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Marine and Hydrokinetics
Hoyt Battey
Water Power Program
CESA
May 13th 2010
Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies
Current Energy
• Includes tidal, ocean current and in-stream hydrokinetics
• Typically employs turbine variants
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Open-cycle or closed-cycle – both use temperature differentials in water to power a low pressure turbine (Rankine cycle)
Wave Energy Converters
Wide variety of conversion technologies
• floating or submerged
• near-shore or far out to sea
• Attenuator
• Overtopping
• Oscillating Water
Column (OWC)
• Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter (OWSC)
• Point Absorber
– Floating
– Submerged Pressure Differential
• Other
Technology Types – Wave
Technology Types – Wave
• Attenuator• Overtopping
• Oscillating Water
Column (OWC)
• Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter (OWSC)
• Point Absorber
– Floating
– Submerged Pressure Differential
• Other
Description: An attenuator is a long, semi-submerged
floating structure aligned in parallel with wave direction
and anchored to the seafloor. Existing forms of this
technology are composed of multiple sections that rotate
relative to one another in a pitch-and-heave motion. The
differing heights of the waves create an up and down
motion of the sections, creating a flexing at the hinges,
which is turned into electricity via hydraulic pumps or
other forms of power take-offs.
Technology Types – Wave
• Attenuator
• Overtopping• Oscillating Water
Column (OWC)
• Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter (OWSC)
• Point Absorber
– Floating
– Submerged Pressure Differential
• Other
Description: An overtopping device is a floating reservoir
structure consisting of (1) a collector (a.k.a. reflecting
arms), (2) a ramp, and (3) a terminator / terminating
reservoir. Waves are concentrated by the collector and
delivered via the ramp(s) to the reservoir (above sea
level), which creates a head of water that is then released
through hydro turbines as the water flows back out into
the sea.
• Attenuator
• Overtopping
• Oscillating Water
Column (OWC)• Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter (OWSC)
• Point Absorber
– Floating
– Submerged Pressure Differential
• Other
Description: The OWC is a form of terminator that can utilize
collectors to increase electricity output. There are two types of
OWC: (1) shore/breakwater mounted and (2) floating. Both OWCs
operate by the same principle in which water enters a chamber
through a subsurface opening. The wave action causes this column
of water to move up and down much like a piston - compressing and
decompressing the air. The changes in air pressure are channeled
through an air turbine (usually a bi-directional Wells turbine) making
use of airflow in both directions.
Technology Types – Wave
• Attenuator
• Overtopping
• Oscillating Water
Column (OWC)
• Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter (OWSC)• Point Absorber
– Floating
– Submerged Pressure Differential
• Other
Description: An OWSC is a shoreline or near-shore
device situated perpendicular to the direction of the
waves that extracts the horizontal energy that exists in
waves caused by the movement of water particles within
them. The device consists of a paddle arm pivoting back-
and-forth on a horizontal axis. The oscillation of the
paddle arm is absorbed by a hydraulic pump to create
electricity.
Technology Types – Wave
• Attenuator
• Overtopping
• Oscillating Water
Column (OWC)
• Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter (OWSC)
• Point Absorber
– Floating– Submerged Pressure
Differential
• Other
Description: There are two types of point absorbers: (1) floating
and (2) submerged pressure differential. Wave action causes the
components of both types to move relative to each other. A
floating point absorber absorbs energy in all directions through its
movements at/near the water surface. The wave action drives an
electromechanical or hydraulic energy converter.
Technology Types – Wave
Description: The submerged pressure differential point absorber
consists of an air-filled chamber resting on an anchored shaft on
the seafloor. The motion of passing waves causes the sea level to
rise and fall above the, causing a pressure differential in the device.
This up and down motion of the air-filled chamber can either serve
as a water pump or can be directly converted to electricity through
use of a hydraulic system.
• Attenuator
• Overtopping
• Oscillating Water
Column (OWC)
• Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter (OWSC)
• Point Absorber– Floating
– Submerged Pressure Differential
• Other
Technology Types – Wave
• Horizontal axis turbine
– Venturi
• Vertical axis turbine
• Oscillating hydrofoil
Technology Types – Tidal Current
• Horizontal axis turbine• Vertical axis turbine
• Oscillating hydrofoil
Description: A horizontal axis tidal current rotary device
extracts energy from water moving parallel to the axis of
the rotor’s rotation. Devices can be housed within ducts –
e.g. Venturi – to create secondary flow effects by
concentrating the flow of water and producing a pressure
differential. Most devices have a central axle. However,
some devices, like OpenHydro’s Open-Centre Turbine, do
not have a central axle, but rather utilize a stator to keep
the rotors fixed.
Technology Types – Tidal Current
• Horizontal axis turbine
• Vertical axis turbine• Oscillating hydrofoil
Description: A vertical axis tidal current rotary device has
a main rotor shaft arranged vertically as to extract energy
from the flow of moving water in any horizontal direction.
An example of the vertical axis turbine include the Gorlov
helical turbine.
Technology Types – Tidal Current
• Horizontal axis turbine
• Vertical axis turbine
• Oscillating hydrofoil
Technology Types – Tidal Current
Description: This is a hydrofoil attached to an oscillating
arm. The oscillation motion is caused by the tidal current
flowing either side of a wing, which results in lift. This
motion can then drive fluid in a hydraulic system to be
converted into useful energy (IEA, 2006).
• Ocean Current Turbines
Description: While ocean current turbines are likely to
have many design similarities to tidal current turbines,
these devices will likely be larger, designed for
unidirectional flow, and have different mooring
configurations (for deeper water).
Technology Types – Ocean Current
• River Current Turbines Description: Essentially unidirectional tidal current
turbines, most designs developed to date have included
shrouded turbines with piled foundations/moorings.
Technology Types – River Current
Slide 16
Technology Types – OTEC
Closed CycleOpen Cycle
17
DOE Industry Database
At a Glance
• Industry Benchmarking / Investment
• Snapshot of the industry: 129 technologies (US, 42), 143 companies (US, 48), 292 projects (US, 180)
•Developer info and location
•Resource/technology category
•Project stage-of-development
•Regulatory status
•Unit dimensions, deployment and manufacturing locations
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydrokinetic/default.aspx
MHK Global Technology Database
Industry Challenges
• Lack of design tools, standards, and validation data are preventing disciplined approach to design.
• Lack of performance and reliability data creates high technical and cost uncertainty, is prohibiting financing of development and demonstration projects.
• Test facilities are needed where new technologies can be proven outside the normal regulatory path.
• Uncertain environmental, navigational, and competing use impacts, complex regulatory framework Siting and regulatory delays may stop industry before it starts
Technologies are at a relatively early stage – industry needs to be able to put projects in the water (and in the lab) and test them
19
European Experience
• Extensive testing resources:– European Marine Energy Centre
(EMEC) in Scotland's Orkney Islands
– New and Renewable Energy Centre (NaREC) in England
– WaveHub in England
– Nissum Bredning in Denmark
– Gallway Bay and proposed Belmullet Bay site in Ireland
• OpenHydro, Marine Current Turbine, OPT all industry leaders, deployed in EU with later commercial deployments planned in North America
Slide 20
Siting and Permitting
Diagram from PEV Report “Siting Methodologies for Hydrokinetics” produced for DOE, available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/
DOE Water Power Mission
• Assess the potential extractable energy from domestic rivers, estuaries and marine waters
• Help industry harness this renewable, emissions-free resource through environmentally sustainable and cost-effective electric generation
EERE focuses on applied research, development, and deployment
• Most fundamental R&D undertaken by DOE Office of Science
• Policy role limited to advice and recommendations
MHK Project Portfolio
Primary DOE Research Areas
Technology Development
System Development, Deployment and
Verification
• Prove device functionality and
generate cost, performance and
reliability data
Research Tools and Models
• Develop design codes, models
necessary for system development
and testing
Test Centers and Facilities
• Ensure necessary facilities exist to
generate and collect system data
Technology Characterization and
Evaluation
• Develop standards and models to
analyze and evaluate test data
Market Acceleration
Resource Assessments
• Quantify resource availability and
integrate with technology data to
produce cost curves
Environment and Siting
• Evaluate and minimize key
environmental risks to permitting
and deployment of demonstration
projects
Economic Analysis and Market
Development
• Disseminate technology and
resource data and integrate into
energy benefit/deployment models
13 GW
20 GW
57 GW
5 GW
3 GW7 GW
15 GW
20 GW
Aggregation of currently available published estimates
Prices for Electricity in the U.S.
Average Retail Price (all sectors) = 9.3¢/kwh
Regional Average Retail
Price (all sectors)
Alaska/Hawaii – 18.29¢/kwh
North Atlantic – 15.22¢/kwh
Mid Atlantic – 11.19¢/kwh
Pacific Coast – 10.71¢/kwhSource: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-861, “Annual Electric Power Industry Report.”
Electricity Price Components
Generation accounts for only 68%
of the cost for retail electricity.
Where does MHK need to be?
•6.2¢/kWh based on average electricity
prices across the US
• 7.8¢/kWh based on average electricity
prices in coastal areas
• Alaska/Hawaii – 12.44¢/kwh
• North Atlantic – 10.34¢/kwh
• Mid Atlantic – 7.60¢/kwh
• Pacific Coast – 7.28¢/kwh
All prices in $2009
Current Costs for MHK
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
ce
nts
/kw
h
Tidal
Electricity Prices for Generation
Wave
OTEC
Where is it now? Wave: $0.20-0.70/kWh
Current:$0.15-0.30/kWh
OTEC $0.50+/kWh
Fields represent ranges of cost uncertainty. DOE is undertaking projects to quantify and validate costs.
27
Estimated Components of Project Cost
Transmission and Grid
Interconnection (~5%)
Siting, Environmental
Monitoring and
Permitting (~20%)
Moorings and Foundation (~15%)
Mechanical and
Electrical
Components (~30%)
Materials and
Structure (~20%)
Installation, O+M, and
Decommissioning (~10%)
28
DOE-SPONSORED TIDAL PROJECTS AND TECHOLOGY READINESS LEVELS
Funded MHK Projects
FY2008 Industry Awardees
• Verdant Power Inc.
• Snohomish PUD
• Concepts ETI
• Lockheed Martin
FY2009 Industry Awardees
• ORPC
• Harris Miller Miller & Hanson
• Principal Power
• Columbia Power Technologies
• Free Flow Power
• Dehlsen
• Ocean Power Technologies
FY2010 Industry Awardees
• DOE Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) currently open
DOE-Sponsored MHK Projects and
Technology Readiness Levels
TRL 1-3 TRL 4-6 TRL 7-8 TRL 9
Wave
• Point Absorber
• Attenuator
• OWC
• Air Turbine
Current
• Ocean
• Tidal
• In-Stream
• Turbines
• Gears / Generator
Power Transmission
Moorings & Anchors
OTEC
• Cold Water Pipe
• Heat Exchange
Resolute2
Resolute1
Dehlsen
E3Tec
Rotating
Composite
Technologies
Dehlsen
30
MHK Resource Assessments
Existing Resource Assessments:
• Very basic and incomplete; show moderate resource size
Program Supported Detailed Resource Assessments
• Comprehensive across the U.S; integrated across resource type
– Wave: EPRI, complete in FY 2010
– Tidal: Georgia Tech, complete in FY 2010
– Ocean Current: Florida Atlantic University, complete in FY 2011
– Instream: EPRI, complete in FY 2011
– OTEC: Lockheed Martin, complete in FY 2011
– Final Integrated Model: National Academy of Sciences, Complete FY 2011/12
•Will not be detailed enough for project-specific siting, local zoning and/or marine spatial planning efforts.
31
DOE Hydrodynamic Test Facility Database
Existing hydrodynamic test facilities appropriate for MHK devices
• 27 operators and 84 different test facilities
• Information includes:• Basic Specifications • Towing Capabilities • Wavemaking Capabilities • Channel/Tunnel/Flume • Wind Capabilities • Control and Data Acquisition • Data Generation Capability • Test Services • Special Characteristics
Existing Testing Facilities
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydrodynamic/
NREL is in the process of conducting a national MHK Testing Facilities Needs Assessment for DOE
Turbine Impacts to Marine Mammal Behavior
Project Title: Acoustic Monitoring of Beluga Whale Interactions with Cook Inlet Tidal Energy Project
PI: Monty Worthington, ORPC
Partners: Greeneridge Sciences Inc., LGL Alaska Research Associates, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, University of Alaska Anchorage, HDR/DTA
Funding Level: $600,000
Objectives: Determine if physical presence and/or noise of planned ORPC tidal device is associated with changes in marine mammal distribution, relative abundance, and behavior. Passive hydroacoustic devices used determine relative abundance and location of beluga whale vocalizations and echolocations within Deployment Area in Cook Inlet, AK.
Slide 32
MHK MA 2.1 –Industry Projects 2009
Tidal Device Impacts on Sediment Transport
Project Title: Environmental Effects of Sediment Transport Alteration and Impacts on Protected Species: Edgartown Tidal Energy Project (Massachusetts)
PI: Stephen Barret, HMMS
Partners: UMASS-Dartmouth School for Marine Science & Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies
Funding Level: $600,000
Objectives: (1) evaluate potential environmental impacts associated with sediment transport alteration of two established tidal energy technologies; and (2) collect and analyze information on occurrence and potential impacts to protected species in the project area.
Slide 33
MHK MA 2.1 –Industry Projects 2009
Siting Study for Ocean Current Energy Devices
Project Title: Siting Study for a Hydrokinetic Energy Project Located Offshore Southeast Florida
PI: Charles Vinick, Dehlsen Associates, LLC.
Partners: Ecology and Environment, Inc. Miami Lakes, Florida; Florida Atlantic University, Center for Ocean Energy Technology, Dania Beach, Florida; Nova Southeastern University, Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, Florida
Funding Level: $600,000
Objectives: (1) To develop a bottom habitat survey methodology and siting study approach in consultation with regulatory and resource management agencies on the OCS offshore southeast Florida; and (2) Use this information to conduct MHK site suitability analysis for ocean current MHK devices
Slide 34
MHK MA 2.1 –Industry Projects 2009
FY 09 University Research Program (Conventional Hydropower)
35
• Two awards, each of ~$1M/yr for 3 years
– Stimulate new interest among academic institutions, their students and research faculty in conventional hydropower
– Generate new knowledge and technology from the research conducted, and
– Produce a new generation of engineers and scientists to work in hydropower
• Penn State University (John Cimbala, et al.)
– Support at least eight MS or PhD research projects of graduate students and faculty members
– Strong ties to American Hydro Corporation
• Hydro Foundation for Research and Education
– Nationally competitive Hydropower Fellowship Program
– Two-year funding for up to 27 graduate students based on research proposals by committee of hydro experts
Education / Workforce Development
MHK Scholarship Program
Project Title: The Distinguished Visiting Scientist in Marine Renewable Energy Fellowship: An Innovative Workforce Development Program
PI: Sean O’Neill, Foundation for Ocean Renewables
Partners: Sustainable Energy Ireland
Funding Level: $85,600
Objectives:To send graduate, PhD, or post-graduate students (1 initially) to complete work/study on projects which involve day-to-day operations and maintenance on open-water test berths and demonstration devices (e.g., Galway Bay)
Slide 36
Education / Workforce Development
Summary
• The industry is real
• Technology is developing rapidly
• Environmental and other concerns need to be addressed early
• Overcoming challenges will require new information and responsible, adaptively managed pilot projects
Thank you for your time!!
Alejandro [email protected]
Hoyt [email protected]