Marcuse Among the Technocrats: America, Automation, and Postcapitalist Utopias, 1900-1941

8/9/2019 Marcuse Among the Technocrats: America, Automation, and Postcapitalist Utopias, 1900-1941

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S k u

Amerikastudien

Ed d h G rm Ass ci i

Am c S di s b

GE ERA ED TOR

O i r Sch idi g

ED TOR

Chris sch d rA s F kH s J g G bbA r d H r gS Si k

A TA E OR

T ddP rici G ds v

U v s s r gW NTE

H g


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M K BE E

M lT PETE F

BE GM N

M E- SE L FFLE

S E E S HO

M k A g m etween C lt res Zwischenden K lt ren C lt ral and Social ntegration ofGerman mmigrants n tts rgh1843-1873( 36Ud H b d Chr s ph W g r ds. ictorialC lt res and olitical conogra hies (2 3M ch r The E tome of Evil Hitler inAmer can Fiction,1939 2002 (2 3

g i Th lack Atlant c S ec lative Fict onsOctavia E tler Jewelle Gomez, and NaloHo kinson ( rg D w s, Gro nd Zero Fiction History

Memor , and Re resentat on in the Amer can9Novel ( 5

O B TO S 9


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Marcuse mong the Technocrats Amer ca Automationa d Postca italist Uto ias 1900 1941

SSE A REZ

A TRACTThe do nant narrat ve about the Frankfurt Schoo during the 1930s and 19 s portr ys

the group as per anent ex es, the r cu tura , conceptua and nguistic di ferences fro theirA er can hosts perhaps e a ly as vast as the r geograph ca d stance fro Ger any Thisess y seeks to rev se th s narrative throug a h stor ca ly contextua! zed read ng of HerbertMarcuse s critical theoryBuilding on new h stor es of crit c theory s A er can per od as wes on Howard Brick s re en work on the transat nt c postcap ta st v s on, I show that ea ycritical theory Second Internation l European Marx s and A erican progress ve th nkerssuch as Thorstein Veblen and the Technocrats shared a discourse on the utopian potent a of

syste ic shifts in early twentieth century capitalis Whi e Marcuse s colleagues saw their postcapit l st vision of rational econo ic planning perversely realized in the st te capit lis s ofHit er's Ger any, Stalin s Russia and Roosevelt's A erica Marcuse instead took inspirationfro Technocracy s left ing especially ewis Mu ford s vision of auto atis n T n s andi i zation. By he ping hi i agine the possibility of full auto ation of the abolition of (alienated abor and of a post scarcity wor d Left Technocracy contributed to king Marcuse oneof the ost re arkab e utopi n thinkers in odern A er

I. "No Critical Theory Without America

As H b M c s d i g i s i i S b g G m s kE g is . w s g g d b k w i 1930s d c d d

i d i U i d S s g wi J wis M x s g s c sd d s i S ci R s c d i s di c M x H k im .

C sid i g ms s c m i s E i c di i w sd g i g i b b ism c i d w w g d d s

i ic g mm A g g H k im Ci c did b is i eitschrift f r zialf rsch ng i E g is 1941 d s b c s i E b is d N i

S ci is s (c . J E les 40). As M i J s s d i m mb s H im C c i d m c 19 0s d 940s s m n xi si c c c d g is c d c s m Am c s s

s s s s i g g ic dis c m i m d.

1 I have adopted the designation Horkhei er Circle fro Tho as Wheatl nd and othersn order to nd ate that the ob ect of y ana ysis wi not be the Frankfurt School a ratherorpho s ter that too strong y e phasi es theoret ca and po itic coherence a ong thenst tute's e bers


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3 2 J. J R m

d d th d t t v s di g th s - d k S h d g his i d s h g s s iti s A ss v th d th di t tiv s sig d t w iti g ss g s i b tt (iG ) t s s b t Wh t sh d w k th h ig h i his h s M s "did t s k his h t gH b s Th d 80 Wh s t h g w s wh M s

d d i h s v d s ki g xi s E g ish h H g i i di idi s th t h H kh i Ci w s s s d itt th v hi si ivis ?

Th i Cri ical Theor wi ho America G ti ss s h H kh Ci s v s s s t g i M s s s E g ish s h s i d - t d h t A d h s

th ght T b s t w b D vid d Th s Wh d h s b g t g s i th i his i s th H i Ci b M i

d R Wigg sh s visi g ss i s b its ti-A i d i ss s Ado o in Americat d s t s hAd h d h b v t t shi t w d A i r hh s b g iz d b t v s isi g w th st ti thAd d H kh i d h v d d w ki g i H w d h d th i

ts i th 1940s it h s i t x i t ti S itis b s ss 1 8-47) Wh t d's The F ankfr School in E ileth st

is h s r r i h r s A ri i d t d v s v sk w i s it ti d s i ks g th H kh i Ci h N w

Y k s d h M xist g is Sid H k g th s Y twhi d Wh t d h v b t d t t d h H kh i Ci 's ti i xi h st M s i A i h s b t d M v h i r z s s h i s d i t t

bi g h M s i D g s s hi s h h siv, is this t i v d s i

As M s b gi s t k g v d t s h i hti is i hist i xt iz d his i i hS h w d s M s t w thi h G hi s hd s i gi t diti s S hi t H g M x W b H id gg d

M s s g s h s i h v b h s i s h bs withi h dis siv ds th t sh d d A i i i

his st b i ti s i E g ish i h 1940s his di i v i s dg th 9 0s d 970s M s w h s s s g t w ks As tti gs W w d d w t b P i d's d s i ti M s ith 19 0s "M s is w A i itiz ivi g i th SA w iti g A i di s d hi g A i st d s 78 As M s s sP s s i b h W d W wi g his g v s vi ih O s W d St g S v s H b t w s tit d g A i ( 49-5 Th s th s t th t th w d

2 Cl u N gt nd W d Ke e Kr t sc e e r e O e mer k . Unl oth wot d n th Wo k C t d t l on f om th G n a own


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Marcuse Amo g the Tech ocrats 33

have been no critical theo y without Ame ica is not suf cient in Ma cuse's case a g e that Amer ca was even mo e vita for his p oject and especia ly fowhat I consider to be his most enduring legacy: Utopianism Following F edricJameson's ead I wou d ike to ask, rega ding Ma cuse why topias have ouished in one period and d ied p in anothe (xiv that is what a e "the speci csituations and circumstances unde which their composition is possib e situationswhich enco age th s pecul a vocat on o ta ent at the same time that they offesuitable mate ia s fo its exe cise ( 1)?

o answe these questions we must begin by ethinking the way ea y c iticatheo y has been histo ica y f amed That the Ho kheime Ci cle took a decisivetu n in the early 1940s has become a common thesis for histo ian of ea ly critica theo y Central to th s thesis s a t pa tite per odization of the Ho kheimeCi cle's intel ectua development acco ding to the following resea ch pro ects inte disc p ina y material sm ( 930-37) the cr tica theo y of society ( 937 40) andthe critique of inst umental reason (1940 45) ead by J gen Habe mas andhis students subsequ nt gene ations of c itical theo ists have na ated the t ansition f om the cr tical theo y of soc ety to the c t que of nstrumenta reason as a pivotal paradigm shift ' one whose sta ting point was the acceptance of Pollock stheo y of state capital sm and whose aporetic conc usion wasDialectic f EnlightenmentPollock s theo y w ites Helmut Dubiel "provided [the HorkheimeC c e with the economic usti cation fo considering an economic ana ysis ofsocie y no longer necessa y o e n possib e (81) F om the 1940s onwa d so thenar ative goes Horkheimer Ado no and Ma cuse developed Pollock's notionof the p imacy of po t cs ove econom cs into ana yses of the tota y administered one-dimensional society a pro ect that fo goes empi ical investigations into

capita ism s potentia fo immanent crisis and tends instead towa d a fundamental(and acco ding to Habe mas no matively onfused c itique of Weste n easonInstead of pursuing the adm ttedly important question of normative cohe ence

in ea ly c t cal theo y want to ecast the 9 0s paradigm sh ft in mo e h sto ically contextual te ms In Trans ending Ca italisma brilliant study of twentiethcentury t ansat antic intellectual history Howa d B ick t aces the l ng e d r eof the postcapitalist vision a view held by u opean and Ame ican intellectua swhich stated that a new type of social economy was eme ging a ongside phenomena such as state nte vention and the modern corporation Brick notes fu thethat the postcapitalist vision possessed a good deal of pol tical liability ' and

th s spanned the po itica spect um ( The Ho kheime C cle s thinking onstate capitalism and inst umental reason must the efo e be placed with n the eay twentieth centu y postcapitalist dreamscape Along with Second Inte nationalopean Marx sm and Ame can p og ess ve soc al thought the Horkheime

Ci cle sha ed a vision of the end of capitalism's classical iberal phase, and whileeach format on di e ed n pa ticu a s they gene a ly ag eed that a mo e ationa -

3 Helmut Dub el set the e d he late 19 0s w th h s W sse sc af so ga sa o u d ol -sc e E fa u g S ud e u fr e sc e eor e, a s a ed 19 5 as T eor a d Pol -

t cs ud es e Deve o me of C ca eo . See also Benhab b; Dahms Habe mas eeory o ommu ca e c o 366 99


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34 J esse e

y p anned s ciety w u d f w F r Marxists the p stcapita ist f ture be ngedt the s cia ist anned ec n y which u d put an end t the c ntradicti ns f he f ee a ket d ard Bernstein R d f H fe d ng and a h st f her adti na Marxists bef re and after the inc ding an nstit te e be s in the1930s nderst d the r t f these c ntradicti ns t ie between the s cia wea thgenerated by n p istic ind stria pr ducti n f rces f pr d cti n and its private appr priati n by capita ists re ati ns f pr d cti n ; their s cia is wasa n y a new de f d str but n ha w u d c p e en industria s c a prd cti n with s cia wnership f wea th Si i ar y, in the A erican pr gressiveview the Machine Age had un cked techn gies that rendered aissez-faire capia is archaic As g as the price syste as Th rstein Veb en ca ed it ru edthe ec n y the atter w u d be ridd ed with waste and inef cienc . The n ys u n was a "Prac cab e S v e f Technic ans cf. E g ee s)

The H rkhei er Circ e s paradig shift ccurred when its e bers sensedthat their p stcapita ist visi n f rati na p anning had been perverse y ea izedn the s a e capi a s s f H t e s Ger any S a in s Russ and R seve t sA erica In p ace f rati na s cia is there ar se what H rkhei e w d cathe rati na ized aut ated, t ta y anaged w r d elec ed Essaysvi . Butf r a their di erences with A erican s cia th ght the H rkhei er Ci c e snight are f t ta ad inistrati n was but ne va ence f a c n visi n thepp si e p e f wh ch was he r gh -w ng U pia agined by Veb en s f wers ·

the Techn crats Lead by the eccentric engineer H ward Sc tt he Techn cratsend rsed an e itist s ti n t the dead cks f capita is n y scienti c engineering fr the t p d wn c d pr per y ad st s ciety t dern industry F r b th the exi ed H rkhei er Circ e and A erican eftists ike Ja es Burnha

was precise y such ide gies f ra na ef ciency hat pr ved he vic ry ft ta ad inistrati n instru enta reas n, and the p iticizati n f e n ics.F r these the rist capita ist rati na p anning had stabi ized the re ati ns andf rces f pr ducti n and in d ing s had c n zed the p stcapita ist space thatMarxis had reserved f r s cia is Seen in this br ader c ntext critica the ry's parad g shif ccurred a he ent when he Marx s p s capi a is vis nwas vertaken by its d ppe g ngers that is, when techn cratic capita is re adeUt pia in its wn fa se i age

B t if the Right Techn crats p stcapita ist visi n signi ed the c rr pti nf the s cia ist idea f r s e f Marc se s c eagues it was Techn cracy s eft

wing headed by Lewis Mu f rd and his v si n f au a is ha he ped springMarc se t ward ther ut pian p ssibi ities The Left Techn crats ana sis p sited that the Machine Age had set in ti n pr cesses wh se gica c nc usi nw u d be a r p re n the ec n ic de f pr ducti n When inte ect a hist rians and critica the rists ver k Marcuse s differences with H rkhei erAd rn and P ck n the issues f au at n and ec n c pr ducti n heu p the a t gether in a ta e f the Frankfurt Sch the rists' in the abstract

p ra wh aband ned Marxian i a ent critiq e f r the dia ectic f en ight

4 M e t d c t que t d t ' M x s c se y l ws M she P s e meL bour d Soc Dom o A Re terpret t o of M rx's r t c l eor


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Ma cuse Amo g the Tech oc ats 3

nt th s s a g d y producing apor as that o! y Hab rmas s commun cat vu n co d co c How v r i was pr cis ly Marc s s af nit s w th h dcours of L ft chnocracy that op n d up for him a v sion of how th dial c-t c could onc aga n r v r t cour In " om oc a mp cat on of Modrn chnology ( 94 his rst say in Eng ish Marcus dr w on Mumford sTechnics and C iliza i n( 934 and g mps d th poss bil ty that th v ry forc stha had so thorough y rationa iz d capita sm cou d tr gg r a dia ctica sw tchl ad ng to full automation rad cally r duc d abor t m th lim nat on of scarci y and a r br ak n th h s ory of civil zat on and human na ur Of courMarcus did not l arn dia ct c in Am rica nor did this country alon t ach himo ook for im an n r vo u onary nd nc s in h mod of product on Y tthis ssay is conc rn d not w th or gin but with th arg r conc ptua s tuationthat ac iva esid as at a part cular mom nt in history inv st ng th m with t m ln ss r vanc and urg ncy From chi l r s and Fouri r s r formu at on of worka play through Marx s sp culation on postcapita ist product on d as from thEurop an trad on ook on th f of r a h storica oss b iti s for Marcus bcaus h shar d th hop s of Am rican L ft chnocrats writing about automatd prod ct on in th op ning d cad of th tw nt h c ntur Wh n th Uni dtat s was s z d in th 19 0s and 1960s by what on cr t c ca d " a tomat onhy ria ( rborgh Marcus r ad h s c ons on automat on n Mar po thumous Gr ndrissefor th rst t m sharp ning his s ns that a Utop a found don a n w mod of product on was a concr t pos ib ity haunting po twar w farcapita ism In th na analysis Marcus s Utop an m nd avor d to r locat thcoloniz d spac of soc alism to front r truly outsid capita sm s domain byond m r rationa za on and p anning wh r humanity cou d b to our sh

both w thin and w thout th r alm of mat ria n c ss ty For Marcus that futurl mb r d in h womb of Am r can a tomat on

II Postcapitalis f o Marx to Mu o d

n of th most dif cult gaci s Marx and Eng s b u ath d to th ir follow rs ha b n th probl m of th tran tion from capita m to oc al sm Marxwrot r markab y tl on h top c and h s most sugg stiv nv stigations w rnot w d y ava lab outsid th ovi t Un on unti w ll nto th tw nt th c n

t ry B tw n L n n a e and Rev l i n19 7 and th publication of ths cond dition of th so-call d Gr ndrissen 9 3 tw nti th c ntury Marx st primar ly look d for answ rs in h "Cr ti u of h Gotha Program (187 .h k y f atur of this tt r to th G rman oc al D mocrat c Work rs Party Marx s out in of a two pha tran t on In th program for th 87 Gotha

5 The d ffe e ces betwee Ma cuse s a d Pol ock s e p e at o s of au omat o ca besee Pollock s acco t of a o e sat o o the top c the ate 950s; see Po ock, To Hebe t Ma cuse 8 ecembe 96 Po lock s mo e pess m st c ew ca also be see h s ut mat : S ud f s Ec m c a d S c a s qu c s The most comp ete f e uallskep ca s o y o a oma o s av d Nob e s F rces f P duc i S ia Hist y fdustr al ut ma


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3 esse Ramirez

Co gress dur g the May of wh ch the Party a d Ferdi a d Lassal e's followerswou d u te, the authors ade e see gly u proble a ic de a d for the "fa rdistr butio of the proceeds of abor "Critiq e of the Gotha Progra 83)For Marx though such a c ai co itted the typica y Lassa a stak offa l g o recog ze at distribu io devolves upo productio i ce social sus be he deter ate egat o of cap a s Marx suggested tha i s a

phase wou d be " every respect eco o ca ly, ora ly a d i tellect ally, ststa ped w th the birth arks of the old society fro whose wo b it e erges "Go ha 8 ) is r bu io he ew soc alis soc e y would be ecessar yfou ded o the herited a eria co dit o s of capita st productio y aseco d "higher phase of co st soc ety i wh ch a ore adva ced deof product o had bee achieved co d hu a ty ful l the deal e bodied Marx s sta e e fro each accordi g o h s ab t es to each accord g to h seeds 87) The rst stage of tra sitio the , retai s sig i ca t ele e ts ofcapitalist society a d s de ed by pro etar a revo utio , the fou di g of theworkers sta e a d fur her ce ra zat o a d i te s cat o of prod c o AsMarx had a ready writte Ca ital o opolizat o a d te se co ce trat o sof wea th, acco pa ied by the grow g sery of the ter atio a prole ar at prepare the way for h s i tial step The seco d properly co ist stagear ses o y aft r a eve ore radica tra sfor atio of the ode of product oabout which Marx hesitated to spec ate

The b rth of the oder corporat o of the reg latory stat a d of a cecap a i he c os g decades of e i e ee h ce t ry led uropea Marx ststo bel eve that theirs was he decis ve o e t of tra sit o The golde age ofMarx st tho ght the per od arou d the Seco d I ter at o al ro gh y 1889-1914),ca e abo t i a y ways w th the e deavor o oc e he e d of he c ass caliberal or co petit ve stage of capital s a d, crucially, to theor ze what thesecha ges ea t for the tra sitio to socialis duard Ber ste 's E ol ionarocialism1911 sparked the revis o is co troversy w thi Ger a y s Soc ale ocrat c Party the e 189 s by argui g aga st the v ew hat eco o ccatastrophe a d rad cal class polarizat o wou d cite the workers' revolu ioThrough o t stock co pa ies, Ber ste cla ed wealth was te di g towarde ui able d str b t o d o co ce trat o i fewer a d fewer ha ds as Marxhad predicted Si ce capitalis showed ore sig s of stab l ty tha cr sis Beste advocated a gr dual tra sit o to social s thro gh par a e tary pol t cs

cf 41 48 93-94, 2 3 1 13 dolph H ferd g s Financ Ca i al191 ) se ofro s ilar pre ises about eco o c stabi zat o a d the ew orga izatio a power of corporatio s, dustrial o opolies, a d ba ki g the latter two's for sof cap tal erg g i to a ce ap tal) Aga st Ber ste s relative opti sH fe di g pos ted tha power a d proper y were be g co ce ra ed ever oreco pletely i to a "ge eral carte , a "u tary power that was regu at g arketsa d productio a d "exerc se i g] sovereig sway over the life process of soc ety34 35) Yet as H lferd g further developed h s theory of orga ized capital

is he ca e to echo Ber stei 's posit o tha the ew i ks betwee the statea d cap talis e abled a ore ratio al, pla ed soc a ist ec o y over wh ch theworki g class ould de ocrat cally assu e co t o


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M se A g the Te hn ts 7

A es i g o wha Da ie Rodgers ca s he shared ra sa a ic "sociaa dscapes of dus ria capi a s ( - 4 powerfu socia izi g e de ciese erged i he A erica eco omy d ri g he Gi ded Age i spiri g simi ara emp s a o g progressi e i e ec a s bo h o ame, a d ook beyo d hecapi a is sys em's wes s age The as wo decades of he i e ee h ce uryhad re ched America i o f moder i y, disrup i g oca comm i y ife a di s e h c homoge e y spurri g he grow h of spraw i g immigra ci ies soidifyi g he a io a arke a d he federa go er me , i ki g scie i c a d ech ica k ow edge o i d s ry a d a oge her forgi g a socia rea i y ha wasore comp e y i erco ec ed ha a y hi g America s had e perie ced be

fore I respo se o he res eashed by dras ic a d swif cha ge a reformis a d admi is ra e me a i y arose for which Progress ism wo d be he po i ica form. A he i ersec io of progressi e po i ics a d a ew y c ass coscio s e gi eeri g professio , he re egade eco omis Thors ei Veb e 's socia heory ook shape. Veb e s The Theory of the Leis re Class1899) aid hea hropo ogica gro dwork of his sys em by raci g he e o u io of he eisurec ass from i s or g s i he el s ra a of pr i e preda ory c ure As peacef sa age u re de e oped i o preda ory cu re Veb e posi ed a sociahierarchy arose i which power a d ra k be o ged o hose who abs ai ed fromma ua work a d i s ead hri ed o e p oi a io aggressio a d he desire for pec iary gai The moder eis e class was he proge y of he preda ory e i e

s co spicuo s free i e a d co su p io i s higher ear i g, re g os y, o eof spor s, a d era pro igacy a co i i g o disp ay socia ra k hroughid e ess A d ye hese ery a es made he moder eis re c ass or hose ofi s members o whom Veb e referred si p y as busi essme o ead i he moder wor d. De e opi g his iew fur her i

The Instinct of Workmanshi ( 14 a d The Engineers and the rice System( 9 Veb e co ras ed busi essme who were "ou of e ec a ouch wi h he affairs of ech o ogya d as s ch i compe e o e ercise effec ua sur ei a ce of he process ofi dus ry Instinct wi h e gi eers a d o her ech icia s, who e bodied he sou d a es of workma ship ra io a i y, a d respec for he commo good

g eers worked direc y i he produc io process w ere hey de e oped a proper y scie i c ma er-of-fac frame of mi d Whereas he purs i of proor wha Veb e ermed he price sys em dro e b si essme o sabo age produc io e gi eers were habi ua y disposed o he ogica ma imiza io of a

ech ica capabi i ies For Veb e he capi a is b si ess ad become defu cas his Mar is s co erpa s wo d ha e p i cap a s re a o s of produc iohe price sys e were fe eri g ew forces of produc io moder i dus ry)

choi g propo e s of scie i c ma age e a d i spired y he o she ikRe o io , Veb e co c ded ha he ra io a equi ab e u i iza io of a a aiab e prod c i e ech o ogies dema ded ha power o er he sys em be r edo er o hose wi h he ec ica k ow how ecessary o ru i a " rac icab eSo e of Tech cia s (cf Engineers1 8 69

I he years immedia e y prior o he Horkhei er irc e's arri a i he U i edS a es Veb e s projec for a so ie of ech icia s as ake p by he Righ Techocra s a group of e gi eers a d scie is s who had origi a y formed arou d Ve


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3 esse R e

b s s a s at th N w choo th at 9 0s By ow th at o was thg p of th p ss o a a d bat was ag g o th soc a pact of t ch oogy Was th D p ss o a ff ct of t ch o og ca u p oy t? Was w auto at c ach y spo s b fo th b ad s? As th t ch o og cal opt sof th oa g 920s f l s t a d A ca s b ga to g appl w th t ch o og cacha g o t s y tha b o th h sto y, th R ght ch oc ats sol ct d pub c d scuss o f o lat 93 to a ly 933 that, fo a b f o t,th p o ct ov shadow d a l oth p oposa s fo d a g w th th c s s Akx h R ght ch oc ats th s s was st k g y co t - t t A d sp a gd at o , h gh u p oy t, ba k fa u s, a d s v d ought ac oss th G atP a s th y cla d th y cou d d o st at , w th a th ath at ca p c s oof th atu a sc c s, that th A ca co o y a read poss ss d th t chca capac ty to c at a w c zat o of abu da c a d l su .

Abu da c has a o g t ctua h sto y, but v fo Ma x, who h d t to b th st uctu al poss b ty hau t g cap tal s , t u abu da c was at a yach ab o y th s co h gh ' phas of co u s h co o stsa d sc c ct o w t s who b ga to l g t z th d a of abu da c thA ca G d d Ag , such as S o Patt , R cha d ly, a d dwa d B a y,s t th s ghts p a y o th f t Joh May a d K y s, w t g a y a bfo th s of th R ght ch oc ats, thought W st co o s could tual y s t th ap of co o c abu da c , but ot fo a oth hu d d y a s(K y s 36 . I co t ast, Howa d Scott, th l ad of th R ght ch oc ats,ass t d that a sc t c a a ys s of a a ab gy sou c s, qu p t, a da pow show d that labo , f at o a ly o ga z d, cou d a ady b duc dto f w tha two hou s a day wh l p s g o su pass g th th cu t

a ag co F o th h ad a t s what wo soo b th Ho khc s backya d th D pa t t of I dust a g g at Colu b a Uv s ty cott, Wa t Raut st auch, a d oth s a ou c d that th y w atwo k o a gy su v y of th ast hu d d y a s of co o c d op t, othat wou d d o st at that p oduct v ty had b s g v s p opo t o top oy t a d would co t u to do so u t th tota col aps of th co o y

h p c syst , th y c a d V bl 's o d a guag , s p y cou d ot actualz th ast pot t a of o ach p oduct o t ch o og ca u p oyt, wast f c cy, a d v th p ss o ts lf w th v d c As h

sp ll d out th at o 's d a, cott's to was p oph t c:M s ge o g s gg e o e s e e e o o o s ow s oon e no on y by he oss b y bu by he ob b y o h s . u h new e n

hu e s e hno og y e en e o y u o n ex ens on o he hys s en esn he e u men h n Bu he hw y o h new e s b o k e w h he

o so s o s -3

o th s V bl a p ob th co ct b tw bus ss a d dust y th adcal g Scott p opos d a V a so ut o : a pow to th t ch c a s

6 he wo n s u es o e h o y e A n Technocracy and the merican Dreamn s e T e Tec noc ats: Prop ets of Au oma on. o b o e su ey o e e o , seeB x


13/24


14/24

4 0 J. esse Ramirez

bio ol t cal o ects of the ea ly twent eth centu y Sta t ng f om the e s ect ve of the techn ca sc entist the cha t tabu ates the aw ate als and se v cesava lable to libe ate Ame cans f o mate al need The ein lies its histo caleculia ity By demonst ating the diffe ence between an econom of use andone of o t accu ulation The Char f len a tem ts to ve fy the imminentossibility of f eedo f o the eal of necess ty ght at the monst ously onicheight of the De essionAs a thinke ad cally omm tted to the uto an ossib lit es of the Mach neAge Lew s Mumfo d was n effect the Ma cuse of the 9 0s Mumfo d belongedto the Young A e cans a g ou of ea twentieth centu y cultu a c itics whot ed to ebui d an o gan c co mun t f om the u ns of ode y see BlakeHe nitiall e ected Veblen with who he edited The Dialin 1919 because heheld that Veblen s soviet of techn cians would s m y e oduce and extend theh e - ationalistic wo ldview of ndust ial civili ation In the 9 0s howeveMumfo d tu ned l ke his close f en Stua t Ch se towa d science technologand com un sm to fo mulate an u abashed mode n account of the ossib e edem t on of o ganic com un ty While de iding the olitical callowness h sto ica gno ance and factua ca e essness of Scott s n r d c i n Techn crache nonetheless af med the "legit mate conclusions of the so called technoc atsTechnics 4 9 Mu fo d s Tec nics and Ci ilizati nwou d u he those con

clus ons th ough a swee ing na at ve of the histo y of technolog and cultu eThough some schola s see the book as evidence that Mumfo d too eadil acce ted the undemoc atic og essivism of [ 19 0s libe al technoc ats (Blake2 and while Mumfo d h mself was late c t cal of ts o tim sm Technics andCi iliza i nwas one of the ost owe fu A e ican wo ks afte Ma x s death toenv s on funda ental change at the level of oduct on as the econd t on foach ev ng a new soc et

Bo owing the te s of the b ologist Pat ick Geddes Mumfo d d vided theisto y of technology n the West nto th ee stages the eotechn c (M ddle Agesto the st Indust ial Revolut on the aleotechnic ( oughly the e ghteenth tothe nineteenth centu y and the neotechn c The latte was Mumfo d s name foa ossib e futu e that had sta ted to take sha e in the new elect icity and chemical ndust ies of the ea ly 1900s The elect ic owe lant Mumfo d w otes n itse f an exh b tion of that co ete automat sm to which ] ou mode n

system of oduction tends (Technics22 -27 Mu fo d too thought he wasw tness ng the d sa ea ance of anual abo and w h t the oleta at T]he wo ke instead of be ng a sou ce of wo k becomes an obse ve and egulato of the e fo ance of the ach nes a su e viso of oduct on (227 twas in this ve ocess that Mumfo d saw the chance fo a dialectical switchan o o tun ty fo the hy e - ationality of the indust ial aleotechn c' age too en the doo to its negation The onl way out of the Machine Age Mumfo dst essed was to ass th ough t Uto a lay not n the lost ag a ian ast but onthe fa side of indust a s n new fo ms of soc al o ganizat on towa d whichndust y itself e a ed the way Des ite env onmental dest uction and humandeg adat on ach nes enab ed col ect ve libe at on f om d udge y fo the sttime in histo y


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Ma c se Amo g e ec noc a s 4

When a tomat sm becomes gene a and the bene ts of mec an at on a e soc a zed,men w be bac once mo e n the Eden e state n wh ch the ha e e ste n eg onsof a a c eme e e So Seas: e a of e s e w ep ace e a ofwo and wo tse f w become a nd O ga e Th s s n fact, he dea goa of acomp ete mec an zed and a omat ed s stem of powe p od ct on the e m nat onof wo the n e sa ac e ement of e s e. [ .. W o n the fo m of nw ng d dge o of a sede a o e w ch ] e A e a s so p ope desp sed wo

n t ese deg a ng fo ms s t e t e p o nce of mach nes Instead of ed c ng h manbe ngs to wo mechan sms we can now ansfe the ma n pa t of b den to a tomat cmac nes s potent a t st so fa f om effect e ac e emen fo man n at a ges pe aps e a ges j st ca o of e mec a ca de e opme s of e as t o sa d

ea s (279 280)

I sho ld e no wonde ha as we shall soon see Ma c se ned o echnicsand i iliza ionn his s a ic e in nglish o only is Ma c se's ideal of wo kas play al eady p esen n M mfo d ("wo k i self w ll ecome a k nd of game even mo e impo an ly so s his nde s anding of he dea 's socia y o jec ve p e e isi es M mfo d and he Lef Technoc a s made s king c aims a o anew s age of Ame ican econom c his o y cla s wh ch wo ld es face d ng he pos -Wo ld Wa I "a oma ion hys e a as p em ses of Ma c se's U op an sm I is emp cal y he case hey a g ed ha soc a ly necessa y la o mecan h o gh f a oma ion e d ca y ed ced o almos no hing; a o isess a ma e of d ec phys cal exe on and mo e a ma e of echn ca expe

ise and scien c know edge; Ame ca is al eady eyond s a c y Af e eadingMa x's G nd issein he ea ly 95 s Ma c se s ely no iced wha his wo ldall l ima ely mean M mfo d sa d as m ch when he o se ved ha wo ke s we eno longe h so ce of wo k Chase p even mo e c ea ly " ] man a owas eginning o pass o of he p c e as he p ime fac o in he p od c onof wea h echn c ac 9) In o he wo ds he Lef Technoc a s had s gges ed ha he new mode of p od c v y he de n ve aspec of Ma x s highe s age ofcomm n sm was imm nen ly avai a e.

The o Faces of Critical Theor in the 1940s

Al ho gh he mem e s of he o kheime Ci cle ce ain y m s have fe l kes ange s n a s ange land when hey a ved a Mo ningside e gh s n he ea y

9 s me can p og ess ve n ellec als in fac sha ed he ask and ha ofea ly wen ie h-cen y opean Ma xism gene ally of diagnosing he end ofcompe ive capi a sm and an icipa ng he ansi on o pos cap alism A mes he ci c e ecogn ed he fe low ave e s ollock fo examp e a ded hase

nd he Technoc a s fo hav ng s ee ed gene a a en ion owa d con empo a ytechnica poss es. [ They p ove co ec insofa as hey poin o he gap e een ha wh ch s echnically poss le oday and he way he la e s p n o hese ice of h man e ngs "Beme k gen 39 .

Fo mos of he decade nst e mem e s n e p e ed econom c change wi h nng s Second In e na ional f amewo k Compe ve cap al sm had g ven

ay o monopoly eg la ed ma ke s and s a e n e ven on Po ock w o e he


16/24

42 R

st ssu of Z schr r S z al rs h ng a v ov v w of e p ocessof t o ma on of ca els bus n ss col c ves and t us s sp aks a s m a anguag G g nw ge Lage" ) W a s com ng to an nd s no cap a sm,e w ote n t fo ow ng ssue bu a e on y s e a phas Beme un

gen 35 ) Ma cus followed su t n s st ssay fo th Institut outl n ng thet ansfo mat on of cap tal st soc ty f om m cant l and indust ia capital smbased on th f e compet t on of nd pend nt ind v dual ent p en u s, to monopoly cap tal sm" ( St uggle 18 19) Ado no w ote a ound th sam time thatmus c had been commod ed n t ands of p w ful monopolies [with] unl mted cont ol ov t e total cap tal st c p opaganda mach n ( Soc al Situation391) And at t e level of monopoly cap ta ism s supe st uctu e Ho kh me andE ch F omm pionee ed a F eud an Ma x st soc al psychology fo analyz ng thet ansfo mation of l be al pe sonality types and family st uctu es

As long as t e Ho e me C cl 's though ema ned n th s Second Intenat onal conom c f amewo k the futu e emained op n to soc a sm Indeedalt oug e s a d the Ho eime C s gene al pess mism about t e wo ingc ass Polloc s analys s of the D p ess on du ng t s pe iod d ploy d the t adt onal Ma st schema of advanc ng ndust al fo c s and outmod d bou geoissoc al at ons a model fo which he found st k ng con mation n Roosevelt spol cy of a c a y es ct ng ag cu tu a ou put On th s po n he was essen a n ag em n w h Ve en s c qu of sa o age and h s so ut on was den al

w t oe s, namely he abol t on of p vat p op e p c syst m) n o deto ac ve a mo e equ ta e and at onal d s u on of t e a undant ou put ofode n ndus y In fac , n 1932 o oc cou d s ma nta n t a s at nt venon and c n a zat on oth show d t st uctu a aws of cap ta sm and made a

soc alist planned economy mo e poss bl [A]llconomic

p econd t ons fo its eal zat on app a to be g ven ( G g nw tige Lag " 27). Sim a Ho eime sp og ammatic essa of t s p od, T ad t onal and C t cal Theo y" (193d ned c i cal theo y w t esp ct to ts commitment to ov com ng cat onand ts cogn ion that society, as a p oduct of human action ca b ationallyplanned (cf 244)

It was in t m dst of the d bate ove Nat onal Soc al sm n t lat 1930sand a 194 s that he Ho khe me C cl cam to a c oss oads. The t inkng up to that po nt had esembl d th of c al Comint p sp ct v that fas-

c sm was an c esc nc of monopol cap tal sm (though thei stud es of th

psychology of autho ta an sm w e c ta nly much too F eud an fo the Sov -ets). Spea ng fo most Inst tut m mbe s Ma cuse asse t d n 933 that thetota auth ta an stat b ngs w th t th o gan zat on and theo y of soc ety thatco spond to the monopolist c stag of cap tal sm ( St uggle 19) F anz N u-mann A kad Gu and Hen yk G ossmann, Otto K c h m , and Ma cusema n d (mo o ss) comm t d o t s n p e a on oug out t e 94 s

A d ff en p e sp c ve, owev s a ted to me g n a sp c a 94 ssue of theZ i s hr ( y n enamed d s n h l s hy and al Sc nc w c

7 On I ' q , y l c l Im g n t on 43 2. W gg280- y w p l y f w P 84-120


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cu A ong t T c noc t 43

w dedic ed o wh orkhei er de cribed in hi edi or ref ce rob-e i ied i he r n on f o ibe i o hori ri ni in con inenE o e 95) The cen e ece of he i e o ock S e C i e-en ed new eberi n ide e h w nei er c ic iber nor ono o

c i i o ock in ined h N i r n he So ie Union nd NewDe A eric were ode of hi oric n receden ed e c ed ec i i he di ing i h ng fe re of w ic w he direc o i ic reg ionof rke ice di rib io rod c ion d e en oci fe The ri c ofo i ic o er econo ic o ock wro e in fo ow r ic e i c e e bi hed N ion Soci i 453 Cr ci where o ock e r ier r ic ein heZeitschriftwere r di ion M rxi cri i e of he con r dic ion be weenre ion nd force o rod c ion hi new re ec ion on e w r i e econo-ie ed hi o co c de h e e en ion igh er nen bi ize hier rob e ndeed in n ironic w he r ion nned ocie w

o ed o cceed co e i i e c i i h d e d rri ed e rnh he for er Tro k i de e e oin in he Managerial Revol tionb i ed e e e r o ock e According o rnh he Righ

Tech ocr o ec of io i ic oci e g neeri g fro he o down h dwon on he re w no oci i B o i ic o ing he en ion hr di ion M rxi redic ed wo d be he downf of c i i nd he en roin in o oci i e c i i e fec i e co onized he r of M rx' woge of o i T e r dig hif in e r cri ic eor c rried f r her

b Horkhei e nd Ado o Dialecti ofE ightenmentw he e c ion ofhe co oni ed ce of o c i i .

A ho gh he w dee in enced b hi n i e co e g e nd w i e he

cer in h red eir e i i differen oin d ring hi c reer M rc ef nd en heore ic nd o i ic co i en o M rxi nd oc ine e w e ed cf e ner 5 n he er nex n en of he ew re edt dies in hiloso h and ocial ciencewh ch fo owed he eci i e on e

c i i he w re d ch r ing differen co r e M rc e So e Sociic ion of Modern Tec no og ( 94 m rk no on i b ic difference

wi h Horkhei er Adorno nd o ock on o i ic econo b o i g red h e r io fro r di o M rx d h e e ge ce r r d coci hi o o her. A e M rc e i ied c when he wro e in hi 965foreword oK lt r nd Gesellschaft co ec ion of hieitschrift r ic e hwo d er e he b i for Negations( 968) h hi cri ic heor in he 930h d no been cri ic eno gh

B y no b c " n c c c o oy t v n t v n n tt c d too t on y to t oc y t t t co nd d o t t n

conc o n g t on t d d not go no g n u ng t t o ty? n ot wodd d ot t conc t o nd t on oc ty o not too c t oo

t ? egat on x

The ide h 30 cri ic heor h d he d g in c i i i de er i-n e neg ion of e r ion nned oci i ocie w c fwi hin c i i orbi nd for i re on he er co d corr i wi b d


18/24

44 J ess z

p a g bad xpa s th p duct v c s, bad ga zat th wg class a d bad d v p t ds a d g at cat xv ) S S c ap cat s was h s ssay wh ch Ma cus g s u wa a

c c pt th q a tat v b a w th cap tal s a d thus t wa a th s -c a s T ts cap ta s s g av tat a d s c a s w u hav b tha th p ac t th a t by c sc us p a g Ma cusw u d w d s c a s , at ast as ga ds ts bj ct v qu ts, as tha ca v u g h cap a s d p uc hat Ma x had s v

h s s c d h gh stagWhat a s a th s p ts d cu t t c g z S S c a I p

ca s" s that th ssay s at s w th th s t p ss s a y w u d ct xp ct Ma cus a t h s One Dimensional Man1964 I act, th a lssay s a g y a p v w h c t qu h t ch g ca u v s hat w uccupy Ma cus th a y 196 s S S c a I p cat s p s w th a d st ct b tw t ch cs a t ch gy b w d Mu d s cu tu a st

h gy C g Tech ics and C iliza onMa cus d s t ch cs as tht ch ca appa at s dust y t a sp tat c u cat . Th s appaa us s c s ut h w v , y a th a g p uc

] ga z g a d p p tuat g a d cha g g) s c a at sh ps a asta p va t th ught a d b hav patt s a st u t c t

a a hat s ch gy 39) Ma cus d v t s th st th t x ta c dat a d c t qu th g t t ch g ca w d a st s ass s c a t ta ty wh ch s b ct a b ct v ua a st tut , p

at acc d g t th sa st u ta p c p s w g H h a d th d sapp a a c th b u g s d v dua Ma cus d sc b s th

a s a c ca E ght t a a y y b d d hb us b u g s g t sub ss v p s a ty typ s wh ch adjust t

t th p st ca y a d bu auc at ca y gu at d w d s th h gh st t g c H s at a wh st c t y acc pts a d cut s whats a cat d t h wh t usts h s at t th a g sca t p s s a d

ga za s wh ch a st t appa atus ) Mu d s a V s c -c pts sp ct v y th b ct v p s a ty a d att act ss a a gMa c s s s u c s d g th psych gy t ch g ca as a h ughMa cus st y qu t s V b ut c t xt a d c ct y p s that V bwas c t ca th t ch ca ta ty . I t w t th h t a p ss b

d a ct ca sw tch h a pag s, h ssay w u hav b t ha aph s ph ca a psych g ca ab at P c s Stat Cap ta s a dts th s s th t ta ad st at th s c a sph

But Ma cus st c s w th th d a ct c a d as a su t, h s bas c ut p a d asw app a p t th st t :

M cha za a s a da d za ay day h p sh th c t g av ty th c ss t s at a p d ct t th a a hu aa zat . T ch g ca p g ss w u d a i p ss b t d c as th

t a d gy sp th p duct th c ss t s a d a g aduauct sca c ty a d ab t c p t t v pu su ts c u d p t th s v p s a u al s Th ss a d gy a has t xp d


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A g

in ain ainin his i e an ha o socie y he rea er he possibili y ha he canin ivi alize he sphere o his h an rea iza ion (63 64)

As he o e phasize over an over a ain in his ajor orks ro his o-en n il h s ea h os and Civili a ion(19 Sovie Ma ism19 OneD mens onal Man(1964)n Essay on L be a on(1969)Coun e e olu on andRe ol( 9 ) a o a on o pro c ion alrea y echn cal y an in el ecally achievab e o l i inish socially necessa y labor i e an e i ina e scar-ci y reein h ani y ro oil an nee an enab in he r ly ree evelop-en o he persona i y or he rs i e in his o y On y s ch a ra ical break inhe o e o pro c ion can overco e capi alis Free o o l rei n herea erno only o si e o he rea o necessi y b i hin i ; ork i se o beco eplay A ne in v ali y o l eplace he s b iss ve a hor a an pe sonali yhese are he very i eas a a ns hich Ma c se eas re h s ra ical s in his196 ore or o Kul u und Gesellschafin hich he con ras e his oo ncri i-cal heo y o he 193 s i he ne i ea ha

t g w g t t t t t t t t t t j t [ ] B t t t t g z t t t g t g w w

y w w v v tx y w . (N ga ns xv x x

o be s re Marc se ha a voca e a is inc ly philosophical Marx s evo eo he ransor a ion o h an reali y ever since he ha rea an ri en a pa hbreakin revie o Marx'sa s Manusc sin 93 an soon herea er he bea o associa e s ch a rans or a ion wi h libera ion ro oihro ho h 93 s he hone his a ec ical h nkin an looke or o en s n h ch heo s e e en s o onopo y cap alis opene he poss b l y o ne ree o sB on y in So e Social I plica ions o Mo e echnolo y" t a is on y ihe essay in hich he oine he a rea y ra in A erican isc ssion o echnolo-y's socia i p ica ions i Ma c se roo his ph losophy o h an o r shinhe ialec ic o in s rial echno o y l a o a ion i inishe abor i e anhe en o scarci y. Fro hen on hese o be he key or s o his opianis

Do las Kel ne has cla e ha Marc se s unc e so rce he above passa e ro So e Social plica ons" s Marx's G und se (c Ke ner 6). Inee he si i ari ies be een Marc se s i eas an he so ca e Fra en on

Machines sec ion in heG und sseare r ly n is akable x g v g j t t g t t t t w g t t t v t t v

t v t v y y v t t w t . B t t g w g ty v

t t w t t t t t ty y t t w t g t t g t

A t w t P OWERFUL EF ECT VENESS t t t t t t w t t t t t tg v v t g t gy t

. ]


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46 ss Ra z

[... ] Labou no on app a s so uch as c ud d n h p oduct on p oc ss, b atha at s s to that p oc ss as ts ov s and u a o [ . H stands b s dth p od ct on p oc ss at han b n s a n a nt. Ma x "Eco o c Manusc p s 9 9

In th s now a ous paragraphs Mar sk tch d so o his ost intriguing id asabout postcapitalis . Crucially Moish Poston obs rv s in his p rc ptiv r ading o th Gr ndr ssethat th cit d passag contains a unda ntally di r ntor ulation o th basic contradiction o capitalis than that or ulat d by tharly orkh i r Circl (c Poston 1 2 0) Wh r as traditional Mar iso ds ha this cont ad c ion s ands b w n ndus ria soc al p od ct on o c so produc ion) and pr va a pprop at on ations o p od c ion) and can r -or b sur ount d by a n w od o distributing w alth ( g by abolishingprivat prop rty) th Frag nt on Machin s inst ad indicat s that th tru con-tradiction o capitalis conc s what Mar call d t valu or Capitalisg n rat s w alth through valu which is its l a asur o th p nditur olabor ti Y t its structural driv to a i i valu l ads capitalis to r placwork s l v ng abo ) wit d ach n cap ta d ad abo ') Fo Ma c sa to at on is pr cis y t is chang o l ving abor ti or achin ry d sp acing prol tarian labo ro th sit o production and changing th work r whowas or rly an app ndag o th achin into an ov rs r and r gulator" Thd cisiv irony o this proc ss is that advanc d auto ation ak s valu and thuscapitalis its l ) i possibl Full auto ation li inat s th p ol tarian laboti upon which valu is ound d On th vi w shar d by Mar and Marcus (andh t T c noc ats cap a s s d s occ s no w h th soc a a iono w alth but with a r vo ution in th od o p oduction that abolish s valu andth prol tarian labor ti that u ls it r placing th latt r with a or coop ra-tiv or o social production bas d on what Mar call d th g n ral int ll ct( cono ic Manuscripts" 2)

Yt or all that Marcus s passag ro So Social I plications" sha s withGr ndr sse t s high y nlik y that ts so c is Ma Ma cus was o t n at

h cu ting dg o Ma s schola sh p was a ong th s to nco po at tar s Man scr sand The German deologyinto his own syst or a pland did th sa with th Gr ndr ssein th id 1 5 s. Th latt r t t s publica-tion history how v r ak s it al ost i possibl that Marcus had r ad it at thti h wrot So Social I plications " Although th Ma ng ls nin n

stitut in Moscow publish d thGr ndr ssein 1 two y ars b o Marcus sa t c only ,000 copi s w prin d and on y a w v ac d t W s . t s b a y ob a n d wo cop s b ary o Cong ss st on s Art ;

Mohl Musto) t was not Mar th n but Mu ord who activat d th postcapitalist vision o auto ation or Ma cus R call Mu o d's d scription o auto atis ' in Techn cs and C v l za onand how uncannily it anticipat s both Marcus swriti gs and thGr ndr sse T h work r, inst ad o b ing a sourc o work, b -co s an obs v r and r gulato o th p r or anc o th achin s a sup rvi-so o p od ct on. O co s Ma cus d d no d c y c t t s passag j st as had no nt on o C as s ua y pr sc n r a k hat abor was nc asinglytaking th or o dial watching " ut it also s s no r coincid nc that


21/24

A g 47

e r a eara ce r e Marc a a c e a a ma ,red ced ab r me e end carc y, man r ng cc rred n a e nw c e ra ca M m r e 9 0 a ma r rce any ca e my n t a Marc e wa a ecre d c e M m rd, rat er a e d c r ee d e ec cracy e ed ac a e Marc e c re a dea , many em r a y med l ng e re 94 , an t em r m a m da a

c ncre e y, r m dead ng y e e .

IV Th D ath of Ut p a

T e ay a arg ed a early we e cen y Amer ca r gre e -c a g wa e e al c n e r e de e men Herber Marc e U a W re ec my en ng q e W a are e r calc nd b l y r a g ? ! a e a em ed rec r c ae w g ra d ec cra c k g a , b rr w ame n rm la ,ered able ma er a r Marc e ca al a maT e e ec n cra arg ed r b e b l y a l a ma w lde l e e d a ca a y em n w c wea ge era ed r g lab rme e a e re a a e ear ca al m a d r e emerge ce a

rad ca y ew m de r d c n, w c ey c arac er ed Mar a g agea d al wa c g, b er g, a d e ng Tak g d rec ra I c a mr m M m rd, Marc e ared e e ec cra · n g n e r caec c y r e ar an a r and m ab l y n e ace a ma n yel ng m ee e l y l a ma n e a n a ena eda r, an a c a m w e c n e c d n be c n ed y a e ca al m,

ec n cracy c n r ed ma ng Marc e ne e m remarka lean nker m dern Amer ca.T ere we er a er a wer e q e U a r ca c

d n b l y T e n e ec a ry U a rec ed e ay, n ac , e ry de ea r a I a e e era me , -

n a n y ra a ed ca al m. W a made Marc e U a m b ewa , arad ca y m y. F r Marc e, U a ed w wa e,

m r em, a er ca a dream ad bee c ed a d re dered ge q ely rea T remember Marc e day remember Grea Re a

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Ad n Th d r W On h S c al S ua i n f Music ssays On Music 932Ed Ri hard L T an Susan H l s U f a rn a P,2002 391-436.Prin

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- T S l A a ns L b al sm n T a a an V w th :$,t3t S .N ga ons ssays n Cr cal TheoryT ans. J my S ap Bosi9 ig c9 ;1968 3-42 P n \; >"


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Marcuse Among the Technocrats: America, Automation, and Postcapitalist Utopias, 1900-1941