MARINE LUBRICANTS MARINE BUSINESS. INDIAN MARITIME HISTORY Indian Maritime Administration was born in 1929 in the form of three Mercantile Departments

MARINE LUBRICANTSMARINE LUBRICANTS

MARINE MARINE BUSINESSBUSINESS

INDIAN MARITIME HISTORYINDIAN MARITIME HISTORY

• Indian Maritime Administration was born in Indian Maritime Administration was born in 1929 in the form of three Mercantile 1929 in the form of three Mercantile Departments (MMDs) – Mumbai, Chennai Departments (MMDs) – Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.and Kolkata.

• They were set up fundamentally to They were set up fundamentally to implement the first international convention implement the first international convention on ‘Safety of Life at Sea’ (SOLAS) on ‘Safety of Life at Sea’ (SOLAS) Convention, 1974 and Loadline Convention.Convention, 1974 and Loadline Convention.


• The main objectives of MMDs are to The main objectives of MMDs are to administer the various Merchant administer the various Merchant Shipping Laws and rules relating to Shipping Laws and rules relating to safety of ships and life at sea, safety of ships and life at sea, registration of ships, tonnage registration of ships, tonnage measurement, crew accommodation, measurement, crew accommodation, surveys for load line, safety construction, surveys for load line, safety construction, prevention of pollution, prevention of pollution, inquiries into inquiries into shipping casualties and wrecksshipping casualties and wrecks, etc., etc.


• Mercantile Marine Department, is Mercantile Marine Department, is headed by the Principal Officer, and headed by the Principal Officer, and supported by Nautical Surveyors, supported by Nautical Surveyors, Engineer Ship Surveyors, Radio Engineer Ship Surveyors, Radio Inspector, Seamen Welfare Officer Inspector, Seamen Welfare Officer and supporting staff. and supporting staff.


• In September 1949 the Directorate General of In September 1949 the Directorate General of Shipping was established at Mumbai.Shipping was established at Mumbai.

• It is an attached office of the Ministry of Shipping, It is an attached office of the Ministry of Shipping, Govt. of India and deals with all executive Govt. of India and deals with all executive matters, relating to merchant shipping. matters, relating to merchant shipping.

• Implementation of shipping policy and legislation, Implementation of shipping policy and legislation, development of coastal shipping and various development of coastal shipping and various other aspects related to the Indian shipping other aspects related to the Indian shipping industry comes under its purview.industry comes under its purview.

• The oceans and seas cover seven-tenths of the The oceans and seas cover seven-tenths of the globe.globe.

• India has a long coastline of 5,560 Kms.India has a long coastline of 5,560 Kms.

• India is served by twelve major ports, India is served by twelve major ports, that account for more than 75% of that account for more than 75% of the total sea borne trade, and 185 the total sea borne trade, and 185 small and minor ports, administered small and minor ports, administered by the state maritime boards, many by the state maritime boards, many of which are doing exceptionally well, of which are doing exceptionally well, especially in the coastal shipping especially in the coastal shipping areas.areas.

• India is the fifth largest nation supplying India is the fifth largest nation supplying manning complements of efficient certified manning complements of efficient certified officers and ratings to the world.officers and ratings to the world.

• Indian seafarers have a quality of their Indian seafarers have a quality of their own and are most sought after by the own and are most sought after by the world shipping companies.world shipping companies.

• The share of cargo transported through The share of cargo transported through inland waterways in India is barely 1%.inland waterways in India is barely 1%.

• The potential for navigable inland The potential for navigable inland waterways in India, comprising of river waterways in India, comprising of river system, canal backwaters, creeks and tidal system, canal backwaters, creeks and tidal inlets, is immense.inlets, is immense.

• A major chunk of India’s sea-borne A major chunk of India’s sea-borne cargo is accounted for by crude and cargo is accounted for by crude and petroleum products.petroleum products.

• India has become a new key India has become a new key destination for crude supply.destination for crude supply.

• Transportation of energy sources is going Transportation of energy sources is going to be the major thrust area in the years to to be the major thrust area in the years to come.come.

• The prospect has attracted several global The prospect has attracted several global players into India.players into India.

• This is just a beginning – a curtain raiser This is just a beginning – a curtain raiser for the shape of things to come.for the shape of things to come.

Generic TermsGeneric Terms

• BUNKERS - fuel consumed by the engines BUNKERS - fuel consumed by the engines of a ship; Compartments or tanks in a of a ship; Compartments or tanks in a ship for fuel storage.ship for fuel storage.

• BARGE - flat-bottomed boat designed to BARGE - flat-bottomed boat designed to carry cargo on inland waterways, usually carry cargo on inland waterways, usually without engines or crew accommodations. without engines or crew accommodations. Barges can be lashed together and either Barges can be lashed together and either pushed or pulled by tugs, carrying cargo pushed or pulled by tugs, carrying cargo of 60,000 tons or more.of 60,000 tons or more.

• CARRIERS - owners or operators of CARRIERS - owners or operators of vessels providing transportation to vessels providing transportation to shippers. shippers.

• CARGO HANDLING - the act of CARGO HANDLING - the act of loading and discharging a cargo ship.loading and discharging a cargo ship.

• NAUTICAL MILE - distance of one minute NAUTICAL MILE - distance of one minute of longitude at the equator, of longitude at the equator, approximately 6,076.115 feet. The approximately 6,076.115 feet. The metric equivalent is 1852 meters.metric equivalent is 1852 meters.

• KNOT - unit of speed in navigation KNOT - unit of speed in navigation which is the rate of nautical mile (6,080 which is the rate of nautical mile (6,080 feet or 1,852 meters) per hour.feet or 1,852 meters) per hour.

• HULL - shell or body of a ship.HULL - shell or body of a ship.

• QUAY - A structure attached to land to QUAY - A structure attached to land to which a vessel is moored.which a vessel is moored.

• ABAFT - A point beyond the midpoint of ABAFT - A point beyond the midpoint of a ships length, towards the rear or a ships length, towards the rear or stern.stern.

• AFT - in, near, or toward the stern of the AFT - in, near, or toward the stern of the vessel.vessel.

• ASTERN - A backward direction in ASTERN - A backward direction in the line of a vessel's fore and aft the line of a vessel's fore and aft line; Behind. If a vessel moves line; Behind. If a vessel moves backwards it is said to move astern; backwards it is said to move astern; Opposite to ahead.Opposite to ahead.

• AT SEA - in marine insurance this AT SEA - in marine insurance this phrase applies to a ship which is phrase applies to a ship which is free from its moorings and ready to free from its moorings and ready to sail.sail.

• BEAM - the width of a ship. Also called BEAM - the width of a ship. Also called breadth.breadth.

• BOW - the front of a vessel.BOW - the front of a vessel.

• BRIDGE - used loosely to refer to the BRIDGE - used loosely to refer to the navigating section of the vessel where the navigating section of the vessel where the wheel house and chart room are located; wheel house and chart room are located; Erected structure amidships or aft or very Erected structure amidships or aft or very rarely fore over the main deck of a ship to rarely fore over the main deck of a ship to accommodate the wheelhouse.accommodate the wheelhouse.

• DANGEROUS CARGO - all substances of DANGEROUS CARGO - all substances of an inflammable nature which are liable an inflammable nature which are liable to spontaneous combustion either in to spontaneous combustion either in themselves or when stowed adjacent themselves or when stowed adjacent to other substances and, when mixed to other substances and, when mixed with air, are liable to generate with air, are liable to generate explosive gases or produce suffocation explosive gases or produce suffocation or poisoning or tainting of foodstuffs.or poisoning or tainting of foodstuffs.

• TANK BARGE - A barge designed for TANK BARGE - A barge designed for the carriage of liquid bulk cargoes.the carriage of liquid bulk cargoes.

• TANK CLEANING - removal of all TANK CLEANING - removal of all traces of a cargo from the tanks of traces of a cargo from the tanks of a tanker normally by means of high a tanker normally by means of high pressure water jets. pressure water jets.

• HARBOR MASTER - A person usually HARBOR MASTER - A person usually having the experience of a certificated having the experience of a certificated master mariner and having a good master mariner and having a good knowledge of the characteristics of the knowledge of the characteristics of the port and its whole area. He administers port and its whole area. He administers the entire shipping movements that the entire shipping movements that take place in and within reach of the take place in and within reach of the port he is responsible for.port he is responsible for.

• CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY - worldwide CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY - worldwide experienced and reputable societies which experienced and reputable societies which undertake to arrange inspections and advise on undertake to arrange inspections and advise on the hull and machinery of a ship. An the hull and machinery of a ship. An autonomous organization that supervises autonomous organization that supervises vessels during their construction and afterward, vessels during their construction and afterward, in respect to their seaworthiness, and the in respect to their seaworthiness, and the placing of vessels in grades or "classes" placing of vessels in grades or "classes" according to the society's rules for each according to the society's rules for each particular type. It is not compulsory by law that particular type. It is not compulsory by law that a ship owner have his vessel built according to a ship owner have his vessel built according to the rules of any classification society; But in the rules of any classification society; But in practice, the difficulty in securing satisfactory practice, the difficulty in securing satisfactory insurance rates for an un-classed vessel makes insurance rates for an un-classed vessel makes it a commercial obligation.it a commercial obligation.

• The The Indian Register of Shipping (IRS)Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) is an internationally recognized is an internationally recognized independent ship classification independent ship classification society, founded in India in 1975.society, founded in India in 1975.

• Within a short span of 16 years, IRS Within a short span of 16 years, IRS (Indian Register of Shipping) has become (Indian Register of Shipping) has become an associate member of thean associate member of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), the major international body of , the major international body of classification societies.classification societies.

• Admission in IACS is granted only to the Admission in IACS is granted only to the best and signifies high standards, best and signifies high standards, excellent reputation and professional excellent reputation and professional competence.competence.

http://www.iacs.org.uk/

http://www.iacs.org.uk/

• IRS (Indian Register of Shipping) provides IRS (Indian Register of Shipping) provides professionally competent, completely professionally competent, completely independent and highly efficient third independent and highly efficient third party technical inspection and party technical inspection and certification services for all types of ships certification services for all types of ships and structures. and structures.

• These services have also been expanded These services have also been expanded to cover a range of offshore and to cover a range of offshore and industrial projects.industrial projects.

MARPOLMARPOL

MARMARine ine POLPOLlutionlution

• MARPOL 73/78 - the international MARPOL 73/78 - the international convention for the prevention of convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as pollution from ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978.modified by the protocol of 1978.

• MEPC - marine environment MEPC - marine environment protection committee, a major protection committee, a major committee within the International committee within the International Maritime Organization.Maritime Organization.

• Although safety was and remains Although safety was and remains International Maritime Organization’s International Maritime Organization’s (IMO's) most important responsibility, (IMO's) most important responsibility, a new problem began to emerge –a new problem began to emerge –

• MARINE POLLUTIONMARINE POLLUTION

• The growth in the amount of oil being The growth in the amount of oil being transported by sea and in the size of transported by sea and in the size of oil tankers was of particular concern oil tankers was of particular concern and the and the Torrey CanyonTorrey Canyon disaster of disaster of 1967, in which 120,000 tonnes of oil 1967, in which 120,000 tonnes of oil was spilled, demonstrated the scale was spilled, demonstrated the scale of the problem.of the problem.

• During the next few years International During the next few years International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the International Convention for the Prevention International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78).(MARPOL 73/78).

• It covers not only accidental and It covers not only accidental and operational oil pollution but also pollution operational oil pollution but also pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution.sewage, garbage and air pollution.

MARPOL Annex VIMARPOL Annex VIPrevention of Air Pollution from Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships Ships (entry into force 19 May 2005)(entry into force 19 May 2005)

Emissions From ShippingEmissions From Shipping

• Emissions from shipping can be an issue Emissions from shipping can be an issue for local authorities with major ports.for local authorities with major ports.

• Also, as emissions from other sources Also, as emissions from other sources decline, global emissions from shipping decline, global emissions from shipping are becoming more and more are becoming more and more significant, with this source expected to significant, with this source expected to account for 60% of total SOaccount for 60% of total SO22 emissions emissions

in the EU by 2010.in the EU by 2010.

• However, bunker fuel emissions from However, bunker fuel emissions from international shipping had so far been international shipping had so far been excluded from any commitment in the excluded from any commitment in the protocol.protocol.

• After looking at the magnitude of greenhouse After looking at the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, the gas emissions from international shipping, the best solution was for International Maritime best solution was for International Maritime Organization (IMO) to agree on a global Organization (IMO) to agree on a global shipping emissions target that would be shipping emissions target that would be comparable to targets of industrialised comparable to targets of industrialised countries.countries.

• In 1997, the 3In 1997, the 3rdrd conference of parties to conference of parties to the UN framework convention on climate the UN framework convention on climate change adopted the Kyoto Protocol as a change adopted the Kyoto Protocol as a consequence of increasing evidence of a consequence of increasing evidence of a manmade global warming of the manmade global warming of the atmosphere.atmosphere.

• Binding greenhouse gas emission Binding greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for industrialised reduction targets for industrialised countries were agreed upon. countries were agreed upon.

• Shipping is a global industry and efforts Shipping is a global industry and efforts to reduce emissions are most effective to reduce emissions are most effective when agreed and implemented at an when agreed and implemented at an international level.international level.

• Annex VI to MARPOL 73/78 is a Annex VI to MARPOL 73/78 is a

International Maritime Organization International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation which aims to prevent (IMO) regulation which aims to prevent and reduce air pollution from ships. and reduce air pollution from ships.

• The MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulations for The MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships entered into force on May 19, 2005.entered into force on May 19, 2005.

• The regulation set limits on sulphur oxide The regulation set limits on sulphur oxide (SO(SOxx) and nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxide (NOxx) emissions ) emissions from ship exhausts, and prohibit deliberate from ship exhausts, and prohibit deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances. emissions of ozone depleting substances.

• The agreement set a global sulphur cap of The agreement set a global sulphur cap of 4.5% by mass for all heavy marine bunker 4.5% by mass for all heavy marine bunker fuels, and a 1.5% cap by mass for fuels fuels, and a 1.5% cap by mass for fuels burnt in special SOburnt in special SOxx Emission Control Areas Emission Control Areas

(SECA).(SECA).

• Alternatively, ships must fit an exhaust gas Alternatively, ships must fit an exhaust gas cleaning system or use any other cleaning system or use any other technological method to limit SOtechnological method to limit SOxx emissions emissions

in these areas.in these areas.

• The agreement also set limits on NOThe agreement also set limits on NOxx

emissions from diesel engines.emissions from diesel engines.

• As NOAs NOxx emissions from shipping are emissions from shipping are

primarily from engines, the MARPOL primarily from engines, the MARPOL Annex provides a mandatory technical Annex provides a mandatory technical specification for ship engines specification for ship engines manufactured since 1manufactured since 1stst January 2000. January 2000.

• The global limit for the sulphur content of The global limit for the sulphur content of marine bunkers set by the Regulations at 4.5% marine bunkers set by the Regulations at 4.5% m/m is not expected to have much operational m/m is not expected to have much operational impact as the incidence of marine fuels impact as the incidence of marine fuels exceeding this level is not high.exceeding this level is not high.

• The main impact will be felt when the Baltic The main impact will be felt when the Baltic and North Sea/English Channel SOx Emission and North Sea/English Channel SOx Emission Control Areas (SECAs) become operational on Control Areas (SECAs) become operational on May 19, 2006 and in November 2007, May 19, 2006 and in November 2007, respectively, further limiting sulphur content of respectively, further limiting sulphur content of fuels to 1.5% m/m.fuels to 1.5% m/m.

• IMO has currently agreed on the IMO has currently agreed on the designation of two SECA’s as per below:designation of two SECA’s as per below:

1.1. The Baltic Sea Area which will enter into The Baltic Sea Area which will enter into force on the 19force on the 19thth May 2006. May 2006.

2.2. The North Sea Area and the English The North Sea Area and the English Channel has also been agreed, but due to Channel has also been agreed, but due to the amendment process in IMO, it will not the amendment process in IMO, it will not enter into force as a SECA until 19enter into force as a SECA until 19thth November 2007.November 2007.

• It is expected that further SECA’s It is expected that further SECA’s will be designated in the future and will be designated in the future and IMO has set forth certain criteria for IMO has set forth certain criteria for designating such SECA’s.designating such SECA’s.

• For the sake of good order, it should For the sake of good order, it should be noted that the limitations in be noted that the limitations in sulphur content applies to all fuel oils sulphur content applies to all fuel oils (heavy fuel oils, marine diesel oils (heavy fuel oils, marine diesel oils and gas oils) and regardless of use and gas oils) and regardless of use on board (i.e. In combustion engines, on board (i.e. In combustion engines, boilers, gas turbines etc.).boilers, gas turbines etc.).

• Currently, the average sulphur content in Currently, the average sulphur content in fuel oils is in the region of 2.7%.fuel oils is in the region of 2.7%.

• Results of a comprehensive number of fuel Results of a comprehensive number of fuel samples tested indicate that only 0.2% of samples tested indicate that only 0.2% of the fuel oils tested have a sulphur content the fuel oils tested have a sulphur content exceeding the required 4.5%.exceeding the required 4.5%.

• However, it also indicates that only 4% of However, it also indicates that only 4% of the fuel oils supplied today have a sulphur the fuel oils supplied today have a sulphur content of 1.5% or less.content of 1.5% or less.

• It has been estimated that the low sulphur It has been estimated that the low sulphur fuel oil demand in the SECA’s will be in the fuel oil demand in the SECA’s will be in the region of 14-20 million tons per year, of region of 14-20 million tons per year, of which approximately 0.7 million tons per which approximately 0.7 million tons per year is available in north west Europe today.year is available in north west Europe today.

• It is generally acknowledged that the It is generally acknowledged that the above will lead to increased prices above will lead to increased prices for low sulphur fuel oils and a price for low sulphur fuel oils and a price hike from 25 to 100 USD/ton has hike from 25 to 100 USD/ton has been indicated depending on method been indicated depending on method of production and market of production and market availability/demand.availability/demand.

• Although it has been indicated that Although it has been indicated that the total world wide availability of the total world wide availability of low sulphur fuel is adequate with low sulphur fuel is adequate with the current SECA’s and associated the current SECA’s and associated low sulphur limit (1.5%), it is highly low sulphur limit (1.5%), it is highly uncertain as to whether the uncertain as to whether the availability will be adequate in availability will be adequate in world wide ports.world wide ports.

• It should further be noted that currently, It should further be noted that currently, low sulphur fuel is in general only low sulphur fuel is in general only available to operators with contract available to operators with contract agreements with oil majors.agreements with oil majors.

• Future spot availability is thus dependent Future spot availability is thus dependent on the developments in market demand on the developments in market demand and price after entry into force of SECA’s.and price after entry into force of SECA’s.

• Currently only marine gas oils used for Currently only marine gas oils used for voyages within the EU are regulated by voyages within the EU are regulated by the Sulphur content of liquid fuels the Sulphur content of liquid fuels directive 99/32/EC.directive 99/32/EC.

• The maximum sulphur limit for these The maximum sulphur limit for these fuels since 1fuels since 1stst July 2000 has been 0.2%. July 2000 has been 0.2%.

• This will be reduced to 0.1% from 1This will be reduced to 0.1% from 1stst January 2008.January 2008.

BUNKERING OPERATIONSBUNKERING OPERATIONS

• A bunker transfer process has to A bunker transfer process has to comply with the following operational comply with the following operational requirements:requirements:

• Safety requirementsSafety requirements

• Operational requirementsOperational requirements

• Documentation requirementsDocumentation requirements

Safety requirementsSafety requirements

• Safety is the corner-stone of any Safety is the corner-stone of any good operation.good operation.

• In the absence of safe working In the absence of safe working procedures and practices, no procedures and practices, no operation or venture will succeed.operation or venture will succeed.

Safety requirementsSafety requirements

Important safety requirements:Important safety requirements:

1.1. Personal protective equipment in use.Personal protective equipment in use.

2.2. Dangers of toxic gases addressed.Dangers of toxic gases addressed.

3.3. Permit to work system followed.Permit to work system followed.

4.4. Life saving appliances kept in readiness.Life saving appliances kept in readiness.

5.5. Pollution prevention gear kept in Pollution prevention gear kept in readiness.readiness.

6.6. Fire-fighting equipment kept in readiness.Fire-fighting equipment kept in readiness.

Operational requirementsOperational requirements

Important operational requirements are:Important operational requirements are:1.1. Pre-transfer checks carried out.Pre-transfer checks carried out.2.2. Sampling procedures understood and Sampling procedures understood and

adhered.adhered.3.3. Equipment onboard kept in optimum Equipment onboard kept in optimum

condition.condition.4.4. Personnel onboard are well rested.Personnel onboard are well rested.5.5. Material Safety Data Sheets circulated.Material Safety Data Sheets circulated.

Documentation requirementDocumentation requirementA complete bunkering operation shouldA complete bunkering operation shouldinclude the following documentation:include the following documentation:

1.1. Bunker requisition formBunker requisition form2.2. Statement of factStatement of fact3.3. Non-cargo tank declaration / inspection Non-cargo tank declaration / inspection

formform4.4. Tank measurement / calculation formTank measurement / calculation form5.5. Bunker delivery noteBunker delivery note

Documentation requirementDocumentation requirement

A complete bunkering operation shouldA complete bunkering operation should

include the following documentation:include the following documentation:

6.6. Meter delivery reportMeter delivery report

7.7. Sample witnessing and receiptSample witnessing and receipt

8.8. Note of protest from cargo officer (if Note of protest from cargo officer (if applicable)applicable)

TANKER MANAGEMENT

VESSELS TYPE DWT RANGE (MT)

FROM FROM UPTOUPTO

SMALL VESSELSMALL VESSEL BELOWBELOW 1649916499

GENERAL PURPOSE (GP) 16500 24999

MEDIUM RANGE (MR) 25000 44999

LONG RANGE I (LR-1) 45000 75999

LONG RANGE II (LR-II) --AFRAMAX

76000 120000

SUEZMAX 140000 160000

VERY LARGE CRUDE (VLCC)VERY LARGE CRUDE (VLCC) 200000200000 320000320000

ULTRA LARGE CRUDE (ULCC)ULTRA LARGE CRUDE (ULCC) 320000 & 320000 & ABOVEABOVE

CLASSIFICATION OF VESSELS

• CRUDE OIL.CRUDE OIL.

• PRODUCT –PRODUCT –BLACK BLACK OIL –OIL –WHITEWHITE OIL. OIL.

• COMBINATION CARRIER (OBO).COMBINATION CARRIER (OBO).

• VEGETABLE CARRIER.VEGETABLE CARRIER.

• CHEMICAL TANKER.CHEMICAL TANKER.

• LPG CARRIER. LPG CARRIER.

• BULK CARRIER - ship specifically BULK CARRIER - ship specifically designed to transport vast amounts of designed to transport vast amounts of cargoes such as sugar, grain, wine, ore, cargoes such as sugar, grain, wine, ore, chemicals, etc.chemicals, etc.

Bulk CarrierBulk Carrier

• DRY CARGO SHIP - Vessel which DRY CARGO SHIP - Vessel which carriers all merchandise, excluding liquid carriers all merchandise, excluding liquid in bulk.in bulk.

Dry Cargo ShipDry Cargo Ship

• CONTAINER SHIP - A ship constructed in CONTAINER SHIP - A ship constructed in such a way that she can easily stack such a way that she can easily stack containers near and on top of each other containers near and on top of each other as well as on deck. as well as on deck. Container ships Container ships usually carry in the range of 25,000 to usually carry in the range of 25,000 to 50,000 deadweight tons.50,000 deadweight tons.

Container ShipContainer Ship

• TANKER - A tanker is a bulk carrier designed TANKER - A tanker is a bulk carrier designed to transport liquid cargo, most often to transport liquid cargo, most often petroleum products. Oil tankers vary in size petroleum products. Oil tankers vary in size from small coastal vessels of 1,500 tons from small coastal vessels of 1,500 tons deadweight, through medium-sized ship of deadweight, through medium-sized ship of 60,000 tons, to the giant VLCCs (very large 60,000 tons, to the giant VLCCs (very large crude carriers).crude carriers).

• VLCC - very large crude carriers: tankers VLCC - very large crude carriers: tankers between 200,000 and 300,000 dwt. between 200,000 and 300,000 dwt.

• ULCC - ultra large crude carriers. Tankers ULCC - ultra large crude carriers. Tankers larger than 300,000 dwt.larger than 300,000 dwt.

Oil TankersOil Tankers

JAHRE VIKINGJAHRE VIKINGLength 458.45 Meters Beam 68.86 Meters Draft 24.61 Meters Length 458.45 Meters Beam 68.86 Meters Draft 24.61 Meters Displacement GT (ITC 69): 260,851 / NT (ITC 69): 214,793 / DWT: Displacement GT (ITC 69): 260,851 / NT (ITC 69): 214,793 / DWT: 564,763 / Cubic: 658,362 564,763 / Cubic: 658,362

• PASSENGER SHIP - A passenger ship PASSENGER SHIP - A passenger ship that its authorized to carry over twelve that its authorized to carry over twelve passengers.passengers.

Passenger ShipsPassenger Ships

• REEFER - Refrigerator ship, a vessel REEFER - Refrigerator ship, a vessel designed to carry goods requiring designed to carry goods requiring refrigeration, such as meat and fruit. A refrigeration, such as meat and fruit. A reefer ship has insulated holds into which reefer ship has insulated holds into which cold air is passed at the temperature cold air is passed at the temperature appropriate to the goods being carried.appropriate to the goods being carried.

ReeferReefer

• VEHICLE CARRIER - Ship with facilities for VEHICLE CARRIER - Ship with facilities for vehicles to drive on and off (roll-on roll-off); a vehicles to drive on and off (roll-on roll-off); a system of loading and discharging a ship system of loading and discharging a ship whereby the cargo is driven on and off on whereby the cargo is driven on and off on ramps. Equipped with large openings at bow and ramps. Equipped with large openings at bow and stern and sometimes also in the side, the ship stern and sometimes also in the side, the ship permits rapid loading and discharge with permits rapid loading and discharge with hydraulically operated ramps providing easy hydraulically operated ramps providing easy access. access.

Vehicle CarrierVehicle Carrier

• GAS CARRIER - Liquefied natural gas GAS CARRIER - Liquefied natural gas carrier, perhaps the most sophisticated of carrier, perhaps the most sophisticated of all commercial ships. The cargo tanks are all commercial ships. The cargo tanks are made of a special aluminum alloy and are made of a special aluminum alloy and are heavily insulated to carry natural gas in its heavily insulated to carry natural gas in its liquid state at a temperature of -285°F. liquid state at a temperature of -285°F. The LNG ship costs about twice as much The LNG ship costs about twice as much as an oil tanker of the same size.as an oil tanker of the same size.

Gas CarrierGas Carrier

• SPECIALIST SHIP – Designed with a SPECIALIST SHIP – Designed with a specific purpose at the time of specific purpose at the time of construction.construction.

Specialist Ship - DredgerSpecialist Ship - Dredger

Specialist Ship - Heavy LiftSpecialist Ship - Heavy Lift

SPECIALIST SHIP –SPECIALIST SHIP –

INS VIRAT – AIRCRAFT CARRIERINS VIRAT – AIRCRAFT CARRIER

CHARTERING OF TANKERS

WHAT IS TANKER WHAT IS TANKER CHARTERING?CHARTERING?

A PROCESS INVOLVES NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN A PROCESS INVOLVES NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN SHIP OWNERS & A CHARTERER (OIL CO.) FOR SHIP OWNERS & A CHARTERER (OIL CO.) FOR HIRING A SHIP (TIME/VOYAGE OR COA BASIS) HIRING A SHIP (TIME/VOYAGE OR COA BASIS) FOR CARRIAGE OF CRUDE OIL/POL AT MOST FOR CARRIAGE OF CRUDE OIL/POL AT MOST COMPETITIVE RATES, TERMS & CONDITIONS.COMPETITIVE RATES, TERMS & CONDITIONS.

FREIGHT RATES ARE INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS FREIGHT RATES ARE INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL SUPPLY DEMAND FORCES & INTERNATIONAL SUPPLY DEMAND FORCES & OPPORTUNITY COSTS.OPPORTUNITY COSTS.

INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT MKT. HAS NEITHER INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT MKT. HAS NEITHER FLOOR LEVEL NOR ANY CEILING.FLOOR LEVEL NOR ANY CEILING.

DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS OR THRU BROKERS DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS OR THRU BROKERS MOSTLY ON EMAIL/PHONE/FAX WITH PROPER MOSTLY ON EMAIL/PHONE/FAX WITH PROPER DOCUMENTATION/AUDIT TRAIL/RECORDING.DOCUMENTATION/AUDIT TRAIL/RECORDING.

8383

WHAT IS TANKER WHAT IS TANKER CHARTERING?CHARTERING?

A BRIEF NOTE GIVING A BRIEF NOTE GIVING FIXTURE RECAPFIXTURE RECAP ON MAIN ON MAIN TERMS THROUGH EMAIL/FAX IS EXCHANGED TERMS THROUGH EMAIL/FAX IS EXCHANGED BETWEEN PARTIES AS EVIDENCE OF CONTRACTBETWEEN PARTIES AS EVIDENCE OF CONTRACT

AS PER INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRY PRACTICE, AS PER INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRY PRACTICE, CHARTERING IS NOT A TWO BID PROCESS CHARTERING IS NOT A TWO BID PROCESS (I.E.TECH.& PRICE) BUT IS A (I.E.TECH.& PRICE) BUT IS A COMPOSITE BID COMPOSITE BID SYSTEM INVOLVING TECHNO-COMMERCIAL SYSTEM INVOLVING TECHNO-COMMERCIAL EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE PARAMETERSEVALUATION OF MULTIPLE PARAMETERS LIKE LIKE SPEED/DEAD FRT./YEAR BUILT ETC. HAVING ITS SPEED/DEAD FRT./YEAR BUILT ETC. HAVING ITS VARYING IMPACT ON COSTVARYING IMPACT ON COST

CREDENTIALS OF SHIP OWNERS IS CHECKED CREDENTIALS OF SHIP OWNERS IS CHECKED THROUGH IMB/ BIMCO/BROKERS BEFORE THROUGH IMB/ BIMCO/BROKERS BEFORE NEGOTIATIONNEGOTIATION

CONSIDERABLE FINANCIAL EXPOSURE FOR BOTH – CONSIDERABLE FINANCIAL EXPOSURE FOR BOTH – CHARTERER & SHIP OWNERS.CHARTERER & SHIP OWNERS.

TYPE OF CHARTERTYPE OF CHARTERVOYAGE CHARTERVOYAGE CHARTER • FOR ONE VOYAGEFOR ONE VOYAGE

• 1 OR 2 LOAD PORT/ 1 OR 2 LOAD PORT/ DISPORTSDISPORTS

• FREIGHT, DEMURRAGE FREIGHT, DEMURRAGE DEAD FREIGHT DEAD FREIGHT

• BUNKER PORT BUNKER PORT CHARGES ON SHIP CHARGES ON SHIP OWNERS A/C.OWNERS A/C.

• CARGO RELATED CARGO RELATED CHARGES ON CHARGES ON CHARTERERS A/C.CHARTERERS A/C.

TIME CHARTERTIME CHARTER • FOR TIME/PERIOD.FOR TIME/PERIOD.

• VESSEL AT VESSEL AT CHARTERERS CHARTERERS DISPOSAL.DISPOSAL.

• MONTHLY CHARTER MONTHLY CHARTER HIRE IN ADVANCE.HIRE IN ADVANCE.

• BUNKER & PORT BUNKER & PORT CHARGES ON CHARGES ON CHARTERERS ACCOUNTCHARTERERS ACCOUNT

• CARGO RELATED CARGO RELATED CHARGES ON CHARGES ON CHARTERERS A/C.CHARTERERS A/C.

• Lay day/Lay time.Lay day/Lay time.

• Demurrage / Despatch.Demurrage / Despatch.

• Lighterage operation:Transhipment.Lighterage operation:Transhipment.

:Mv/Dv - Double Banking.:Mv/Dv - Double Banking.

:Fenders.:Fenders.

• Charter Party – Time/Voyage.Charter Party – Time/Voyage.

• Bill Of Lading.Bill Of Lading.

• DW – Deadweight :Plimsoll Mark.DW – Deadweight :Plimsoll Mark.

:Displacement:Displacement

• ETA/ETB/ETC/ETD/NOR.ETA/ETB/ETC/ETD/NOR.

• LOA/Beam/Fore/Aft.LOA/Beam/Fore/Aft.

• GRT/NRT.GRT/NRT.

• Draft-Port/Ship.Draft-Port/Ship.

• FOB/C&F/CIF.FOB/C&F/CIF.

• Ballasting/Deballasting/SBT/CBT/COW.Ballasting/Deballasting/SBT/CBT/COW.

• Stripping/Trimming/List.Stripping/Trimming/List.

• OBQ-On Board Quantity (ROB).On carried.OBQ-On Board Quantity (ROB).On carried.

• CHARTER HIRECHARTER HIRE

• FREIGHT-DEADFREIGHTFREIGHT-DEADFREIGHT

• BUNKER COST- FO/LDO/HFHSD.BUNKER COST- FO/LDO/HFHSD.

• STEAMING/PUMPING.STEAMING/PUMPING.

• PORT CHARGES:PORT CHARGES:

SHIP RELATED : PILOTAGESHIP RELATED : PILOTAGE

: TUG./MOORING: TUG./MOORING

: PIER/PORT DUES: PIER/PORT DUES

: : LIGHT DUES.LIGHT DUES. : OPC.: OPC.

: HULL INSURANCE.: HULL INSURANCE. CARGO RELATEDCARGO RELATED : WHARFAGE. : WHARFAGE. : OCTROI.: OCTROI. : CUSTOM/EXCISE : CUSTOM/EXCISE

DUTY.DUTY. : INSURANCE PREMIUM.: INSURANCE PREMIUM.

• DRY DOCKING CHARGES.DRY DOCKING CHARGES.

• DEMURRAGE/DETENTION/DEV.DEMURRAGE/DETENTION/DEV.

• DUTY ON SHIPS’ STORES.DUTY ON SHIPS’ STORES.

• PORT DISBURSEMENT.PORT DISBURSEMENT.

• ADVANCE TO MASTER.ADVANCE TO MASTER.

OWNER(Revenue)

CHARTERER(Transport)

THE CHARTER PARTY(A contract)

BAREBOATTIME

VOYAGE

Trip Time CharterConsecutive

voyage

Contract ofAffreightment

CHARTERING DECISIONS : CHARTERING DECISIONS : TIME Vs. VOYAGETIME Vs. VOYAGE• In a UPGOING & STRONG tanker market a In a UPGOING & STRONG tanker market a

ship owner would like to give a tanker on a ship owner would like to give a tanker on a voyage charter basis to earn higher freight voyage charter basis to earn higher freight rates from voyage to voyage basis.rates from voyage to voyage basis.

• In case the market indicates falling trend of In case the market indicates falling trend of freight rates the ship owners would like to freight rates the ship owners would like to give the ship on long time charter basis to give the ship on long time charter basis to protect himself from the losses.protect himself from the losses.

• If the Charterer is sure about the long term If the Charterer is sure about the long term employment and exercises utmost diligence employment and exercises utmost diligence in the usage of the vessel he should opt for in the usage of the vessel he should opt for a time charter especially in up going frt. a time charter especially in up going frt. market.market.

• Time charter rates comparison with voyage Time charter rates comparison with voyage charter rates as on for following size of charter rates as on for following size of vessels :vessels :

Types of Time CharterTypes of Time Charter : :

• Trip Time Charter - Short period, Trip Time Charter - Short period, flexibility to charterers, commonly flexibility to charterers, commonly practiced veg.oil, chemicals,dry bulk practiced veg.oil, chemicals,dry bulk cargo.cargo.

• Time Charter - Voyage expenses, Time Charter - Voyage expenses, pumping at loadport and disport on pumping at loadport and disport on charterers account.charterers account.

TANKER TIME CHARTERTANKER TIME CHARTER

• Duty to maintain- Due diligence by Duty to maintain- Due diligence by owners to maintain and restore the owners to maintain and restore the vsl to required condition, charterers vsl to required condition, charterers right to putoff the vsl.right to putoff the vsl.

• Limits of trading period- Limits of trading period- Charterer’s option.Charterer’s option.

• Final voyage-Redelivery, where & Final voyage-Redelivery, where & when.when.

• Trading limits-WIWLTrading limits-WIWL


• Lay days/Canceling-Charterer’s Lay days/Canceling-Charterer’s option.option.

• Owners to provide-All provisions, wages, Owners to provide-All provisions, wages, Ins.etcIns.etc

• Charterers to provide-Generally for dry Charterers to provide-Generally for dry cargo.cargo.

• Rate & Payment of Hire-Delay in payment, Rate & Payment of Hire-Delay in payment, tanker withdrawal clauses and etc.tanker withdrawal clauses and etc.

• Instructions and Logs-Performance Instructions and Logs-Performance monitoring.monitoring.

• Directions and conduct of vessel’s Directions and conduct of vessel’s personnelpersonnel


• Bunkers-Supply of quality bunkers.Bunkers-Supply of quality bunkers.• Supernumeraries-Representative on Supernumeraries-Representative on

Board.Board.• Sub-letting-Liabilities from mal-Sub-letting-Liabilities from mal-

performance.performance.• Loss of vessel-Total loss or Loss of vessel-Total loss or

Constructive loss.Constructive loss.• Off-Hire – Shelf time form specifies Off-Hire – Shelf time form specifies

the time.the time.• Periodical dry docking-Area of dry Periodical dry docking-Area of dry

docking.docking.


• Performance clause-Speed, bunker Performance clause-Speed, bunker consumption and port stay.consumption and port stay.

• Salvage-Apportionment of expenseSalvage-Apportionment of expense• Lien – Each party’s rights of lien.Lien – Each party’s rights of lien.• Exception – Unplanned repairs & Exception – Unplanned repairs &

breakdown.breakdown.• Injurious cargoes – Explosives.Injurious cargoes – Explosives.


• Laying up – Charterers and Owners Laying up – Charterers and Owners to consult.to consult.

• Requisition by Govt.Requisition by Govt.• Protective clauses – Both to blame Protective clauses – Both to blame

collision clause, New Jason clause, collision clause, New Jason clause, Clause Paramount.Clause Paramount.

• TOVALOP & ITOPF – P&I Club TOVALOP & ITOPF – P&I Club Insurance.Insurance.

• Law and Litigation – English law.Law and Litigation – English law.


VOIYAGE CHARTERVOIYAGE CHARTER

CRUDE :CRUDE :

• VOYAGE – VOYAGE – RASTANURA TO RASTANURA TO VIZAGVIZAG

• SMAX (140000 MT) SMAX (140000 MT) $ 28.23 / MT $ 28.23 / MT

• LS FREIGHT $ LS FREIGHT $ 3.95 MILLION RS. 3.95 MILLION RS. 15.80 CRORES AT 15.80 CRORES AT WS 335WS 335

LPG : LPG :

• VOYAGE – VOYAGE – RASTANURA TO RASTANURA TO VIZAGVIZAG

• VLGC (39000 MT) $ VLGC (39000 MT) $ 50.00 / MT50.00 / MT

• LS FREIGHT $ LS FREIGHT $ 1.95 MILLION RS. 1.95 MILLION RS. 7.80 CRORES 7.80 CRORES

OMC AND INDIAN SHIPPING OMC AND INDIAN SHIPPING INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

•Almost 70% of imported crude for OMC is carried by Indian Fleet

• Entire indigenous crude is transported by Indian fleet for OMC

• Out of total 18 product tankers on Time Charter to Oil Industry, OMC handles 11 of them

• OMC is about to start direct chartering of vessels shortly

CHARTERING CHARTERING PROCEDUREPROCEDURE

Contd… Contd…

• Floating of enquiryFloating of enquiry

• Receipt of offersReceipt of offers

• Evaluation of offersEvaluation of offers

• Negotiations / countersNegotiations / counters

• Fixtures on “Subjects”Fixtures on “Subjects”

• Charter PartyCharter Party

WE SHOULD KNOW ……WE SHOULD KNOW ……

• Tanker Market structureTanker Market structure

• WorldscaleWorldscale

• A F R AA F R A

• Factors which have influenced freight Factors which have influenced freight market levelsmarket levels

TANKER MARKET TANKER MARKET STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

•3 Players3 Players

– OwnersOwners

– CharterersCharterers

– BrokersBrokers

THE SHIP BROKER THE SHIP BROKER

• Collects and distributes Collects and distributes information about the marketsinformation about the markets

• Acts as an intermediary for a Acts as an intermediary for a negotiationnegotiation

• Provides the skill and expertise to Provides the skill and expertise to deal with the post fixture deal with the post fixture administration & operationsadministration & operations

• Ethical standards ???Ethical standards ???

THE TANKER MARKETTHE TANKER MARKET• Works very quicklyWorks very quickly

• Address commissionAddress commission

• BrokerageBrokerage

• Negotiations on phone or Negotiations on phone or MessengerMessenger

• Recap via e-mail or FaxRecap via e-mail or Fax

• Asbatankvoy is widely used Asbatankvoy is widely used standard Charter party with standard Charter party with additional clausesadditional clauses

FACTORS INFLUENCING FACTORS INFLUENCING FREIGHT MARKETSFREIGHT MARKETS

• Political eventsPolitical events

• Oil demandOil demand

• New building activityNew building activity

• Tanker scrappingTanker scrapping

• External pressuresExternal pressures

STATUTORY STATUTORY REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

• In 1948 under the auspices of United Nations, In 1948 under the auspices of United Nations, an international conference in Geneva an international conference in Geneva adopted a convention formally establishing adopted a convention formally establishing International Maritime Organization, or IMO.International Maritime Organization, or IMO.

• The purposes of the Organization is to The purposes of the Organization is to encourage and facilitate the general adoption encourage and facilitate the general adoption of the highest practicable standards in of the highest practicable standards in matters concerning maritime safety, matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and prevention and efficiency of navigation and prevention and control of marine pollution from ships.control of marine pollution from ships.

• Statutory requirements laid down Statutory requirements laid down by IMO can be broadly classified by IMO can be broadly classified into the following :into the following :

1.1. Maritime safetyMaritime safety2.2. Marine pollutionMarine pollution3.3. Liability and compensationLiability and compensation4.4. OthersOthers

Statutory Requirements – Statutory Requirements – Maritime SafetyMaritime Safety

• SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea)SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea)• LOADLINELOADLINE• COLREG (Regulation for Preventing COLREG (Regulation for Preventing

Collision at Sea)Collision at Sea)• INMARSAT (International Maritime INMARSAT (International Maritime

Satellite Organization)Satellite Organization)• STCW (Standards of Training, STCW (Standards of Training,

Certification and Watchkeeping for Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers)Seafarers)

• SAR (Search And Rescue)SAR (Search And Rescue)

Statutory Requirements – Statutory Requirements – Marine PollutionMarine Pollution

• MARPOL (Prevention of Pollution MARPOL (Prevention of Pollution from Ships)from Ships)

• OPRC (Oil pollution Preparedness, OPRC (Oil pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation)Response and Co-operation)

• AFS (Anti-fouling Systems on ships)AFS (Anti-fouling Systems on ships)

• Control and management of ships Control and management of ships ballast water sedimentsballast water sediments

Statutory Requirements – Statutory Requirements – Liability and CompensationLiability and Compensation

• CLC (Civil Liability for Oil Pollution CLC (Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage)Damage)

• FUND (International Fund for FUND (International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage)Damage)

• HNS (Hazardous and Noxious HNS (Hazardous and Noxious Substances)Substances)

• Bunker Oil Pollution DamageBunker Oil Pollution Damage

Statutory Requirements – Statutory Requirements – Other SubjectsOther Subjects

• FAL (Facilitation of International FAL (Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic)Maritime Traffic)

• TONNAGE (Tonnage Measurement TONNAGE (Tonnage Measurement of Ships)of Ships)

• SUA (Suppression of Unlawful Acts)SUA (Suppression of Unlawful Acts)

• SALVAGESALVAGE

SOLASSOLAS

SSafety afety OOf f LLife ife AAt t SSeaea

• SOLAS - Safety of Life a Sea ConventionSOLAS - Safety of Life a Sea Convention

• MSC - Maritime Safety Committee, a MSC - Maritime Safety Committee, a major committee within the major committee within the International Maritime Organization.International Maritime Organization.

• The SOLAS Convention is generally The SOLAS Convention is generally regarded as the most important of all regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships.safety of merchant ships.

• The first version was adopted in The first version was adopted in 1914, in response to the 1914, in response to the TitanicTitanic disaster.disaster.

• The main objective of the SOLAS Convention The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety.ships, compatible with their safety.

• A number of certificates are prescribed in the A number of certificates are prescribed in the Convention as proof that this has been done. Convention as proof that this has been done.

• Control provisions also allow Control provisions also allow Contracting Governments to inspect Contracting Governments to inspect ships of other Contracting States if ships of other Contracting States if there are clear grounds for believing there are clear grounds for believing that the ship and its equipment do that the ship and its equipment do not substantially comply with the not substantially comply with the requirements of the Convention - this requirements of the Convention - this procedure is known as Port State procedure is known as Port State Control.Control.

A few areas covered under A few areas covered under SOLAS are:SOLAS are:• ConstructionConstruction

• Fire protectionFire protection

• Life saving appliancesLife saving appliances

• Radio communicationRadio communication

• Safety of navigationSafety of navigation

• Carriage of cargoesCarriage of cargoes

• Management of safe operation of shipsManagement of safe operation of ships

• Enhance maritime safety and securityEnhance maritime safety and security

LOADLINELOADLINE

• LOAD LINE - The line on a vessel indicating the LOAD LINE - The line on a vessel indicating the maximum depth to which that vessel can sink maximum depth to which that vessel can sink when loaded with cargo. Also known as marks.when loaded with cargo. Also known as marks.

• INTERNATIONAL LOAD LINE CERTIFICATE - A INTERNATIONAL LOAD LINE CERTIFICATE - A certificate which gives details of a ship's certificate which gives details of a ship's freeboards and states that the ship has been freeboards and states that the ship has been surveyed and the appropriate load lines surveyed and the appropriate load lines marked on her sides. A classification society or marked on her sides. A classification society or the Coast Guard issues this certificate.the Coast Guard issues this certificate.

• The stability of ships can be seriously The stability of ships can be seriously affected by overloading, especially if the affected by overloading, especially if the cargo shifts during the course of the cargo shifts during the course of the voyage.voyage.

• The practice of marking ships to indicate The practice of marking ships to indicate how low they may safely rest in the water how low they may safely rest in the water when loaded goes back several centuries.when loaded goes back several centuries.

• The first seafarers who set to sea in wooden The first seafarers who set to sea in wooden canoes thousands of years ago must have canoes thousands of years ago must have already - perhaps by trial and error - worked already - perhaps by trial and error - worked out the optimum freeboard for their vessels.out the optimum freeboard for their vessels.

• They discovered that overloading the vessel They discovered that overloading the vessel could have severe consequences.could have severe consequences.

• It has long been recognized that limitations It has long been recognized that limitations on the draught to which a ship may be on the draught to which a ship may be loaded make a significant contribution to loaded make a significant contribution to her safety.her safety.

• The first official loading regulations are The first official loading regulations are thought to date back to maritime legislation thought to date back to maritime legislation originating with the island kingdom of Crete originating with the island kingdom of Crete in 2,500 BC when vessels were required to in 2,500 BC when vessels were required to pass loading and maintenance inspections.pass loading and maintenance inspections.

• The 1930 Load Line Convention was The 1930 Load Line Convention was the first international agreement for the first international agreement for universal application of load line universal application of load line regulations and applied to seagoing regulations and applied to seagoing ships in international trade.ships in international trade.

• The minimum freeboard was designed to The minimum freeboard was designed to provide a standard of "reserve buoyancy" provide a standard of "reserve buoyancy" (the volume of the watertight hull above (the volume of the watertight hull above the load waterline), while the protection of the load waterline), while the protection of openings in the hull and superstructures, openings in the hull and superstructures, such as hatches, ventilators, air pipes, such as hatches, ventilators, air pipes, scuppers, overhead discharges and the scuppers, overhead discharges and the access openings in the end bulkhead of access openings in the end bulkhead of superstructures were an important superstructures were an important consideration in the assignment of consideration in the assignment of freeboard.freeboard.

• All assigned load lines must be All assigned load lines must be marked amidships on each side of marked amidships on each side of the ship, together with the deck line. the ship, together with the deck line.

TORREY CANYON DISASTERTORREY CANYON DISASTER

TORREY CANYON DISASTERTORREY CANYON DISASTER

• While it was recognized that While it was recognized that accidental pollution is spectacular, accidental pollution is spectacular, operational pollution is still the operational pollution is still the bigger threat. bigger threat.

TASMAN SPIRITTASMAN SPIRIT

ONGC URAN

P P M J D MBPCR

S/WAD

HPFR

ONGC TROMB.

ONGC JDM

J.DWEEP PIPELINE SKETCH

N P PO P P

BPCM JDBPT

J 1 J 2 J 3 J 4

36 ”

30 ”

42 ”

30 ”

30 ”

Documents

MARINE LUBRICANTS MARINE BUSINESS. INDIAN MARITIME HISTORY Indian Maritime Administration was born in 1929 in the form of three Mercantile Departments