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Marine Food Web
sunlight
phytoplankton
zooplankton
carnivores
benthic & pelagic suspension feeders
other carnivores
other carnivores
Arrows show flow of energy and materials.
What is plankton?
• Comes from the Greek word “to roam”
• Cannot swim against ocean currents.
• Can move their limbs but their overall position or location is determined by water currents
Where are they?
• Pelagic division– Open water at all depths
• Transparent• Constantly moving
• Photic zone – Light penetrates 100 meters
Phyto- or Zooplankton?
Phytoplankton Zooplankton
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Adaptations
Adaptation Reasoning
Small Requires less food
Transparent Camouflage
Spiny extensions
Protection and prevent sinking
Oils Buoyancy
Large eyes Sight
Transparency
Spiny extensions
Large eyes
Phytoplankton
• Photosynthetic autotrophs– Diatoms– Dinoflagellates– Bacteria
Diatoms
• Greek Dia = across and tom = to cut
• Enclosed with 2 silicone shells
• May produce oil for buoyancy
• Can cause shellfish poisoning
Impact
• May turn water green
Dinoflagellates
• Greek Dinos = rotating and flagellate = flagella
• Red or brown accessory pigments
• external armored plates of cellulose
• motile by means of flagella
• Non-motile symbiotic zooxanthellae stage found in corals
Impact• Toxic
– Saxitoxins=paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)– Brevitoxins=neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) – Pfiesteria – red tide
Bioluminescent
• Special bacteria
Dinoflagellates
Zooplankton
• Planktonic heterotrophic organisms– Animals
• Larval stages• Copepods
– Protozoans
Where do they go?
• Holoplankton– Permanent plankton
• krill, copepods, jellyfish
• Meroplankton– Temporary plankton
• Sea urchin, starfish, crab, lobster, octopus