Maren Witte, Hayley Shelton, Logan Guerzini, Dominick Kavanaugh

Geographic

Geographic

• Urban centers • Rural areas • Ghettos • England, Spain, Dutch Republic, France • Triangular Trade • North America

Political

Political

• Social Classes -junkers, boyars, aristocrats • Fiscal advantages to trade • Alliances • American Revolution • Women’s Rights • National Borders

Intellectual

Social Contract

Hobbes and Locke used social contract theory

Hobbes wrote Leviathan Locke used it to justify the Glorious

Revolution

Voltaire

Voltaire- prejudice, superstition, religious intolerance, and injustice harmful to society.

Wrote Candid- Immediately after its secretive publication, the book was widely banned because it contained religious blasphemy, political sedition and intellectual hostility hidden under a thin veil of naïveté

Montesquieu

Montesquieu- Spirit of Laws, separation of powers, checks and balances

Other Philisophes

Diderot- encyclopedia Rousseau- women inferior to men Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations

Enlightened Despots

Enlightened Despots were welcomed by philosophes at first.

Catherine II of Russia, Friedrich the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria

Religion

Challenging the Church

Philosophes challenged most powerful religious institutions

Applied a Newtonian world view.

Deism

Deism used to take out church authority and encourage virtuous living.

God seen as uninterfering

Tolerance

Philosophes actively promoted religious tolerance.

Voltaire and Locke both wanted religious tolerance.

Artistic

Two contrasting styles

Rococo Style Neoclassical Style

Origin

Rococo Style Neoclassical Style

Aristocracies of the Old Regime

Originated in France

Republican values that criticized Old Regime

Originated in France

Rococo

Baroque “gone bad” Decorating Commissioned by wealthy individuals

Rococo

Lavish, lighthearted decor Many colors

Pastel Play of light

Foolish illustrations Pretty people, pretty

things, pretty settings

Rococo

Salons decorated in this style Philosophes

Style of Louis XV Less religious

Rococo

Adapted to public buildings and churches

Imperial Hall in Wurzburg, Bavaria

Rococo

French aristocracy at

play Fetes galantes Idealized landscapes

Transition

Carelessness of art increased hostility Johann Joachim Winckelmann wrote: ○ Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in

Painting and Sculpture ○ The History of Ancient Art Contrasted Rococo w/ ancient art Led to the rise of Neoclassicism

Neoclassical

Figurative and architectural models Renaissance & ancient world

Embraced by French Revolution & Napoleon

Rome destination for artists ○ Bought art/architects home

Neoclassical No movement Figures clear and sharply drawn Subject was political or moral lessons Political criticism

Jacques-Louis David ○ Corruption of French government

Technology

Agricultural Revolution Inventions

Fertilizer Seed drill

Seed deep in soil

Jethro Tull

Cont.

Iron plow Turned the earth more deeply

Animals and humans benefitted

Economic

Agricultural Revolution Due to increase demand for agricultural goods

Commercialization Improved efficiency Better animal breeding

England was the first to economically revolutionize because.. Factors of production ○ Land ○ Labor ○ Capital

Better banking systems along with global & colonial empires

Industrial Revolution

Luddites were English workers that protested change that threatened their jobs

They opposed confection Production of goods

in standard sizes/styles ○ Making specialized

less valuable

Columbian Exchange

Discovery of America led to this Transfer of foods, plants, and animals Incidentally led to the transfer of new

diseases

Commercial Revolution

Trading raw materials between colonies Bullion: gold and silver Had to maintain the Balance of Trade ○ Exports – imports

Price Revolution

Steady increase of price Rise of supply and price can lead to inflation This price revolution hit a lot of western

European countries

Triangular Trade

Trade of goods from England to Africa, where they would pick up slaves to be transported to the Bahamas or South America, then bring back sugar to England

Social

Serfdom in Europe

Serfdom was still used in both Prussia and Russia Russian nobility were the Boyars Prussian nobility were the Junkers

Aristocracy were at the top of the society Followed by... ○ Artisans ○ Peasants

Everyone in the family worked for the family.. This was called the family economy

Society Changes

During the 20th century social mobility was important

Society was eager to support science and invention

Urbanization made the urban population double

Rapid growth of capital cities

Social divisions became more distinct Upper class: nobles, clergy, merchants Middle class: smaller merchants,

professionals, traders, and artisans Lower classes: peasants/serfs Jewish population mostly centered in urban

ghettos