Margareth lota

FUNDAMENTALS OF

PROGRAMMING

http://eglobiotraining.com/

•Switch Case and •Looping Statement

By: Margareth Lota



Switch Case



Switch Case


- A switch, case, select or inspect statement is a type of selection control mechanism that exists in most imperative programming languages such as Pascal, Ada, C/C++, C#, Java, and so on. It is

also included in several other types of languages. Its purpose is to allow the value of a variable or expression to control the flow of

program execution via a multiway branch (or "goto", one of several labels).

The Main Reason using switch case : - To improve clarity, by reducing otherwise repetitive coding, and (if the heuristics permit) also offering the potential for

faster execution through easier compiler optimization in many cases.



Switch Case

Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a variable to several "integral"

values ("integral" values are simply values that can be expressed as an

integer, such as the value of a char).



Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a variable to several "integral"

values ("integral" values are simply values that can be expressed as an

integer, such as the value of a char).



Programs that is related to switch case


1. The If – else Statement

-The if statement allows the programmer to make decisions within a program.

- The general format of an if statement is:

If (expression) statement

-Where expression represents a relational, equality, orlogical expression ( conditional expression) .



If statement (One-Alternatives)

If (condition) statement;

Form:

Note: if condition evaluates to true, then statement is executed and statement is skipped

If statement (two alternatives)

Form:If (condition) statement;else statement;

Note: if condition evaluates to true, then statement is executed and statement is skipped; otherwise, statement is skipped and statement is executed

Format of the if statement

- All if statement examples in this text indent statements. The word elseIs typed without indention on a separate line. The format of the if statement makes its meaning apparent and is used solely to improve program readability; The format makes no difference to the computer


If we know how to write a C expression that is equivalent of a question such as “Is resting the value of expression to select a course of action. In C, the statement is the primary selection control structure

Me: it’s hard to write c expression. So, I just copy and paste it into internet.

A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.





Programming

We first define the word “programming”, it is a

computer language programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for a

computer to execute.

programming is instructing a computer to do something for you with the help of a programming

language. The role of a programming language can be described in two ways:

Technical: It is a means for instructing a Computer to perform Tasks

Conceptual: It is a framework within which we organize our ideas about things and processes.


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Programming

As an individual, I have learned that

programming is a very broad because it composes many scripts, applications and can be used to run a program that has been part of the programming language.

A programming language should both provide means to describe primitive data and procedures and means to combine and abstract those into more complex ones.





Programming

The distinction between data and procedures is not that clear cut. In many

programming languages, procedures can be passed as data (to be applied to ``real''

data) and sometimes processed like ``ordinary'' data. Conversely ``ordinary'' data can be turned into procedures by an

evaluation mechanism.




At first, programming is confusing because you have so much to understand about codes that will enable to run a program. Programming has applications and program development, the best example for this is the Internet bowser…

Programming is a creative process done by programmers to instruct a computer on how to do a task. Programming languages let you use them in different ways, e.g adding numbers, etc… or storing data on disk for later retrieval.







You have to consider languages to run or write your own program, most demanded language in programming is the DEV C++ (a full-featured Integrated Development Environment (IDE)).

C++ is one of the most used programming languages in the world. Also known as "C with Classes".

New to programming or thinking about it? It might surprise you to know that there are many programmers who program just for fun and it can lead to a job.


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How to save and run your statements?

1. Open Dev C++ 2. Click File and choose New 3. Post your Statements 4. after you post your statement 5. Save it .choose file and save or 6. click f9 or you can see it shaped like a

square



Five programs that is related on switch case

statement




http://gd.tuwien.ac.at/languages/c/programming-bbrown/c_028.htm

Link:

The above program uses a switch statement to validate and select upon the users input choice, simulating a simple menu of choices.





When it compiles and run, this will be it look . The C expression that was type it on Dev C++ The words are “enter in two number 24”



http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cpp_switch_case/index.php

Link:

Example of Switch Case Statement , you Will see the statement on the link that you see in this slide.






After I compile it and run it, the statement is now like this. As you Can see after you answer the 1st question the next question appear And after you finish all the question the box will disappear. It means finish.



http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cpp_if_else/index.php

Link:

Function and target of Programming language :

A computer programming language is a language. used to write computer programs,

which involve a computer performing some

kind of computation or algorithm and

possibly control external devices such as printers , disk

drives , robots, and so on.







When the statement was done this will it be look like. I got this from the URL . The URL was posted on the

previous slide



http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/66k51h7a(v=vs.80).aspx

Did You Know? The first programming languages predate the modern computer. The 19th century saw the invention of "programmable" looms and player piano scrolls, both of which implemented examples ofdomain-specific languages.


http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/66k51h7a(v=vs.80).aspx



Did You Know ? All programming languages have some primitive building blocks for the description of data and the processes or transformations applied to them(like the addition of two numbers or the selection of an item from a collection). These primitives are defined by syntactic and semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_primitive


http://www.cfanatic.com/topic4267/Link:


http://www.cfanatic.com/topic4267/



Looping Statements



Looping Statements - Loops execute a block of code a specified number of

times, or while a specified condition is true. - in PHP, the following looping statements are used:

*The while Loop * The Do… While Loop * The For Loop *The Foreach Loop *Break and continue statement

http://eglobiotraining.com/http://www.slideshare.net/ilakkiya/looping-statement


http://www.slideshare.net/ilakkiya/looping-statement

Looping

Loops are used to repeat a block of code. Being able to have your program repeatedly execute a block of code is one of the most basic but useful tasks in programming -- many programs or websites that produce extremely complex output (such as a message board) are really only executing a single task many times.




Looping

(They may be executing a small number of tasks, but in principle, to produce a list of messages only requires repeating the operation of reading in some data and displaying it.) Now, think about what this means: a loop lets you write a very simple statement to produce a significantly greater result simply by repetition.



Loops are used to repeat a block of code. Being able to have your program repeatedly execute a block of code is one of the most basic but useful tasks in programming -- many programs or websites that produce extremely complex output (such as a message board) are really only executing a single task many times.




The While Loop


While structure is another type of loop statements, where the condition is checked at first, the iteration will not stop even if the value changes while executing statements.

Form: While(condition){ code to be executed;}




Looping

Notice that the condition is tested at the end of the block instead of the beginning, so the block will be executed at least once. If the condition is true, we jump back to the beginning of the block and execute it again. A do..while loop is basically a reversed while loop. A while loop says "Loop while the condition is true, and execute this block of code", a do..while loop says "Execute this block of code, and loop while the condition is true".



I noticed that sometimes if the program does not run, it is because some braces are not included and I accidentally put braces on the same line and it causes the program not to read its contents. Programming is sensitive, when there is missing variable or braces or some words it does not run.




So much codes that should be entered that even the spaces are needed programming is very specific that whatever you have entered in to it you should specify because when the statement is false it wouldn’t let you run the program, I have experienced it before I arrived at this result.




Because of so many experiences I had before this program run, I found programming is also interesting for the more you are practicing to make a program run, the more questions that came up in my mind and try something that will fit to this or entering new codes to make matrix etc… that I know is possible.




Break

Break is a keyword that breaks out of the code block, usually surrounded by braces, which it is in. In this case, break prevents the program from falling through and executing the code in all the other case statements.



The do while loop

Do while statement is same as the while statement , the only difference is that it evaluates the expression at the end.


Form: do { code to be executed; } while (condition):




The For Loop The for loop is used when you know in advance how

many times the script should run. Be for statement takes three expressions inside its

parentheses seperated by semi-colons. When the for loop executes, the following occurs:

The initializing expression is executed. This expression usually initializes oneor more loop counter, but the syntax allow expression any degree of complexity.

The condition expression is evaluated. Of the value of condition is true, the loop statements execute. If the value of condition is false, the for loop terminates.






Form:

for {initialization; condition: increment ) { code to be executed }




The Foreach Loop For Each structure is a loop structure used for

arrays

Form:foreach(array as value){ code to be executed}

Foreach (array as key => value){ code to be executed}





The break statement Break ends the execution of the for, for

each, while, do-while or switch statement.


Form:* Break ( optional numeric argument)




The continue statement “Continue” is used to skip the current loop

iteration and continue with the next iteration of the loop. But “Break” is to exit from the whole loop.


Form:* Break ( optional numeric argument)




When I learned that programming is very sensitive and at the same time very detailed when it comes to entering codes, I make sure that it is clear means that I put everything important codes in it so that the program would run.





http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cpp_for_loop/index.php

The for loop









http://www.morrowland.com/apron/tutorials/cpp/cpp_do_while_loop/index.php

Do while loop








http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/c-plus-plus/looping-in-c.html

While loop


http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/c-plus-plus/looping-in-c.html




http://cprogramminglanguage.net/c-break-continue-statements.aspx

Break and continue


http://cprogramminglanguage.net/c-break-continue-statements.aspx




http://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_for.asp

Foreach loop


http://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_for.asp



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Margareth lota