T H E I N T E G R A T I O N OF E D U C A T I O N W I T H P R O D U C T I V E L A B O U R G u i d e d b y t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p o l i c y o f t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y " E d u c a t i o n M u s t B e C o m b i n e d w i t h P r o d u c t i v e L a b o u r " s t u - d e n t s s h o w w h a t t h e y c a n do u n d e r t h e s t u d y - w h i l e - y o u - w o r k p r o g r a m m e . Open d a i l y ( e x c e p t Mort .) 9:00 a . m . - - 5 : 0 0 p . m . a t t h e C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r a l M e c h a n i z a t i o n , o u t s i d e T e h S h e n g M e n G a t e , a n d t h e Co l - l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , o u t s i d e H e P i n g M e n G a t e .

FLOWER SHOW

T h e g r a n d a n n u a l c h r y s a n t h e m u m s h o w i s n o w o p e n a t B e i h a i P a r k . Over e i g h t h u n - d r e d v a r i e t i e s a r e o n d i s p l a y .

SPORTS

• F O R T H C O M I N G S P O R T S E V E N T S T h e S o v i e t U z b e k C o t t o n G r o w e r s ' F o o t b a l l T e a m w i l l s h o r t l y v i s i t t h i s c i t y a n d p l a y s e v e r a l m a t c h e s a g a i n s t o u r t e a m s . W a t c h f o r i t [

• N A T I O N A L B A S K E T B A L L LEAGUE, S E C O N D R O U N D G a m e s w i l l b e p l a y e d f r o m N o v . 16 to 25 a t P e k i n g G y m n a s i u m , S h i C h a H a l G y m n a s i u m , B e i h a i S t a d i u m a n d D o n g C h a n g A n Jel S t a d i u m .

23

ITCH TWIN TWISTE Single phase 2-wire Cotton-braided,

• Three phase 3-wire Rubber-insulated Flex

1 EXCELLENT QUALITI" 8. MODERATE PRICE

China National M~chinery Import Corporation Canton Branch: . 2 Wes t Bund, Canton, China Cable Address: M A C H I N E R Y C A N T O N

IIIlilll I IIII IIII I I II lili I III

ILIIII I IIII I I IIIIIJl!l J!l Ill[ II I ~11 I - - -

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To knit plain fa6rics or with horizontal stripes. With a few simple

modifications the machine can produce plush fabrics

Main features: Very easy to operate. Does not take up much room. Fitted

with an automatic broken yarn stop motion to minimize defects. Interchange-

able cylinders are available to meet specific requirements. Turns out a high

grade article with an excellent finish.

CHINA NATIONAL TRANSPORT MACHINERY IMPORT CORPORATION ( I m p o r t e r s .IS,. E x p o r t e r s )

Head OFfice: Erh L; Kou, Hsichiao, Peking - Cable Address: T R A N S M A C N PEKING Shanghai Branch: 27 Chungshan Road I:: I, Shanghai - - Cable Address: T R A N S M A C H S H A N G H A I