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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 7 The Jovian

Planets


Chapter 7The Jovian Planets

Video


Observations of Jupiter and SaturnThe Discoveries of Uranus and NeptuneBulk Properties of the Jovian PlanetsJupiter’s AtmosphereThe Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian WorldsJovian Interiors

Units of Chapter 7


Question 1

Both Jupiter and Saturn

a) have liquid metallic hydrogen in their interiors.b) have rings.c) emit more energy than they absorb from the Sun.d) rotate very rapidly.e) All of the above.


Question 1

Both Jupiter and Saturn

a) have liquid metallic hydrogen in their interiors.b) have rings.c) emit more energy than they absorb from the Sun.d) rotate very rapidly.e) All of the above.


Jovian planets share all of the following traits EXCEPT

Question 2

a) a low-density gaseous core.b) large magnetic fields.c) lots of hydrogen & helium gas.d) many moons.e) differential rotation.


Jovian planets share all of the following traits EXCEPT

Question 2

a) a low-density gaseous core. b) large magnetic fields.c) lots of hydrogen & helium gas.d) many moons.e) differential rotation.

All of the jovian planets have dense, compact cores more massive than

Earth, surrounded by liquid and gaseous layers.


Jupiter and the other jovian planets are noticeably oblate because they have

Question 3a) very strong magnetic fields.b) powerful gravity pulling on the poles.c) rapid rotation and a fluid interior.d) many moons that tidally distort their

shapes.e) All of the above.


Jupiter and the other jovian planets are noticeably oblate because they have

Question 3a) very strong magnetic fields.b) powerful gravity pulling on the poles.c) rapid rotation and a fluid interior.d) many moons that tidally distort their

shapes.e) All of the above.

All of the jovian planets are larger than Earth, all spin faster, all have

lower density, and all show a flattened, “oblate” shape.


Jupiter can be imaged well from Earth, even with a small telescope.Here: Jupiter with its Galilean moons

Observations of Jupiter and Saturn


True-color image of Jupiter


RotationDifferential Rotation

King of gods


Natural-color image of Saturn - Roman god of agriculture



Observations of Jupiter and SaturnCassini image of Jupiter, true color $3.3 Billion 1977 to 2017


Uranus, in natural color. Note the absence of features.Discovered in 1781 William HerschelWanted to name it George.Photo Voyager 2 1986

The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune

Greek god of the sky.


Neptune in natural color1846 Johann GalleVoyager 2 image1989Roman god of the sea

The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune


The Jovian planets are large and much less dense than the terrestrial planets; Saturn is less dense than water!

Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets


Jovian planets, compared to Earth



Peculiarity of Uranus: Axis of rotation lies almost in the plane of its orbit. Seasonal variations are extreme.



Atmosphere has bright zones and dark belts.Zones are cooler, and are higher than belts.Stable flow underlies zones and bands, called zonal flow.Simplified model:

Jupiter’s Atmosphere


What is the probable source of the variations in Jupiter’s belts and zones?

Question 4

a) convection of ammonia ice upwardb) differential rotation and underlying

zonal flowc) oblateness due to low densityd) thermonuclear fusione) Jupiter’s huge magnetosphere


What is the probable source of the variations in Jupiter’s belts and zones?

Question 4

a) convection of ammonia ice upwardb) differential rotation and underlying

zonal flowc) oblateness due to low densityd) thermonuclear fusione) Jupiter’s huge magnetosphere


No solid surface; take top of troposphere to be 0 km.Lowest cloud layer cannot be seen by optical telescopes.Measurements by Galileo probe show high wind speeds even at great depth – probably due to heating from planet, not from Sun.



The Galileo probe descended into Jupiter’s atmosphere and returned valuable data. The arrow indicates its entry point.


Probe


Galileo & Probe$1.6 Billion1989 - 2003

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descent_Module.jpeg

Galileo Spacecraft 1989 - 2003


Major visible features:Bands of clouds; Great Red Spot


Red spot


Two examples of smaller storms merging, first into a smaller red spot, second into existing Great Red Spot



Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg


What is the source of Jupiter’s large magnetic field?

Question 5

a) charged particles moving in the atmosphereb) thermonuclear fusion in Jupiter’s corec) the gravitational attraction of Jupiter’s many

large moonsd) the Great Red Spote) metallic hydrogen swirling in its interior


What is the source of Jupiter’s large magnetic field?

Question 5

a) charged particles moving in the atmosphereb) thermonuclear fusion in Jupiter’s core c) the gravitational attraction of Jupiter’s many

large moonsd) the Great Red Spote) metallic hydrogen swirling in its interior


The atmosphere of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, except that Saturn is somewhat colder and its atmosphere is thicker.

The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds


Saturn’s atmosphere is similar to Jupiter’s, except pressure is lower.It has three cloud layers.Cloud layers are thicker than Jupiter’s; see only top layer.



Saturn also has large storms, and bands.


Cloud Rotation


Storms near Saturn’s equator



Enormous thunderstorm on Saturn



Saturn radiates even more excess energy than Jupiter because

Question 6a) Saturn is still radiating heat left over from

its formation.b) Saturn’s thick cloud layer contributes to a

larger greenhouse effect.c) helium rain gives off heat as it falls toward

Saturn’s center.d) Saturn’s atmosphere contains methane. e) Saturn can fuse hydrogen into helium in its

core, like the Sun.


Saturn radiates even more excess energy than Jupiter because

Question 6a) Saturn is still radiating heat left over from

its formation.b) Saturn’s thick cloud layer contributes to a

larger greenhouse effect.c) helium rain gives off heat as it falls toward

Saturn’s center.d) Saturn’s atmosphere contains methane. e) Saturn can fuse hydrogen into helium in its

core, like the Sun.

Jupiter and Neptune also radiate excess heat, most likely left over from their

formation.


Rotation of Uranus can be measured by watching storms.



Which of these is TRUE about the seasons on Uranus?

Question 8a) Its strange tilt produces extreme

seasonal variations.b) With its tilt of 29°, Uranus has four

seasons similar to those on Earth.c) It never shows any weather in its bland

clouds.d) It spins so fast all seasons are the

same.


Which of these is TRUE about the seasons on Uranus?

Question 8a) Its strange tilt produces extreme

seasonal variations.b) With its tilt of 29°, Uranus has four

seasons similar to those on Earth.c) It never shows any weather in its bland

clouds.d) It spins so fast all seasons are the

same.


Neptune has storm systems similar to those on Jupiter, but fewer. The large storm system at top has disappeared in recent years.



The two outer jovian planets appear bluish in color because

Question 7a) gaseous ammonia in their

atmospheres absorbs blue light.b) methane absorbs red light.c) cold hydrogen reflects blue light.d) dust in their atmospheres scatters

blue light, similar to Earth.


The two outer jovian planets appear bluish in color because

Question 7a) gaseous ammonia in their

atmospheres absorbs blue light.b) methane absorbs red light. c) cold hydrogen reflects blue light.d) dust in their atmospheres scatters

blue light, similar to Earth.


No direct information is available about Jupiter’s interior, but its main components, hydrogen and helium, are quite well understood. The central portion is thought to be a rocky core.

Jovian Interiors


Question 9

The magnetic fields of which two planets are most unusual?

a) Jupiter and Neptuneb) Jupiter and Saturnc) Jupiter and Earthd) Saturn and Earthe) Uranus and Neptune


Question 9

The magnetic fields of which two planets are most unusual?

Both Uranus and Neptune have fields that are off-center, and very inclined to their rotation axes.

a) Jupiter and Neptuneb) Jupiter and Saturnc) Jupiter and Earthd) Saturn and Earthe) Uranus and Neptune


Uranus and Neptune both have substantial magnetic fields, but at a large angle to their rotation axes. The rectangle within each planet shows a bar magnet that would produce a similar field. Note that both Uranus’s and Neptune’s are significantly off center.

Jovian Interiors


Jupiter’s magnetosphere:Intrinsic field strength is 20,000 times that of Earth.Magnetosphere can extend beyond the orbit of Saturn.

Jovian Interiors


Magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune must not be produced by dynamos, as the other planets’ fields are.Interior structure of Uranus and Neptune, compared to that of Jupiter and Saturn:

Jovian Interiors


Aurorae are seen on Jupiter, and have the same cause as those on Earth – the interaction of solar wind particles with the magnetosphere.

Jovian Interiors

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Mars South Pole C0 2 -110 F