Map Making By Liam Cogger

Globes

• Only true map of the world

• Only one where there are no distortions of any kind

• Two types: Terrestrial and Celestial

• Terrestrial: Spherical map

• Celestial : earth is center of universe, used to map the stars in spherical form

Comparison

Terrestrial Celestial

Globes

• Ancient Greeks

• Knew that the earth was always round

• Used their globes to depict understanding of it

• Crates

• 150 B.C.

• First Globe was made

Globes

• Romans made a celestial globe

• Called Farnese Globe

• 25A.D.

• Made of marble, still around today

Globes

• Martin Behaim was a German man

• Created earliest Terrestrial globe

• Made in 1492

• Christopher Columbus Strengthened it

• Sailing to Orient

Worlds Oldest Map

• Centuries before Christian Era

• Sumerians in Southern Babylonia created writing

• Characters on clay tablets

• Dozens of examples of maps and planes

• 3 Hold interest due to Scale, orientation and map type

Nippur

• Was a Sumerian religious center

• Earliest town map drawn to scale

• Shows city walls, canals, buildings, and a temple

• 1500 B.C.

Second tablet

• Inscribed with symbols and natural landscapes

• 2300 B.C.

• Depicts river valley, an estate, and three towns and two mountains

• Easy to decipher these symbols today

• Double lines= water ways

Earliest World Map

• 60 B.C.

• Flat Earth surrounded by water

• Seven islands

• Islands link Earth’s oceans to heavenly ocean

• Bisected by Euphrates River

Mercator’s Projection

• Created by a man named Gerard Mercator in 1569

• All longitudinal lines are straight and all latitudinal lines are straight

• This causes some places to not be truly accurate

• However, was very important to the Europeans

• First map that solved the problem of charting angles

• Drawn on flat surface with straight lines

• Just draw straight line to where you want to go, then find angle with compass

Mercator cont.

• Other maps had an equal distance between the lines of latitude

• Mercator’s maps were not like this

• The distance between the latitude lines increased the farther away from the origin they got

• Never said why he did this, did not have a formula

• Still used today

• Seafarers and Airline Pilots

How NOT To Use It

• Incorrectly used in high schools

• People imagine light coming from globe at centre of a cylinder, then unrolling the cylinder

How TO Use It

• Three different formula’s have been discovered

• One by Edward Wright in 1599

• One by Henry Bond in 1640

• One used today

Edward Wright

Henry Bond

Today

The Galls-Peters Projection

• Created by James Gall in the 19th century

• Designed it to be useful for astronomical projections

• Needed it to be accurate, unlike the Mercator which distorts areas

• Was politically controversial

• Gave true sizes of countries near the equator

• African Nations

• Mercator makes them look small

• Used by groups worried about social or political equality in Africa

Mercator vs Galls-Peters

Galls-Peter Mercator

Galls-Peter

• In 1974, Doctor Arno Peters presented his own version of this map

• Claimed to have no knowledge of previous map

• The two were very similar

• People who support James as true creator

Shortest-Route Projection

• This type of projection used to show distances

• From a central location to another place

• Two different types

• Azimuthal and Gnomonic

Azimuthal Projection

• Used to show shortest distance

• Starts at center of map

• Goes to any place on the map

• The farther away from the center, the more distorted the place will be

Gnomonic Projection

• Can only be used with a clear globe

• Take a light and put it in the center

• Shine the light onto a surface

The Orange peel Experiment

• Take an orange

• On it, draw the outlines of the continents

• Carefully peel the orange, making sure that it stays in one piece

• Impossible to flatten peel without distorting some area of it

Joke

• Q: What is smarter, longitude or latitude? A: Longitude, because it has 360 degrees

source: http://www.jokes4us.com/miscellaneousjokes/schooljokes/geographyjokes.html

Joke

• Q: What does a psychic and a cartographer have in common? A: They both specialize in projections.

source: http://www.jokes4us.com/miscellaneousjokes/schooljokes/geographyjokes.html

Joke

• Q: What kind of maps do spiders make? A: Web-based maps.

source: http://www.jokes4us.com/miscellaneousjokes/schooljokes/geographyjokes.html

Question

• Explain the differences between the Mercator Projection and the Galls-Peter Projection?

References

• http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/geography/mercatorprojection.htm

• https://www.britannica.com/science/Mercator-projection

• http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel/m103/mercator/mercator.html?utm_source=weibolife

• http://www.businessinsider.com/mercator-projection-v-gall-peters-projection-2013-12

• http://www.petersmap.com/

• https://sites.google.com/site/thepowerofcartography/gall-peters-map-projection

References

• http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Dither/CartProp/Geodesic/geodesic.html

• http://gisgeography.com/great-circle-geodesic-line-shortest-flight-path/

• http://axismaps.github.io/thematic-cartography/articles/projections.html

• http://www.science4all.org/article/non-euclidean-geometry-and-map-making/

• http://geokov.com/education/map-projection.aspx

References

• http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjAz/projAz.html

• http://lazarus.elte.hu/cet/modules/guszlev/plane.htm

• http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GnomonicProjection.html

• http://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/geography/maps-and-mapping/globe

• Ehrenberg, (2006). Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society