M o s t c o m m o n c a u s e o f c a n c e r d e a t h i n m a l e s

C o l o r e c t u m

E s o p h a g u s

K a p o s i s a r c o m a

L e u k e m i a

L i p , o r a l c a v i t y

L i v e r

L u n g

N o n - H o d g k i n l y m p h o m a

O t h e r s p e c i f i e d s i t e

P r o s t a t e

S t o m a

N o d a t

M o s t c o m m o n l y d i a g n o s e d c a n c e r i n m a l e s

C o l o r e c t u m

E s o p h a g u s

K a p o s i s a r c o m a

L e u k e m i a

L i p , o r a l c a v i t y

L i v e r

L u n g

N o n - H o d g k i n l y m p h o m a

P r o s t a t e

S t o m a c h

N o d a t a

M o s t c o m m o n l y d i a g n o s e d c a n c e r i n f e m a l e s

B r e a s t C e r v i x u t e r iL i v e r L u n g T h y r o i d N o d a t a

M o s t c o m m o n c a u s e o f c a n c e r d e a t h i n f e m a l e s

B r e a s t C e r v i x u t e r iC o l o r e c t u mL i v e r L u n g S t o m a c h

N o d a t a

ASR (World) per 100,000

GeoDiv Overview- Fig1Relative and absolute global variations in age-standardised rates (world) of registry populations included in CI5 Volume XI (circa 2008-12); rates shown are thosewithin the 10th and 90th percentiles in males.

asr1

NasopharynxGallbladderHodgkin lymphomaBrain, nervous systemThyroidOther pharynxMultiple myelomaLarynxLip, oral cavityTestisLeukemiaPancreasEsophagusNHLKidneyLiverMelanoma of skinStomachBladderColorectumLungProstate

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

canceratlas.cancer.org

Australian Capital Territory

Thailand, Khon Kaen

Czech Republic

Spain, Basque Country

Poland, Lublin

Turkey, Trabzon

USA, North Carolina (Black)

Italy, Modena

USA, North Carolina (Black)

Russia, Arkhangelsk

UK, Wales

USA, Michigan, Detroit

France, Calvados

USA, Michigan

USA, Virginia (Black)

China, Linzhou County

USA, Georgia

Turkey, Trabzon

Switzerland, Geneva

Italy, Trento

Russia, Chelyabinsk

France, Limousin

Germany, Lower Saxony

Jordan (Jordanians)

China, Anshan City

Japan, Yamagata Prefecture

China, Haimen County

Peru, Lima

China, Jiashan County

Argentina, Tierra del Fuego

China, Hefei

India, Chennai

Costa Rica

Ecuador, Quito

Turkey, Bursa

India, Chennai

Seychelles

UK, England, East Midlands

Qatar (Qataris)

USA, Oklahoma

Malaysia, Penang

Ecuador, Loja

Qatar (Qataris)

China, Maanshan

8.12.97.52.55.38.36.24.13.9

13.32.53.55.33.26.35.4

51.85.76.13.13.6

15.3

canceratlas.cancer.org canceratlas.cancer.org

16 THE BURDEN

Breast and cervical cancer are the most frequently diagnosed cancers and leading causes

of cancer death in many countries in women. Lung cancer is also a leading cause of cancer

death in many countries.

While prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in 106 countries worldwide,

lung cancer dominates as the leading cause of cancer death in 93 countries.

OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSITYThe diversity in cancer profiles in different world areas signifies that both regional cooperation and local, evidence-based interventions are needed in the fight against cancer.

FIGURE 16.1

Relative and absolute global variations in incidence rates of registry populations included in CI5 Volume XI (circa 2008–12); rates shown are those within the 10th and 90th percentiles in males

CASES

CASES

RELATIVE MAGNITUDE* ABSOLUTE VARIATIONS

WOMEN

MEN

DEATHS

DEATHS

MAP 16.1

The most common cancer cases and deaths in women in 185 countries in 2018

MAP 16.2

The most common cancer cases and deaths in men in 185 countries in 2018

There are striking geographic differences in the incidence and mortality of different cancer types in different world regions. This global diversity reflects both the presence of local risk factors for specific cancers, and the extent to which effective cancer control measures have been implemented. Much of the observed variation in recorded incidence rates of different cancer types in different registry populations can be ascribed to lifestyle and environmental factors. FIGURE 16.1 Such marked international variability supports the critical role of cancer prevention as a means to reduce the future cancer burden. Although specific causes remain unknown for many cancers, where measured, about two-fifths of cancers diagnosed today are potentially avoidable. Prevention measures include eliminating exposure to known lifestyle and environmental risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol, dietary factors, excess body weight, and UV radiation, and increasing resistance to infection by vaccination. However, the proportion of cancer cases avoidable—overall and for specific risk factors—substantially varies by region. For example, infection accounts for 30–50% of all cases in sub-Saharan Africa, whereas this proportion is only 3–5% in Europe and North America.

The most frequently diagnosed cancers and leading causes of cancer death at the national level reflect the major risk factors in the population

and the average prognosis of the major cancers observed. MAP 16.1 , 16.2 Certain cancers dominate the global landscape, particularly in women: female breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in four-fifths of the world’s nations, with cervical cancer ranking most frequent in the majority of remaining countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The mortality profile among women is slightly more heterogeneous, with lung cancer also a leading cause of death.

Among men, there is considerable international diversity in the leading cancer types, with around 10 different cancers as the most commonly diagnosed cancer or leading cause of cancer death. Prostate, lung, and liver cancer are major cancers in men, although other cancers dominate in some regions (lip and oral cavity in South Asia and Kaposi sarcoma in Eastern Africa). Nevertheless, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men in over half of the world’s countries.

Considering both sexes together, either female

breast, prostate, or cervical cancer is the

most commonly diagnosed cancer in over

70% of countries.

Site-specific cancer incidence rates vary up to 50-fold

between geographic areas.

*Relative magnitude is the rate in the 90th percentile divided by the rate in the 10th percentile.

copyright © 2019 the american cancer society, inc.

Cancer varies between different populations, and every type is rare in some part of the world.

Many specific causes are now known (to explain these differences), but a large proportion of global variation for common

cancers remains unexplained.

— Prof. Julian Peto, Nature, 2001

“Liver Lip,

oral cavityLeukemiaColorectum StomachProstate Lung Kaposi

sarcomaNon-Hodgkin lymphoma

Esophagus No data

Lung Colorectum Stomach No dataLiver ThyroidBreast Cervix