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Marine Classification
What Makes something alive?
Characteristics of Living Things
Life requires 2 things to existMatter- 13 elements make up 99% of mass of living things
Energy- Capacity to do workLife needs energy to perform processes of life
Reproduction, growth, movement, eating, etc.
Living things are made up of cellsCells are the smallest whole structure that can be defined in a living thing
Matter and Energy in Living Systems
How do living things obtain matter and energy?
Obtaining Matter and EnergyAutotrophy (trophikos=noursishment)
Obtain energy from the sun or from chemical processes
Self feeding
Heterotrophy (hetero=other)Obtain energy from consuming other organisms
Processes involved in obtaining energy
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Respiration
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs perform respiration
Process of releasing energy from a carbohydrate to perform the functions of lifeOccurs in mitochondriaRelease of energy from breaking down sugars
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy
Photosynthesis-AutotrophyPhotosynthesis
Occurs in chloroplastsSolar energy captured by chlorophyllOxygen by-product
Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> 6O2 + C6H12O6
Chemosynthesis- Autotrophy
Process of using energy-rich compounds to create energy-rich organic compounds
Instead of sunlight being the energy source, chemical energy is the energy source
Chemical energy is from minerals in hot springs or from methane in deep oceans
The diversity of marine life
The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms
Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale)
Number of known marine species: 250,000
Classification of living things
Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya Figure 12-1
Classification of living things
Organisms can also be classified into one of six kingdoms:
EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
Figure 12-1
Classification of living things
Archeabacteria
Prokaryotic (no membrane bound nucleus) simple cells
Extremophiles common in the ocean
Live in hydrothermal vents\
Oldest life on earth
Eubacteria
Also prokaryotes
Bacteria are responsible for many necessities of life, ex nitrogen fixation, or healthy bacteria in our digestive tract
Classification of living things
Protista
Very abundant in oceans (what we call seaweed)
We classify these into divisions instead of phyla
More complex cell structures, cell wall and membrane bound nucleus (eukaryotic)
We will study these way more next!!!!1
Fungi
Complex cell structure
Decomposers, not very common in marine environments
Classification of living things
Plantae
Only about 200 marine plants have been identified
Submergent plants live completely underwater
Emergent plants with roots underwater and rest of the plant above
We will talk much more about these in the next unit as well
Animalia
Most complex of all kingdoms, we will study these extensively 4th quarter : )
Taxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings:
KingdomPhylum (Division for plants)ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Classification of living things
Classification is a way or organizing characteristics of life
We use binomial nomenclature (2 names)to name specific organisms
For example- humans are Homo sapiens
Notice the H is capital, s small case, and the whole name is italicized
Classification of living things
Names used in taxonomy have latin origins and usually mean something related to the organisms characteristics
For example- Homo sapiens, means “wise man”
Taxonomic classification of selected organisms
Category Human Killer whale Giant kelp
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Protoctista
Phylum Chordata Chordata Phaeophyta
Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Phaeophycae
Order Primates Cetacea Laminariales
Family Hominidae Delphinidae Lessoniaceae
Genus Homo Orcinus Macrocystis
Species sapiens orca pyrifera
Classification of marine organisms
Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility:
1. Plankton (floaters)Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)Zooplankton (drifting animals)
2. Nekton (swimmers)3. Benthos (bottom dwellers)
Plankton: Examples
Figure 12-2
Phytoplankton Zooplankton
Nekton: Examples
Figure 12-4
Benthos: Examples
Figure 12-5
Life cycle of a squid
Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages
Squid are considered meroplankton
Meroplankton- spend par of their life as plankton and part as nekton or benthos
Haloplankton- spend life as plankton Figure 12-3
Symmetry3 types of symmetry
Asymmetry- non symmetrical
Radial- more than one line of symmetry
Bilateral- only one line of symmetry
Distribution of species on Earth
The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean
Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments Figure 12-6