Marine Ice Nucleating Particles and the Need for Southern Ocean

MeasurementsPaul J DeMott1, Thomas Christopher James Hill1, Matthew J Ruppel2, Kimberly A Prather2,3, Douglas B Collins2, Jessica l Axson2, Taehyoung Lee4, Chung Yeon Hwang5, Ryan C Sullivan6, Gavin R McMeeking7, Ryan Mason8,

Allan K Bertram8, Olga L Mayol-Bracero9, Ernie R Lewis10

1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA2University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

3Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA4Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea

5Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea6Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

7Droplet Measurement Technologies, Boulder, CO, USA8University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

9University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto RicoBrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Research questions and significance of ice nucleating particle (INP) measurement of

marine aerosols• To what extent are oceans sources of

the nuclei for ice cloud formation?• What are sea spray produced ice

nucleating particles (INP)? • Do INP emissions play any role in

affecting cloud differences (frequency and phase) over oceans, especially SH? – Poor prediction of SH radiation budget by

climate models (Trenberth and Fasullo, 2010), too few and too short-lived clouds

– Prevalence of supercooled cloud tops down to -20˚C via MODIS and Calipso (Huang et al. 2012)

– Low ice crystal concentration (<0.1 L-1 at T> >-20˚C), only isolated secondary ice (Grosvenor et al. 2012; Chubb et al. 2013)

March 10, 2014 DOE-ASR CAPI Ice Nucleation Breakout (Potomac, MD)

Trenberth and Fasullo (2010)

Kanitz et al. (2011)

NH landSH ocean

Ship-based lidar assessment of cloud ice fraction

Some historical ice nuclei data

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Burrows et al. (2013)

Bigg (1973)

Real-time and offline INP measurements

Inertial impactor at ~2.4 mm

Continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC):

Inertial impactorEM

PCVI single particle devices

> ~4mmBioanalyses:

pyrosequencing

Ambient aerosol

Porous support

0.45 µm backing filter

0.2 µm PC filter

Collection for offline analysis(onto filter or into liquid, frozen)

Immersion freezing of few to few tens

microliter samples

VflnVali (1971):nIN per

ml =qPCR) identification of INA bacteria; heat treatment for

selective removal of biological organisms

Concentrator

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

CAICE (Center for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment) Lab Studies

Glass Wave Channel

Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART)

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

CAICE fresh seawater (Scripps pier) wave-breaking experiments (Prather et al. , PNAS, 2013)

Basic INP-T spectrum with overlap of methods

Modest dependence on n>0.5mm (mimics airborne inorganic INP)

Methods correspond (robust for other inter-comparisons) time dependence is a minor factor in assessing the activity spectrum

of marine INP. methods have no obvious flaws

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Two types of laboratory studies performed thus far

Wave Channel

Plunging tanks

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Bacteria can mediate INP produced by spray

However, a major common INP type is SS-OC (sea salt coated with organic carbon, with Mg, sometimes K, P)

deca

y

Feed bacteria

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Ice nuclei from sea spray particles peak with chl-a

in “spiked” phytoplankton blooms (January 2013) Same SS-OC

particles

inclusions

ATOFMS SSOC cluster

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

“Natural” phytoplankton blooms (January 2014)

No change or degradation during bloom but post-bloom INP enhancement at warmer T

Note: INP in filter collections were insensitive to 24 hr. dry in clean air

Seawater INP units < 200 nm, apparently organic

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Two distinctly different ocean transects (MAGIC LA-Honolulu versus SHIPPO Incheon to Nome)

POC

Chl-a

MODIS – Aqua data (Giovanni)

SHIPPO (July 2012)

MAGIC-IN (July-Sept 2013)

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Ice nucleating particles and aerosol biodiversity measured from ambient marine boundary layer filter collections

Korea Polar Research Institute’s (KOPRI) Summer 2012 SHIPPO (SHIp-borne Pole-to-Pole Observations) DeMott et al. (in preparation)

INP

Conc

. (L-

1 )

100 C heat

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

MAGIC-IN: Relatively low INP concentrations over oligotrophic oceans

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

SHIPPO

Comparison of all studies to remote continental INP data weaker marine

INP sources

22

19

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Comparison of all studies to remote continental INP data weaker marine

INP sources

22

19

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Comparison of all studies to remote continental INP data weaker marine

INP sources19

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Summary• Ice nuclei measurements from sea spray directly in lab and

from near-surface marine aerosols – Reasonable consistency with previous measurements over

oceans– Typically INP0cean < INPland

– Varied labile fraction of IN > -20˚C, but clear dominance of organic INP

– Complex interplay between biological activity, nutrients, and bubble drop emissions impact IN numbers released in sea spray

– Need further compositional data isolating INP units (underway)• Next steps: More lab studies, MAGIC analyses,, numerical

modeling collaborations, new oceanic studies (e.g., SHIPPO2014, MNF?, SOCRATES)

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)

Acknowledgments

• U.S. National Science Foundation, NSF-CHE-1305427 Center for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment, also grants ATM-0841602 and AGS-1036028

• Department of Energy, Atmospheric Radiation Measurements program

• Ice in Clouds – Tropical Science Team and NSF/NCAR C-130 staff and crew

• Dr. Bruce Moffett, JCM Labs, UK

March18, 2014 Workshop on Clouds, Aerosols and the Air-Sea Interface of the Southern Oceans (Seattle)