MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - Maryland State …msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc6000/sc6046/pdf/... · 2013-02-13 · Ingersoll-Sergeant Quarry Bar Drill ^3 9. Wardwell

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME ONE

BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS

1897

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE FACING PAGE I. View of Model of the State of Maryland 23

II. The Potomae River Valley at Williamsport, on the Western Maryland Railroad 64

III. View of the Great Valley from Blue Mountain, on the Western Mary- land Railroad ; 104

IV. Map showing Atlas Sheets and Charts in Maryland 114

V. Map showing leading Triangnlation in Maryland 123

VI. Hypsometric Map of Maryland 142

VII. View showing Estuary of the Chesapeake Bay near Queenstown 146

VIII. The Falls of the Potomac 148

IX. View of the Youghiogheny Valley In the Alleghany Mountains, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 152

X. The Gorge of the Potomac, at Harper's Ferry looking east, on the Bal- timore and Ohio Railroad 176

XI. Folded Strata of Lewistown Formation at Hancock, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 182

XII. View of "Devil's Backbone" in Lewistown Formation north of Cum- berland, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 186

XIII. Geological Map of Maryland 204

XIV. Isogonic Map of Maryland 404

XV. Instruments used in Magnetic Observations 450

XVI. Map showing the Preliminary Lines of Equal Magnetic Inclination and the Preliminary Lines of Equal Horizontal Force for Mary- land on January 1, 1897 4j93

XVII. Map showing the Lines of Equal Magnetic Declination for Maryland in the years 1700 and 1800 494

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME TWO


1898

ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE facing page

I, The Potomac River near Cherry Run, at the Junction of the Balti- more and Ohio and Western Maryland Railroads 37

II. Lake Roland near Holllns Station, on the Northern Central Rail- way 33

III. Happy Valley near Port Deposit, on Pennsylvania Railroad System, 38 IV. Fig. 1.—Horizontal Beds 56

" 3.—Prominent " bedding " Joints in Granite 56 V. " 1.—Quarry showing Several Series of Joints 63

" 3.—Glacial Stripped Quarry 63 VI. Fragments of Cubes after Crushing 100

VII. Map showing the Distribution of the Granites, Gneisses, and Allied Rocks In Maryland 126

VIII. Foliated Granite. Port Deposit, Cecil County 130 IX. Fig. 1.—Photomicrograph of Granite, Port Deposit 138

" 3.—Photomicrograph of Granite, Ellicott City 138 X. McClanahan Granite Quarry, Port Deposit 143

XI. Granite-Porphyry. Ellicott City, Howard County 146 XII. Fig. 1.—Gaither's Quarry, Ellicott City 148

" 3 Weber's Quarry, Ellicott City 148 XIII. Granite. Waltersville, Baltimore County 150 XIV. Fig. 1.—Weller's Quarry, Granite 153

" 3.—Guilford and Waltersville Quarry, Granite 153 XV. Detailed View, Weller's Quarry, Granite 154

XVI. Fine-grained Granite. Guilford, Howard County 158 XVII. Fig. 1.—Photomicrograph of Granite, Granite 163

" 3—Photomicrograph of Gneiss, Baltimore 163 XVIII. " 1.—Curley-Schwind Quarry. Baltimore 166

" 3.—" Edmondson Avenue " Quarry. Baltimore 166 XIX. Map showing the Distribution of the Marbles in Maryland 170 XX. Beaver Dam Quarry. Cockeysville 174

XXI. Marble. Cockeysville, Baltimore County 178 XXII. Fig. 1.—Thirty-eight ton Monolith. Cockeysville 183

, " 2.—Potomac Marble Quarry, Point of Rocks 183 XXIII. Potomac Marble. Point of Rocks, Frederick County 188 XXIV. Fig. 1.—Whlteford Quarry. Cambria 193

" 2.—Slate Quarry. Ijamsville 193 XXV. Serpentine. Broad Creek, Harford County 196

XXVI. Map showing the Distribution of the Paleozoic Limestones in Maryland 198

XXVII. Red Sandstone. Seneca, Montgomery County 300 XXVIII. Fig. 1.—Sandstone Quarry, Emmitsburg 304

" 3.—Sandstone Quarry. Seneca 304 2

] 8 ILLUSTRATIONS , pj^XE FACING PAGE

XXIX. Fig. 1 Monocacy Aqueduct of White Quartzitc from Belt's Quarry, 308 " 3 Sandstone Quarry. Point of Rocks , 308

XXX. Map showing the Distribution of the Sandstones and Quartzites in Maryland 313

XXXI. Fig. 1.—Proctor Brothers' Quarry. Cambria 316 " 2.—" Peachbottom "-Excelsior-Peerless Quarry. Cambria.... 316

XXXII. " 1.—York and Peachbottom Quarry. Cambria 336 " 3.—York and Peachbottom Quarry. Cambria 336

XXXIII. Diagram of Control of the Frostburg Sheet 348 XXXIV. Diagram of Triangulation of the Frostburg Sheet 353 XXXV. Astronomical Transit and Zenith Telescope 358

XXXVI. Y-Level 368 XXXVII. Piedmont Plateau looking East from Rocky Ridge 376

XXXVIII. Fig. 1.—Heliotrope 386 " 2.—Traverse Plane-table Alidades 386

XXXIX. Eight-inch Theodolite 3H3 XL. Patapsco Valley from Woodstock College, on Baltimore and Ohio

Railroad ?08 XLI. Johnson Plane-table 316

XLII. Telescopic Alidade 320 XLIII. Smith's Map, 1608 (reduced) 350 XLIV. Calvert Cliffs, on the Chesapeake Bay 356 XLV. Farrer's Map, 1651 364

XLVI. Herman's Map of Maryland (reduced) 378 XLVII. Bohemia River from Elk Neck at Head of Chesapeake Bay 384

XLVIII. Map showing Appalachian Topography by U. S. Geological Survey, 454

FIGURE PAGE 1. Ideal Figure showing Structures of the Earth's Crust (after U. S. G. S.).. . 48 2. Generalized Section from Sugar Loaf Mountain to North Mountain 4!) 3. Folded Rocks (after Van Hise) 51 4. Quarry in Horizontal Rocks .... 53 5. Diagram showing Relation between Thickness and Exposure in Beds 54 6. Section Across Western Maryland showing Restored Folds .... 59 7. Ingersoll-Sergeant Steam Drill. ^l 8. Ingersoll-Sergeant Quarry Bar Drill ^3 9. Wardwell Channelling Machine TS

10. Ingersoll-Sergeant Channelling Machine 74 11. Revolving Drum for Derrick 1'5 12. Lincoln Stone Planer 7® 13. Stone Polisher 14. Photomicrograph of Seneca Sandstone (magnified ten diameters) 97 15. Cube for Crushing Tests 113 16. Bar for Expansion Tests 115 17. Bar for Elasticity Tests 116 18. Bar for Sheaving Tests 117 19. Sketch Map of Peach Bottom Slate Area 321 30. Baldwin Base-Measuring Device -282 21. Signal 389

MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 19 FIGURE PAGE 22. Diagram 302 23. Diagram 304 24. Diagram 305 25. Douglas Odometer 335 26. Interior of Aneroid 33g 37. Ayllon's Map. 1527 340 28. Ribero's Map. 1529 344 29. The Lord Baltimore Map. 1635 (reduced) 361 30. Alsop's Map. 1666 3^6 31. Portion of Herman's Map, 1670, on original scale 377 32. The Griffith Map. 1794 (reduced) 399 33. Part of Alexander's Map of Southern Maryland 433 34. Section from a County Atlas hy Geo. W. Hopkins 443

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME THREE


1899

ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE FACING PAGE

I. Stone Arch over Castleman Elver, Garrett County 39 II. Sample Road at Timonium Fair—

Fig. 1.—Road Partially Constructed 43 Fljr. 3.—Road Nearly Completed 43

III. Map Showing the Physiographic Provinces of Maryland 56 IV. Map Showing the Divides and Drainage Basins of Maryland 64

V. Chart Showing Normal Annual Temperature and Precipitation for Maryland 72

VI. Map of the Road-Materials of Maryland 80 VII. Photomicrographs of Rock Sections—

Fig. 1.—Trap Rock, Gabbro, Baltimore County 83 Fig. 2.—Trap Rock, Serpentine, Harford County 83

VIII. Photomicrographs of Rock Sections- Fig. 1.—Trap Rock, Diabase, Montgomery County 84 Fig. 2.—Gneiss, Baltimore County 84

IX. Photomicrographs of Rock Sections— Fig. 1.—Granite, Cecil County.. .. 88 Fig. 2.—Sandstone, Montgomery County 88

X. Photomicrographs of Rook Sections—- Fig. 1.—Marble, Baltimore County 96 Fig. 2.—Limestone, Washington County 96

XI. Photomicrographs of Rock Sections— Fig. 1.—Quartzite, Frederick County 104 Fig. 2.—Indurated Gravel, Prince George's County 104

XII. Three-Notch Road in St. Mary's County— Fig. 1.—View of Notches on Tree 130 Fig. 2.—View of Road with Notched Tree 130

XIII. Survivals of Early Road Methods— Fig. 1. —Breaking Stone by Hand, Frederick County 144 Fig. 2.—Hauling with Two-Wheel Ox-Cart, Port Tobacco, Charles

County 144 XIV. Map Showing Through Routes of Travel before 1776 156 XV. Map Showing the Main Highways of Maryland 190

XVI. Types of Roads— Fig. 1 Dirt Road, Harford County 196 Fig. 2.—Limestone Road, Washington County 196

XVII. Types of Roads- Fig. 1.—Trap road, Baltimore County; Stone Spread in Layers and

Rolled 200 Fig. 3.—Gneiss road, Baltimore City ; Stone Spread without Rolling. 300

20 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE FACING PAGE XVIII. Types of Roads—

Fig. 1 Gravel Road, Prince George's County 204 Fig. 3.—Shell Road, Baltimore County 304

XIX. Types of Bridges— Fig. 1.—Iron bridge over Choptank river, Caroline County 308 Fig. 3.—Stone bridge over Conocoeheague river, Washington County 308

XX. Maps of Allegany, Anne Arundel and Calvert Counties 316 XXI. Maps of Baltimore and Carroll Counties 330

XXII. Maps of Caroline, Cecil and Charles Counties 334 XXIII. Maps of Dorchester and Frederick Counties 333 XXIV. Maps of Garrett, Harford and Howard Counties 336 XXV. Maps of Kent, Montgomery and St. Mary's Counties 340

XXVI. Maps of Prince George's and Queen Anne's Counties 344 XXVII. Maps of Somerset, Talbot and Wicomlco Counties 348

XXVIII. Maps of Washington and Worcester Counties 354 XXIX. Testing Laboratory, Showing Deval Abrasion Machine 330 XXX. Testing Laboratory, Showing Page Cementation Machine 333

XXXI. Rock Fragments Before and After the Abrasion Test 334 Fig. 1.—Marble, Baltimore County 334 Fig. 3.—Limestone, Washington County 334 Fig. 3.—Trap Rock, Diabase, Frederick County 334

XXXII. Briquettes, Before and After Cementation Tests 336 Fig. 1.—Marble, Baltimore County 336 Fig. 3.—Limestone, Washington County 336 Fig. 3.—Limestone, Washington County 336 Fig. 4,—Trap Rock, Gabbro, Baltimore County 336

XXXIII. Types of Bad Roads in Maryland— Fig. 1.—Clay Road in Wet Weather, Howard County 400 Fig. 3.—Hillside Road with "Breakers," Harford County 400

XXXIV. Types of Bad Roads in Maryland— Fig. 1.—Sandy road, Worcester County 416 Fig. 3 Turnpike Abandoned from Rough Surface, Montgomery

County 416 XXXV. Types of Bad Roads in Maryland—

Fig. 1.—Dusty road, Baltimore County 433 Fig. 2 Undrained Road in Cut, Charles County 433

FIGURE PAGE 1. Mean Temperature in the Four Climatic Divisions of Maryland 66 3. Fluctuations in Normal Rainfall 73 3. Fluctuations in Annual Precipitation at Baltimore, 1871-1898 74 4. Old Sign-Board Giving the Rates of Toll on Animals and Vehicles 169 5. Showing Effect of Storm-Water on a Steep Grade (Vertical Scale Exag-

gerated) 195 6. Cross-Section of I-Beam Bridge 306 7. Laying Side-Drain for Macadam Road on State Highway in Massachusetts. . 373 8. End Elevation and Longitudinal Section of a Pipe Culvert under an Em-

bankment 373 9. Cross-Section of Road with Open Side-Ditches 374

MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 21 FIGURE PAGE

J j' j. Sections of Lateral Drains for Underdrainage of a Road-bed 375 12. Pipe-Drain Badly Laid, and the Opening, as a Consequence, Partially Closed. 376 13. The Effect of Placing Broken Stone upon Firm and Soft Foundations,

respectively 377 14. Applying Stone for Macadam Road on State Highway in Massachusetts 378 15. Rolling Surface of Macadam Road on State Highway in Massachusetts 381 16. Laying Telford Road on State Highway in Massachusetts 385 17. Roman Road 387 18. Early Eighteenth-Century Road 387 19. Late Eighteenth-Century Road 387 30. Modern Macadam Road 387 31. Section of Road on Sidehill with Side-Drain and Telford Foundation on Up-

hill Side 388 33. Section of Road Cut Through Heavy or Soggy Soil with Telford Founda-

tion and Side-Drains 388 38. Section of Old Shell Road Surfaced with a Thin Layer of Broken Stone.... 394 34. Road-Machine or Grader Refilling Earth over Pipe-Drain 303 25. One Form of Portable Stone-Crusher 304 36. Portable Form of Combined Crusher, Elevator and Screen 304 37. Rotary Stone-Crusher 305 38. Automatic Screen for Assorting Crushed Stone into Different Sizes 306 39. General Arrangement of Crushing-Plant on Sidehill Location 307 30. General Arrangement of Crushing-Plant on Level Ground 307 31. Reversible Horse-Roller 310 83. Steam Road-Roller 310 33. Gravel Road in Southwestern Connecticut 337 34. Macadam Road in Eastern Massachusetts 355 35. Sandy Road with Improved Gravel Road in Foreground, New Jersey 365 86. Macadam Road at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 378 37. Six-Horse Load on a Main Road, Harford County .*. 406 38. Two-horse Load on a Macadam Road, North Caroliita 407

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME FOUR


1902

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FACING PAGE. I. The City of Cumberland and the Narrows of Wills Mountain 28

II. View from Sideling Hill, looking east. From sketch by the author. 38 III. General View of arch of Oriskany sandstone on North Branch of

the Potomac 84 IV. Detailed view of arch of Oriskany sandstone on North Branch of

the Potomac 34 V. Theoretical map of the geography of the eastern United States in

early Cambrian time 36 VI. View of the western slope of Wills Mountain in Wills Valley, near

Cumberland, Md 54 VII. Theoretical map of the geography of the eastern United States dur-

ing and at the close of the Devonian period 60 VIII. View of anticline in upper Silurian strata in cement quarry, Cum-

berland, Md 82 IX. View of syncline in massive Devonian sandstone southwest of little

Orleans, Md 82 X. Experimental demonstration of the development of anticlinal.... 84

XI. Drawing of the apparatus employed to compress models 84 XII. Theoretical sections based upon experimental results of folding... 86

XIII. Testing Machinery 110 Fig. 1.—Duval Machine for testing the wearing of road-materials. 110 " 2.—Brick Kattler for testing the wearing of paving-brick.... 110

XIV. Testing Machinery 116 Fig. 1—Old Page machine remodeled at the Laboratory of the High-

way Division to make Impact tests on stone and paving-brick... 116 Fig. 2—Page-John son machine designed and made at the Laboratory

of the Highway Division for testing the cementing value of stone dust 116

XV. Testing Machinery 122 Fig. 1. —Machine for testing the tensile strength of cements 132 Fig. 2.—Machine designed by the Highway Division for making

cross-breaking tests of paving-bricks 122 XVI. Maryland Highways 134

Fig. 1.—Cut at Beaver Dam Hill on South River road, Anne Arundel County 134

Fig. 2.—Ruts formed in shell road near Salisbury, Wicomico County. 134 XVII. Belair-Churchville Road. 142

Fig. 1.—Before improvement 142 Fig. 2.—After improvement 143

12 ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE. XVIII

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX. XXXI.

XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV.

XXXVI. XXXVII.

XXXVIII. XXXIX a&

XL.

FACINO PAGE. Road Improvements 146

1.—Embankment made at loot of Belair Hill, Belair-Chureli- ville road, Harford County 140

Fig. 3.—Old and new location of Old Frederick near the Marriotts- ville road, Howard County 140

The Great Seal of Maryland, made in terra cotta by the Burns and Kussell Company 205

I'ig- 1-—Showing method of mining down the dip 310 Fig. 3.—Passage of granite into residual clay Frenchtown, Cecil

County 810

Clay bank showing carbonate of iron concretions, Reynold's old bank, Anne Arundel County 333

Eig. I.—Working a clay deposit as an open pit 354 Fig. 3.—Entrance to tire-clay mine on Savage Mountain 354 Fig. 1.—Sand wheels 363 Fig. 3.— Eocene clay at Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County.. 363 Fig. 1.—Troughing for kaolin-washing 370 Fig. 3.—Settling tanks at kaolin-washing plant 370 Fig. 1.—Ring-pit generally used in Maryland 314 Fig. 3.—Pallet racks for drying soft-mud building brick 314 Fig. 1.—Drying-floor heated by flues underneath 338 Fig. 3.—Tunnel-dryer for drying brick 838 Fig. 1.—Arrangement of brick in an updraft scove-kiln 330 Fig. 3.—Arch brick of a scove-kiln displaced during burning 330 Eig. 1.—Updraft continuous kiln showing dampers 330 Fig. 3.—Interior view of updraft continuous kiln 336 Fig. 1.—Circular downdraft kiln for burning paving-brick 343 Fig. 3—Updraft kiln used for burning common brick 343 Forms of fire-brick made in Maryland 350 Fig. 1.—Updraft kiln for burning fire-brick 350 Fig. 3.—Pan for grinding grog and tire-clay 356 Views illustrating the process of turning jars 358 Forming cups on jig-wheel, Bennett's Pottery, Baltimore 363 View showing method of shaping ware by pressing 864 Molding of sanitary ware, Bennett's Pottery, Baltimore 806 Dipping pottery into glaze mixture 370 Carrying saggers of ware into kiln for burning, D. F. Haynes & Son,

Baltimore 373 Decorating room, D. F. Haynes & Son, Chesapeake Pottery 374

b Maps showing the distribution of the Potomac Group in Maryland. 378 Map showing the location of the Topographic sheets of the U. S.

Geological Survey made in cooperation with the Maryland Geologi- cal Survey 333

MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 13

PLATE. FACING PAOB. XL.I. Fig. 1.—Pleistocene clay, railroad cut north of Perryville, Cecil

County 386 Fig. 2.—Clay beds of Pleistocene, Bodkin Point, Anne Arundel

County 386 XLII. Fig. 1.—Pleistocene clays along shore south of Bodkin Point, Anne

Arundel County 390 Fig. 2.—Buried forest overlain by Pleistocene clay, south of Bodkin

Point 390 XLI1I. Fig. 1.—Patuxent river and works of New York Silicite Company,

Caivert County 394 Fig. 2.—Nearer view of works 394

XLIV. Fig. 1.—Cliffs containing beds of Diatomaceous earth, Lyons Wharf, Caivert County 398

Fig. 2.—Diatomaceous earth-pit of New York Silicite Company, Lyons Wharf, Caivert County 398

XLV. Map of Central Cecil County showing areal distribution of clay- bearing formations of the Potomac group 406

XLVI. Fig. 1.—Patapsco "Fuller's earth" at Maulden Mountain 414 Fig. 2.—Patapsco clay in cut east of Principio Station, Cecil County. 414

XLVII. Map showing areal distribution of clay-bearing formations of the Potomac group in the region southwest of Baltimore City 422

XLVIII. Fig. 1.—Bank of blue Arundel clay, north of Curtis Bay Junction Baltimore County 430

Fig. 2.—Bank showing blue Arundel clay above and variegated Arundel clay below 430

XLIX. Fig. 1.—Variegated Arundel clay, Hertel's brick yard, Baltimore. .. 434 Fig. 2.—Bank of Arundel clay at Monumental, Baltimore County. 434

L. Panoramic view of Busey's brick yard, Baltimore. Bank of Arundel clay on the right, formerly worked for iron ore 436

LI. Fig. 1.—Arundel clays at yard 17, Baltimore Brick Company, Her- ing Run, Baltimore County 438

Fig. 2.—Arundel clay used for terra cotta, Washington road, Balti- more County 438

LII. Fig. 1.—Patuxent sand northwest of Curtis Bay Junction, Baltimore County 440

Fig. 2.—Patuxent sand capped by bed of paint-clay. Shell road, south of Baltimore 440

LIII. Fig. 1.—Patapsco stoneware clay, near Carpenter Point, Cecil County 446

Fig. 2.—Shale bed at Gannon's new cut, north of Westernport, Allegany County 446

LIV. Map showing the distribution of the Mount Savage fire-clay in Mary- land...... 450

14 ILLUSTRATIONS

rLATE. FACING PAGB. LV. Fig. 1.—General view of works of Queen City Brick and Tile Com-

pany, Cumberland, AUegany County 454 Fig. 3.—Portion of shale bank of Queen City Brick and Tile Com-

pany, Cumberland, Allegany County 454 LVI. Fig. 1.—Pit of Maryland Clay Company, Cecil County 456

Fig. 3.—Kaolin outcrop in Sutton's cut, northeast of Perryville, Cecil County 456

LVII. Maryland Clay Company's washing plant at Northeast, Cecil County 458

Fig. 2.—Residual fire-clay, J. Smith's pit, Dorsey, Howard County. 458 LVIII. Map of central Maryland showing the rocks yielding residual clays. 463

LIX. Fig. 1—General view of Conococheague Brick and Tile Company's Works, Williamsport, Washington County 466

Fig. 3.—Pit of Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, Har- man, Anne Arundel County 466

LX. Fig. 1.—The Burns and Russell Company's Terra Cotta Works, Baltimore 468

Fig. 3.—Molding Room, The Burns and Russell Company's Terra Cotta Works 468

LXI. Baltimore Terra Cotta Works 470 LXII. Maryland Penitentiary showing roof covered with Maryland Roof-

ing tile 472 LXIII. Fig. 1.—Kiln shed. Union Mining Company, Mount Savage 474

Fig. 3—Heaps of clay weathering at mines of Savage Mountain Fire Brick Works 474

LXIV. Fig. 1.—Molding department. Union Mining Company, Mount Savage 476

Fig. 3. —Molding fire-brick 476 LXV. Fig. 1—Molds for gas-retorts, Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co. 478

Fig. 3—Retorts placed in kiln for burning 478 LXVI. Fig. 1.—Kiln, Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Company 480

Fig. 3.—Interior of kiln of flre-brick, same works 480 LXVII. Fig. 1 Molding enameled-bricks. Mount Savage 482

Fig. 3.—Drying room of Enameled-Brick Works, Mount Savage... 482 LXVIII. Cones of Maryland clays from different localities which have been

heated to cone 27 (3038° Fahr.) in the Deville furnace 484 LXIX. Fig. 1.—Chesapeake Pottery Works, D. F. Haynes& Son, Baltimore. 486

Fig. 3—Maryland Pottery Works, Edwin Bennett Company, Balti- more 486

FIGURE. PAGB. 1. Generalized profile, showing relative areas of the earth's surface at different

heights and depths 85 3. Curves showing rate of wear for different paving brick during rattler test. 112


FIGURE. PAGE. 3. Curves showing rate of wear for soft and hard rock during the abrasion

test 126 4. Sketch of the hall-mill for making stone dust for the cementation test of

macadam materials 130 5. Microscopic section showing clay particles in ball-clay from Edgar, Fla.... 249 6. Microscopic section showing fine silt particles in hall-clay from Edgar, Fla. 350 7. Microscopic section showing uneven surfaces of clay particles 351 8. Microscopic section showing particles in a lean clay 353 9. Segar cones before and after testing 356

10. The " Johnson" square center-feed open delivery filter-press 374 11. Press used for compacting washed kaolin 375 13. Raymond pulverizer and separator for cleaning clays 377 13. Machine used for testing the tensile strength of clays 380 14. Fletcher furnace used for testing clay samples 383 15. Sectional view of Segar Furnace used in testing clay samples 383 16. Section of Deville Furnace used in testing clay samples 283 17. Sectional cut of Sturtevant roll jaw crusher 311 18. Dry-pan used for pulverizing shales and clays 31S 19. Steadman disintegrator for breaking up lumpy clay 318 30. Disintegrating rolls for grinding clay 314 21. Pug-mill used for tempering clay 316

■22. Martin soft-mud machine for molding brick 318 23. Plan of a soft-mud brick plant 319 34. Stiff-mud machine for molding brick 321 35. Side out, automatic cutter 333 86. Section of Simpson dry-press brick machine 333 27. Boyd dry-press brick machine 324 38. Eagle repressing machine 326 29. Vertical section of Grath coking furnace 333 30. Ground-plan of Grath coking furnace 334 31. Section of Haigh continuous kiln 335 32. Horizontal plan of Haigh continuous kiln 336 33. Press for making roofing tile 346 34. Pipe press used in pressing sewer pipe 349

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME FIVE


1905

ILLUSTRATIONS

pLATE FACING PAGE I. Eight-Inch Theodolite 25

II. Map of Lines of Equal Magnetic Declination for Maryland 44 III. Map of Equal Magnetic Declination for Gaithersburg 44 IV. Map of Lines of Equal Magnetic Inclination for Maryland 64 V. Map of Lines of Equal Horizontal Intensity 90

VI. Fig. 1.—Mound on Mason and Dixon Line 112 Fig. 2.—Mound on National Road 112

VII. Map of Boundary Line between Allegany and Garrett Counties. 120 VIII. Fig. 1.—Confluence of Savage River and North Branch of the

Potomac 128 Fig. 2.—Triangulation Station (MO 128

IX. Fig. 1.—Eastern Avenue, Baltimore County, Macadam Road with Trap-rock Top and Slag Foundation 166

Fig. 2.—Rising Sun-Farmington Road, Cecil County, Macadam Road, all Courses made of Trap-rock 166

X. Fig. 1.—Belair-Churchville Road, Harford County, Finishing a Macadam Road I?*

Fig. 2.—Chestertown-Centerville Road, Queen Anne's County.. 174

XI. Roads Built under Plans of Maryland Geological Survey 182 Fig. 1.—T B Road, Prince George's County, Deep Cut made

to Reduce the Grade of Wilson's Hill 182 Fig. 2.—T B Road, Prince George's County, Concrete Culvert

and Embankment at the Foot of Wilson's Hill 182 XII. Hydraulic Cement Testing Machine • 198

Fig. 1.—Machine with Cement Ring in Position ready for a Test 1®8

pig. 2.—Machine after a Test with the Top Cap removed 198

XIII. Map showing the Distribution of Coal Measures of Maryland.. 221 XIV. Map showing the Distribution of the Coal Fields of the United

States 230 XV. Map showing the Northern Appalachian Coal Field 238

XVI. Views of Pottsville Formation 244 pig 1.—Lower Sharon Coal and Sandstone, near Western-

port, Allegany County. Fig. 2.—Upper Connoquenessing Sandstone, Swallow Falls,

Garrett County.

^ ILLUSTRATIONS

PI'ATE FACING PAGE XVII. Views of Allegheny Formation 250

Fig. 1.—Clarion Sandstone, near Windom, Garrett County. Fig. 2.—Lower Kittanning Coal and Sandstone, near Barnum,

W. Va., Garrett County. XVIII. Views of Conemaugh Formation 254

Fig. 1.—Franklin Coal, near Lonaconlng, Allegany County. Fig. 2.—Morgantown Sandstone, near Lonaconing, Allegany

County. XIX. Views of Monongahela Formation 256

fig- 1.—Knob with Bench at Pottsville Seam Horizon, one mile south of Barnum, W. Va., Garrett County.

Fig. 2.—View of " Big Vein " Coal in Ocean Mine No 3. XX. Views of Monongahela and Dunkard Formations 258

Fig. 1.—Outcrop of Pittsburg Seam, near Lonaconing, Alle- gany County.

Fig. 2.—Dunkard Slope, near Frostburg, Allegany County. XXI. Views of Maryland Mining Towns 322

Fig. 1.—Frostburg. Fig. 2.—Lonaconing.

XXII. Views of Mining Plants 326 Fig. 1.—Consolidation Coal Company, Ocean No. 1. Fig. 2.—Consolidation Coal Company, Pumping Shaft.

XXIII. Views of Coal Mining Plants 330 Fig. 1.—Consolidation Coal Company, Ocean No. 3. Fig. 2.—Consolidation Coal Company, Ocean No. 7.

XXIV. Map showing the Distribution of the Lower Kittanning Coal... 334 XXV. Views of Coal Mining Plants 338

Fig. 1.—Black, Sheridan and Wilson, Union No. 1. Fig. 2.—Black, Sheridan and Wilson, Carlos.

XXVI. Map showing the Distribution of the Upper Freeport Coal 342 XXVII. Views of Coal Mining Plants 346

Pig. 1.—Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company, Gilmor. Pig- 2.—Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company, Gilmor.

XXVIII. Views of Coal Mining Plants 354 Fig. 1.—New Central Coal Company, Koontz. Pig. 2.—American Coal Company, Jackson No. 5.

XXIX. Map showing the Distribution of the Bakerstown Coal 362 XXX. Views of Coal Mining Plant 370

Fig. 1.—Piedmont Mining Company, Moscow. Pig. 2.—Maryland Coal Company, Appleton.

XXXI. Views of Coal Mining Plants 373 Fig. 1.—Davis Coal and Coke Company, Henry No. 7. Fig. 2.—Davis Coal and Coke Company, Henry.


PLATE FACING PAGE XXXII. Map of Georges Creek Coal Basin, showing the location of

Mining Properties and the Areal Extent of the Pittsburg ("Big Vein") and Lower Coals... 386

XXXIII. Views of Coal Mining Plants 394 Fig. 1.—Piedmont and Georges Creek Coal Company, Wash-

ington No. 1. Pig. 2.—Braddock Mining Company.

XXXIV. Map showing the Distribution of the Upper Sewickley Coal 402 XXXV. Map showing the Distribution of the Waynesburg Coal 406

FIGURE PAGE 1. Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Declination at Washington, D. C.

(1888-1890) 70 2. Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Inclination at Washington, D. C.

(1889-1890) 71 3. Diurnal Variation of Curve of Declination and Inclination at Wash-

ington, D C. (1889-1890) 71 4. Diurnal Variation of the Horizontal Intensity at Washington, D. C.

(1889-1890) 82 5. Diurnal Variation of the Vertical Intensity at Washington, D. C.

(1890) 83 6. Diurnal Variation of the Total Intensity at Washington, D. C. (1890). 83 7. Triangulation Stations of U. S. Geological Survey Ill 8. Diagram showing effect of Convergence of True and Magnetic Me-

ridians 113 9. Triangulation Connecting Terminal Points of Boundary Line 115

10. Profile of Boundary Line 118 11. Secondary Triangulation at Mouth of Savage River 119 12. Sketch showing Triangulation at Mouth of Savage River 123 13. Profile of Line of Levels across the Top of Big Savage Mountain 127 14. Typical Cross-section of Eastern Avenue, Baltimore County, showing

Macadam Construction with Slag Foundation and Trap-rock Top Course 167

15. Results of 15 Rattler Tests of Soft Brick, showing per cent of wear.. 193 16. Results of 15 Rattler Tests of Hard Brick, showing per cent of wear. 193 17. Sketch showing plan. Half Section and Half Elevation of Mould for

making Cement Rings used to Determine the Tensile Strength of Cements 198

18. Sketch showing Half Section and Half Elevation of Machine for making Wearing Tests of Stone and Brick 201

19. Section showing Relative Positions of Prominent Beds in Maryland Coal Measures 243

10 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE 20. Map showing Anticlines and Synciines of Coal District 260 21. Columnar Sections of Pottsville Formation 293 22. Columnar Sections of Allegheny Formation 297 23. Columnar Sections of Conemaugh Formation 301 24. Columnar Sections of Monongehela Formation 309 25. Columnar Sections of Dunkard Formation 313 2G. Map showing Location of Coal Basins in Maryland 318 27. Generalized Section showing Vertical Position of Coal Seams 319 28. Diagram showing a Section of the Workings of the " Big Vein " for

Mine No. 1, Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company 532 29. Coal-cutting Machine, called by the Miners " A Punching Machine ".. 540 30. Sketch illustrating the usual Arrangement of Tracks, Props, and

Cross-bars in Rooms 544 31. Sketch showing Relations of Overcast and Intake Airways 547 32. Sketch of Miner's Lamp used in Georges Creek Basin 549 33. Sketch showing Form of Tipple commonly employed in Georges

Creek Region 553 34. Automatic Pin-puller used by Maryland Coal Companies 554 35. Sketch of Body of Mine Cars used by Consolidation Coal Company... 555 3G. Sketch of Track Arrangement at Ocean No. 1, Consolidation Coal

Company 562 37. Sketch showing Track Arrangement, Ocean No. 7, Consolidation Coal

Company 566 38. Sketch showing Main Tipple, Ocean No. 7, Consolidation Coal Com-

pany 568 39. Sketch showing Rocker for Dumping Coal used by Consolidation

Coal Company 569 40. Sketch of Track Arrangement, Ocean No. 8, Consolidation Coal Com-

pany 570 41. Sketch showing Track Arrangement, Union No. 1, Georges Creek

Coal and Iron Company 574 42. Sketch of Basket employed in Loading Cars by Georges Creek Coal

and Iron Company 579 43. Sketch showing Track Arrangement. Union Nos. 9 and 10, Georges

Creek Coal and Iron Company 582 44. Sketch showing Arrangement of Tipple and Prop-lift, Pine Hill,

Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company 583 45. Sketch showing Track Arrangement at Appleton and Kingsland

Mines, Maryland Coal Company 587 46. Sketch showing Track Arrangements, New Detmold Mine, Maryland

Coal Company 588 47. Sketch showing Tracks and Three-chute Tipple, Jackson Mine, Amer-

ican Coal Company 590


FIGURE PAGE 48. Sketch showing Tipple and Tracks, Koontz Mine, New Central Coal

Company 592 49. Sketch showing Tipple and Plane, Morrison Mine, Frosthurg Coal

Company 596 50. Sketch showing Track Arrangements and Tipples, Moscow Mines.... 602 51. Sketch showing Plan of Haulage System, Shamrock Mine, Lonaconing

Coal Company 605 52. Tipple of the Barnum and Lay Mines, Monroe Mining Company.... 008 53. Tipples of the Elaine Mining Company and Garrett County Coal

Company at Dill 612 54. Track Arrangement of the Elaine Mining Company 613 55. View of Calorimeter used in testing coals 623

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME SIX


1906

ILLUSTRATIONS ATE FACING PAGE

I. View of Model of the State of Maryland 29 II. View of the State-house at Annapolis 32

III. Views of Coastal Plain Scenery 48 Fig. 1.—View of Talbot terrace showing Wicomico escarp-

ment, Kent County. Fig. 2.—View of Calvert Cliffs on Chesapeake Bay, Calvert

County. IV. Views of Coastal Plain Scenery 64

Fig. i _view of tributary of the Choptank, Talbot County. Fig. 2.—View of Sunderland terrace showing Lafayette

escarpment, St. Mary's County. V. Views of Piedmont Scenery 80

Fig. 1.—Patapsco Valley at the mouth of Price's Run, Balti- more County.

Fig. 2.—Level surface of Piedmont Plateau away from main drainage lines, Cecil County.

VI. Views of Appalachian Scenery 96 Fig. 1.—View of Cumberland showing the Narrows of Wills

Mountain, Allegany County. Fig. 2.—View of the Valley of Monroe Run, cut in the old

peneplain, Garrett County. VII. View of Appalachian Scenery. Georges Creek Valley, near

Barton, Allegany County H2 VIII. Views showing Geological Formations of the Piedmont

Plateau 128 Fig. 1.—Granite quarry near Woodstock, Baltimore County. Fig. 2.—Contorted schist above Bald Friar, Cecil County.

IX. Views showing Geological Formations of the Appalachian Region

Fig. 1.—View of folded Silurian rocks near Hancock, Washington County.

Fig. 2.—View of horizontal Carboniferous sandstone. Swal- low Falls, Garrett County.

X. Views showing Geological Formations of the Coastal Plain... 160 Fig. 1.—View of Miocene beds. Cove Point, Calvert County. Fig. 2.—View of Pleistocene beds showing fossil shells. Corn-

field Harbor, St. Mary's County.

20 ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE FACING PAGE XI. Views of Maryland Coal Mining Industry 176

Fig. 1.—View of Outcrop of Pittsburg seam, near Lonacon- ing, Allegany County.

Pig. 2.—View of Consolidation Coal Company, Ocean No. 7, Allegany County.

XII. Views of Maryland Building-Stone Industry 192 Fig. 1.—View of McClenahan Granite Quarry, Port Deposit,

Cecil County. Fig. 2.—Thirty-eight-ton monolith. Beaver Dam Quarry,

Baltimore County. XIII. Views of Maryland Clay Industry 208

Fig. 1.—Shale bank of Queen City Brick and Tile Company, Cumberland, Allegany County.

Fig. 2.—Pit of Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, Harman, Anne Arundel County.

XIV. Views of Maryland Farming Lands 224 Fig. 1.—Valley farm-lands of the Piedmont Plateau, with

Monocacy aqueduct, Frederick County. Fig. 2.—Level farm-lands of the Coastal Plain, Talbot County.

XV. Views of Maryland Hydrography 240 Fig. 1.—The Youghiogheny, near Oakland, Garrett County. Fig. 2.—The Potomac at Williamsport, Washington County.

XVI. dharacteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Cambrian- Ordovician 252

XVII. Characteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Silurian- Devonian 253

XVIII. Characteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Carboniferous- Permian 254

XIX. Characteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Triassic- Jurassic (?) 255

XX. Characteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Cretaceous.. . 256 XXL Characteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Eocene 257

XXII. Characteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Miocene 258 XXIII. Characteristic Fossils of Maryland Formations, Pleistocene.. 259

XXIV. Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, Buffalo, 1901 264 Fig. 1.—General View of Exhibit. Fig. 2.—Near View of Exhibit.

XXV. Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, Charleston, 1902 268 Fig. 1.—General View of Exhibit. Fig. 2.—Building-stones, Granite, Marble, Slate, etc.

XXVI. General View of Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, St. Louis, 1904 270

ILLUSTRATIONS 21

PLATE facing page XXVII. Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, St. Louis, 1904 272

Fig. 1.—View looking South. Fig. 2.—View looking North.

XXVIII. Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, St. Louis, 1904 274 Fig. 1.—Building-stones, Granite. Marble, Slate, etc. Fig. 2.—Decorative-stones, Marble, Serpentine, etc.

XXIX. Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, St. Louis, 1904 276 Fig. 1.—Coals, Flints, and Feldspars. Fig. 2.—Iron Ores, Cements, and Lime Products.

XXX. Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, St. Louis, 1904 278 Fig. 1.—Clay Products, Fire-brick, and Tile. Fig. 2.—Clay Products, Pottery, Terra Cotta, and Enameled

Brick. XXXI. Fig. 1.—Churchviile-Worthington Corner Road, Harford

County, Before Improvement 340 Fig. 2.—The Same, After Improvement 340 Fig. 3.—Earlton-Havre de Grace Road, Harford County,

Before Improvement 340 Fig. 4.—The Same, After Improvement 340

XXXII. Fig. 1.—Churchviile-Worthington Corner Road, Harford County, Before Improvement 348

Fig. 2.—The Same, After Improvement 348 Fig. 3.—Wilkens Avenue, Baltimore County, Before Improve-

ment 348 Fig. 4.—The Same, After Improvement 348

XXXIII, Fig. 1.—Aiken Avenue, Cecil County, Before Improvement.. 356 Fig. 2.—The Same, After Improvement 356 Fig. 3.—Garrison Road, Green Spring Valley, Baltimore

County, Before Improvement 356 Fig. 4.-—Earlton-Havre de Grace Road, Harford County, After

Improvement 356 XXXIV. Fig. 1.—Churchviile-Worthington Corner Road, Harford

County, Before Improvement 372 Fig. 2.—The Same, After Improvement 372 Figs. 3, 4.—Earlton-Havre de Grace Road, Harford County,

After Improvement 372 XXXV. Pig. 1.—Federalsburg-Houston's Branch Road, Caroline

County, Before Improvement 388 Fig. 2.—The Same, After Improvement 388

XXXVI. Map Showing Counties of Maryland During the Period 1638- 1650 424

XXXVII. The Same, Period 1650-1654 432 XXXVIII. " Period 1654-1657 440

XXXIX. " Period 1657-1660 448 XL. " Period 1660-1670 456

23 ILLUSTRATIONS

plate facing page XLI. The Same, Period 1670-1680 464

XLII. " Period 1680-1700 472 XLIII. " Period 1700-1740 480 XLIV. " Period 1740-1773 488 XLV. " Period 1773-1776 490

XLVI. " Period 1776-1789 512 XLVII. " Period 1789-1836 528

XLVIII. " Period 1836-1850 536 XLIX. " Period 1850-1867 544

h. " Period 1867-1872 552 LI. " Period 1872-1907 560

FIGURE PAGE 1. Map of Maryland showing Boundaries 35 2. Map of Maryland showing the Density of Population by Counties. . 37 3. Map of Maryland showing the Physiographic Provinces 56 4. Diagram showing relative position of Coastal Plain Terraces 67 5. Diagram showing relative annual values of Maryland Mineral

Products 6. Map showing location of Maryland Coal Basins 168 7. Generalized section showing relative positions of Maryland coal seams 170 8. Map of Maryland showing the distribution of building-stones 172 9. Map of Maryland showing the distribution of clays 192

10. Map of Maryland showing the mean annual temperatures 224 11. Mean temperatures in the four climatic divisions of Maryland 225 12. Map of Maryland showing the Advent of Spring 231 13. Map of Maryland showing the Annual Precipitation in Inches 232 14. Fluctuations in Annual Precipitation at Baltimore, 1871-1898 234 15. Total monthly precipitation during Dry, Normal, and Wet years. ... 235 16. Relative Frequency of Clear, Partly Cloudy, and Cloudy days 237 17. Map of Maryland showing Drainage Basins 239 18. Map of Maryland showing lines of Equal Magnetic Declination 242 19. Plan of Annapolis Exhibit 277 Geological Map of Maryland pocket

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME SEVEN

BALTIMORE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS

1908

#

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE FACING PAGE I. View of new monument erected by Resurvey Commission,

1902 V

II. Views of monuments along Mason and Dixon Line. Fig. 1.—Granite monument at northeast corner of

Maryland 30 Fig. 2.—New monument in an original mound, Martin's

Mountain 30

III. Views of monuments along Mason and Dixon Line. Fig. 1.—Granite monument at north end of Deakins Line 34 Fig. 2.—Granite monument at north end of Michler Line 34

IV-LXXIII. Charts of Resurvey showing line and property boundaries.. 102

LXXIV. Reproduction of Captain John Smith map of 1608 118

LXXV. Reproduction of N. J. Vlsscher map of 1659 142

LXXVI. Reproduction of Augustine Herrman map of 1670 150

LXXVII. Reproduction of Benjamin Eastburn map of 1740 166

LXXVIII. Map showing lines run to determine tangent point 182 LXXIX. Map showing progress of Mason and Dixon Survey 190

LXXX. Views of monuments along Mason and Dixon Line. Fig. 1.—Original cornerstone showing Baltimore arms.. 194 Fig. 2.—Original cornerstone showing Penn arms 194

LXXXI. Views of monuments along Mason and Dixon Line. Fig. 1.—Original milestone, repaired and reset 198 Fig. 2.—(New monument of 1902, set in old mound 198

LXXXII. Facsimile of Parchment map prepared by Mason and Dixon in 1768 ."In pocket.

Figure on page 1. Diagram showing method of crossing Susquehanna river 45 2. Diagram showing trial lines of original survey and resurvey 76 3. Lord Baltimore map of 1635 (reduced) 110 4. Map showing extent of settlement when Pennsylvania was granted.. 123 5. Maps showing relation of 40° N. lat. to Chesapeake Bay 132 6. Maps showing relation of 40° N. lat. to Chesapeake Bay 133 7. Map showing approximate location of first boundary line 136 8. Map showing transpenlnsular line and "middle point" 180

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME EIGHT


1909

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE facing page I. Legislative Road below Barrellvllle, Allegany County. Im-

proved Section along Jennings Run 31 II. Fig. 1.-—Old Culvert on River Road between Cumberland and

Cresaptown, Allegany County 36 Fig. 2.—Improved Culvert on River Road between Cumberland

and Cresaptown, Allegany County. Built by County Roads Engineer 36

III. Fig. 1.—Chesapeake Avenue, Baltimore County. Before Im- provement 42

Pig. 2.—Chesapeake Avenue, Baltimore County. After Im- provement by County Roads Engineer 42

IV. Fig. 1.—Section of Gwynn Oak Avenue, Baltimore County. Before Improvement 46

Fig. 2.—Section of Gwynn Oak Avenue, Baltimore County. After Improvement by State Aid 46

V. Fig. 1.—Section of Gwynn Oak Avenue, Baltimore County. Before Improvement 56

Fig. 2. Section of Gwynn Oak Avenue, Baltimore County. After Improvement under State Aid 56

VI. Old Bridge Across Choptank River, Greensboro-Denton Road, Caroline County 68

VII. New Bridge Across Choptank River, Greensboro-Denton Road, Caroline County. Built under State Aid Law 70

VIII. Fig. 1.—Houston's Branch Road, Caroline Road. Before Im- provement 72

Pig. 2.—Houston's Branch Road, Caroline County. After Im- provement under State Aid 72

IX. The Geological Formations of Maryland 100 X. Plan and Profile of the Hoffman Drainage Tunnel 164

XI. Plan of a Portion of the Workings of the Hoffman Mine of the Consolidation Coal Company 172

XII. Views of Eastern Piedmont Quarries. Fig. 1.—Beaver Dam Quarry, Cockeysvllle 336 Fig. 2.—West End of Ditman Quarry, Texas — 336

XIII. Typical Limestones of Eastern Piedmont. Fig. 1.—" Alum Stone," Ditman Quarry, Texas. White

Marble Composed of Large Crystals of Calcite 342 Fig. 2.—Banded Magnesian Stone Showing White Crystalline

Crossed by Band Impregnated with Brown Mica 342

22 ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE FACING PAGE XIV. Views of Western Piedmont Quarries.

Fig. I.—Staub Quarry, Little Pipe Creek, near Wakefleld, Carroll County 352

Fig. 2.—Rinehart Quarry, South of Union Bridge, Frederick County 352

XV. Views of Quarry and Plant of the Tidewater Portland Cement Company, near Union Bridge, Carroll County.

Pig. 1.—Limestone Quarry of Tidewater Portland Cement Company, Union Bridge 360

Fig. 2.—View of Proposed Plant of Tidewater Portland Cement Company 360

XVI. Typical Limestones of Western Piedmont. Pig. 1.—Crystalline Limestone, Pine Grained and Creamy

White, Tidewater Portland Cement Company Quarry, Union Bridge 368

Fig. 2.—Argillaceous or Shaly Limestone, Folding Brought Out by Weathering, Clear Ridge 368

XVII. Typical Volcanic Rocks of Western Piedmont. Fig. 1.—" Honeycomb Rock," Amygdaloidal Catoctin Schist or

Basic Volcanic Rock, Westminster 376 Fig. 2.—Slaty Metarhyolite, or Acid Volcanic Rock, with

Feldspar Phenocrysts. Sam's Creek 376 XVIII. Views of Frederick Valley Quarries.

Fig. 1.—Kilns and Quarry of S. W. Barrick and Son's, Le Gore 384

Fig. 2.—Quarry and Kilns of Le Gore Combination Lime Com- pany, Le Gore 384

XIX. Views of Frederick Valley Quarries. Fig. 1.—Stimmel Quarry, Fountain Rock Lime Company,

Fountain Rock 392 Fig. 2.—South End of Quarry, M. J. Grove Lime Company,

Frederick 392 XX. Views of Hagerstown Valley Quarries.

Pig. 1.—Quarry of S. P. Angle, Hagerstown 400 Fig. 2.—Quarry of Potomac Valley Stone and Lime Company,

Pinesburg 400 XXI. Views of Portland Cement Operations, Hagerstown Valley.

Fig. 1.—Quarry of the Security Cement and Lime Company, Security 408

Fig. 2.—Plant of the Security Cement and Lime Company, Security 408

XXII. " Edgewise Beds " Characteristic of Elbrook and Conococheague Formations. Hagerstown Valley, Washington County 416

XXIII. Views of Natural Cement Operations, Western Washington County.

Fig. 1.—View of Folded Strata, Round Top, near Hancock.... 432 Fig. 2.—Old Natural Cement Plant, Round Top, near Hancock 432

ILLUSTRATIONS as

PLATE FACING PAGE XXIV. Views of Allegany County Limestone Exposures.

Fig. 1.—Greenbrier Limestone, West of Corriganville 448 Fig. 2.—Helderberg-Cayuga Limestones, Devil's Backbone,

Corriganville 448 XXV. Views of Allegany County Cement-Rock Quarries.

Fig. 1.—Quarry of Cumberland Hydraulic Cement Company, Cumberland ' 456

Fig. 2.—Quarry of Cumberland and Potomac Cement Com- pany, Potomac 456

XXVI. Map Showing the Limestones of Maryland in Pocket.

FIGURE PAGE 1. Columnar section showing relative positions of Maryland coal seams 105 2. Sketch of Track Arrangement at Ocean No. 1, Consolidation Coal

Company 162 3. Sketch showing Track Arrangements, Ocean No. 7, Conso idation

Coal Company 167 4. Sketch showing Main Tipple, Ocean No. 7, Consolidation Coal Com-

pany 168 5. Sketch showing Rocker for Dumping Coal used by Consolidation

Coal Company 169 6. Sketch of Track Arrangement, Ocean No. 8, Consolidation Coal Com-

pany 170 7. Sketch showing Track Arrangement, Union Mine No. 1, Union Mining

Company 176 8. Sketch of Basket employed in Loading Cars by Georges Creek Coal

and Iron Company 179 9. Sketch showing Tracks and Three-chute Tipple, Jackson Mine,

American Coal Company 183 10. Sketch showing Track Arrangement at Appleton and Kingsland

Mines, Maryland Coal Company 186 11. Sketch showing Track Arrangement, New Detmold Mine, Maryland

Coal Company 187 12. Sketch showing Tipple and Tracks, Koontz Mine, New Central Coal

Company 189 13. Sketch showing Tipple and Plane, Morrison Mine, Frostburg Coal

Mining Company 205 14. Tipples of Blaine Mining Company and Garrett County Coal and

Mining Company, at Dill 218 15. Track Arrangement of the Blaine Mining Company 219 16. Diagram showing relative values of fluxing stones 245 17. Diagram showing method of determining thickness of horizontal beds 312 18. Diagram showing method of determining thickness of inclined beds.. 312 19. Diagram showing production of Natural and Portland Cements, 1890-

1908 329 20. Map of Maryland showing the Physiographic Provinces 331 21. Plan of arrangement of buildings. Tidewater Portland Cement Com-

pany, Union Bridge 373

24 ILLUSTKATTONS

FIGURE PAGE 22. Section showing geological structure across Hagerstown Valley

(through Hagerstown) 400 23. Section showing geological structure across Hagerstown Valley

(through Boonsboro) 407 24. Sketch showing location of samples from McComas-Humrichouse

farm near Charlton 415 25. Plan of arrangement of buildings of Security Cement and Lime Com-

pany, Security 422 26. Diagram showing source of samples analyzed from Corriganville.... 452 27. Diagram showing source of samples analyzed from Potomac 456

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME NINE

BALTIMORE The Johns Hopkins Press

1911

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE FACING PAGE I. Cumberland-Mt. Savage Road, Allegany County. Improved

under State Aid Law in 1909 33 II. Fig. 1.—Old Bridge on Cumberland-Mt. Savage Road, Allegany

County 36 Fig. 2.—New Bridge on Cumberland-Mt. Savage Road, Allegany

County 36 III. Fig. 1.—Bloomery Road, Caroline County, before improvement. 40

Fig. 2.—Bloomery Road, Caroline County, after improvement.. 40 IV. Fig. 1.—Reinforced concrete Bridge over Rock Creek, Kensing-

ton Road, Montgomery County 48 Fig. 2.—Reinforced concrete Bridge over Rock Creek, Kensing-

ton Road, Montgomery County 48 V. Map of Maryland showing roads proposed and constructed 78

VI. Map of Maryland showing the Highways built by the Maryland Geological Survey 120

VII. Map of Maryland showing Furnace Locations 128 VIII. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces—

Fig. 1.—Ruin of Blast Furnace, Lonaconing, Allegany County.. 13ti Fig. 2.—Catoctin Furnace, Thurmont, Frederick County 136

IX. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces— Fig. 1.—Blast Furnaces, Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows

Point, Baltimore County 152 Pig. 2.—Principio Furnace, Principio, Cecil County 152

X. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces- Fig. 1.—Ruins of Elkridge Furnace, Elkridge, Howard County.. 164 Fig. 2.—Muirklrk Furnace, Muirkirk, Prince George's County.. 164

XI. Views of Maryland Iron Furnaces— Fig. 1.—Curtis Creek Furnace, Furnace Creek, Anne Arundel

County 168 Pig. 2.—Nassawango Furnace (1900), near Snow Hill, Worcester

County 168 XII. Map of Maryland showing distribution of Iron Ores 176

XIII. Index Map showing position of plates 178 XIV. Location of Limonite Ore Banks in parts of Washington County. 180 XV. Location of Ore Banks in part of Frederick County 192

XVI. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Carroll and Baltimore Coun- ties 208

XVII. View of Maryland Iron Ore Banks— Fig. 1.—Iron Ore at Contact of Limestone and Volcanics, Bach-

man Valley, Carroll County 212

ILLUSTRATIONS 25

rLATE FACING PAGE

Fig. 2.—Nodule of sandy iron carbonate in Arundel Formation, near Milton Avenue, Baltimore City 212

XVIII. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Baltimore and Harford Coun- ties 216

XIX. Location at which Bog Ore has been mined in Southeastern Maryland 228

XX. Location of Ore Banks In Garrett and Allegany Counties 240 XXI. View showing Nodular Ore in Arundel Clay, Anne Arundel

County, Reynold's Ore Bank 256 XXII. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Harford and Baltimore

Counties 260 XXIII. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Baltimore and Anne Arundel

Counties 264 XXIV. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Baltimore, Howard, Anne

Arundel and Prince George's Counties 272 XXV. Location of Ore Banks in parts of Frederick, Carroll and How-

ard Counties 308 XXVI. Map showing Lines of Equal Magnetic Declination in Maryland

for 1910 338

FIGURES PAGE L Fireback made at Fatuxent Furnace, 1738 171 2. Location of Ore Banks about North Mountain 185 3. Sketch showing development of ore bank one mile north of Catoctin

Furnace 194 4. Diagram showing structure on east side of Catoctin Mountain.

(After Keith) 197 5. Sketch showing ore workings at Chestnut Hill ore banks 209 6. Map showing location of Maryland coal basins 233 7. Generalized section showing Maryland coal seams 23o 8. Diagram showing position of Howard County magnetites 318

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME TEN


1918

ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE

1. View of the State House at Annapolis 42 2. View of City Hall, Baltimore 43 3. View of Mason and Dixon Line monument stones 45 4. Map showing density of population 47 5. View of Wye House, a Colonial Mansion In Talbot County .ii 6. View of Homewo<5d, built by Charles Carroll of Carrollton in 1804. On

grounds of the Johns Hopkins University 51 7. View of the historic Wye Oak, Wye Mills, Talbot County 54 8. Fort Frederick, Washington County, built in 1756. Where Washington

fitted out his Expedition against Fort Duquesne in the French and Indian War 55

9. Entrance to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal at Chesapeake City, Cecil County (51

10. Toll House on National Road, built after the State took control of the road in 1834 01

11. A modern highway near Princess Anne, Somerset County 02 12. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1830, 1832, and 1858 63 13. A modern all-steel coal train on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (i4 14. Map showing the physiographic provinces 71 15. Sand dunes near Ocean City, Worcester County 73 16. View of a sand spit, mouth of Fairlee Creek, Kent County 73 17. View showing the nearly-horizontal Miocene formations of the Calvert

Cliffs, Calvert County 74 18. Diagram showing relative position of Coastal Plain Terraces 76 19. Geological section Port Deposit to Sassafras River 76 20. Geological section Washington to Calvert Cliffs 79 21. Geological section Cambridge to Atlantic Ocean 79 22. Geological section Westminster to Baltimore 82 23. Geological section Green Spring Valley to Federal Hill 83 24. View of the gorge of the Susquehanna River between Harford and

Cecil counties 85 25. The Great Falls of the Potomac 85 26. Geological section Big Savage Mountain to the Blue Ridge 91 27. View of the valley of Monroe Run eroded in the Schooley peneplain

of the Alleghany Plateau 92 28. Crabtree Creek 93 29. View of Swallow Falls, Youghiogheny Valley, Garrett County 95 30. View showing folded Silurian rocks of the Appalachian region, Wash-

ington County 96 31. Map showing mean annual temperatures 99 32. Map showing advent of spring 100

24 ILLUSTKATIONS

FIGURE PAGE 33. Map showing rainfall 101 34. Beginning of a mine at an outcrop of the Big Vein near Lonaconing,

Allegany County 104 35. Main entrance to Bluebaugh Mine, near Barrelville, Allegany County.. 104 36. Map showing distribution of the clays 106 37. Beaver Dam Marble quarry, Cockeysville, Baltimore County 107 38. Granite quarry at Port Deposit 108 39. Map showing distribution of building stones Ill 40. Map showing the valuations of farm buildings 117 41. Map showing the relative annual production of corn. 118 42. Map showing the relative annual production of wheat. 119 43. Kent County farm lands of the Talbot terrace plain 121 44. Harvesting wheat in Kent County 121 45. Farming lands near Leonardtown, St. Mary's County 122 46. Tobacco field in Charles County 122 47. Map showing the acreage in canning crops 123 48. Map showing the'relative annual production of tobacco 124 49. Type of barn in Carroll County 126 50. Cattle raising and dairying in Carroll County 126 51. Map showing the relative annual production of milk 127 52. Map showing the relative annual production of hay 128 53. Farming and orchard land, Allegany County 129 54. Sugar-maple grove near Bittinger, Garrett County 129 55. Saplings of Loblolly Pine, St. Mary's County 130 56. Hemlock forest. Sideling Creek, Washington County 131 57. A boat-load of oysters, Somerset County I33

58. A fish hatchery I33

59. An oyster and crab-packing plant 134 60. Shucking oysters I30

61. Icing oysters 135

62. The interior of a Baltimore pottery I38

63. A blast furnace of the Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point 139 64. Ore docks at Sparrows Point I39

65. Delivering sweet corn at cannery, Easton, Talbot County 140 66. View of Baltimore harbor and sky-line 141 67. The lower harbor from historic Fort McHenry 142 68. Light Street wharves at the head of Baltimore's harbor 142 69. View of Cumberland and the " Narrows " of Wills Mountain 143 70. View of Annapolis showing the Naval Academy 145 71. View of Frostburg 145

72. Map showing the Physiographic Provinces 173 73. Diagram showing relative position of Coastal Plain terraces 175 74. Map showing the annual precipitation 226 75. Map showing the drainage basins 227 76. Diagrammatic section showing the relation of water table to surface

Irregularities 232

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE 77. Diagram showing the loss in head by friction and leakage 232 78. Diagram illustrating artesian conditions In the Coastal Plain 233 79. Diagram illustrating artesian conditions in Western Maryland 2.34 80. Diagram showing an ordinary hillside spring 235 81. Diagram showing a deep-seated spring 235 82. Diagram showing right and wrong locations for wells 237 83. Diagram showing relations between depth and an unfailing supply of

water 237 84. Diagram showing the action of clays or shales in confining water in

sand or sandstone 238 85. Map showing Lower Cretaceous waters 241 86. Map showing Upper Cretaceous waters 244 87. Map showing Eocene waters 246 88. Map showing Lower Miocene waters 248 89. Map showing Upper Miocene waters 250 90. Map of the Baltimore district showing water horizons 330 91. Plan of the Montebello filters 494 92. View of a Montebello filter unit 495 93. View of Lime Mixers and Lime Tanks 496 94. View of Chemical Feed Controllers 497 95. View of Upper Service Pumping Station 498 96. View of Coagulation Basins 499

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME ELEVEN


1922

ILLUSTRATIONS

PART I plate facing page

I. Fig. 1.—Map showing location of coal basins of Maryland 40 Fig. 2.—View of Connoquenessing sandstone, Swallow Falls, Garrett,

County 40 II. Fig. 1.—View of Lower Sharon Coal and Sandstone, near Westemport,

Allegany County 176 Fig- 2.—View of Consolidation Coal Company, Ocean No. 1 176

III. Fig. 1.—Davis Coal and Coke Company, Henry No. 1 192 Fig. 2.—Davis Coal and Coke Company, Town of Kempton 192

IV. Fig. 1.—Davis Coal and Coke Company, Tipple at Kempton 208 Fig. 2.—View in Davis Coal and Coke Company's mine at Kempton... 208

V. Map showing outcrop of coal seams 288 VI. Columnar sections (in pocket)

VII. Columnar section of the Georges Creek Valley (in pocket)

FIGURE PAGE 1. Room and panel in panel system 139 2. Set of timber ; 141 3. Prop witjpi crossbar set in rib 141 4. Prop and set of timber 141 5. Gob and set of timber 141 6. Prop and cap piece 141 7. Prop with crossbar wide cap piece 141 8. Diagram showing method of drilling 143 9. Diagram showing method employed in recovering coal from the pillars.. 145

10. Miner's carbide lamp 149

PART II PLATE FACING PAGE

I. Fig. 1.—View showing foot of plane of the Union Mining Company.... 320 Fig. 2.—View of clay dump and tram equipment of the Union Mining

Company 320 II. Fig. 1.—View of brick plant of the Maryland Coal Company near Lona-

coning 352 Fig. 2.—View showing the new plant of the Maryland Coal Company.. 352

III. Fig. 1.—View of tipple at head of plane at the Benson mine 368 Fig. 2.—View of entrance to Mine No. 6 of the Union Mining Company. 368

IV. Fig. 1.—View of tipple at Mine No. 5 of the Union Mining Company.. 384 Fig. 2.—View of tipple and auto truck of Caldwell mine 384

24 ILLUSTKATIONS

FIGURE PAGE 1. Graph showing variation in composition of kaolins and ball clays 303 2. Graph showing variation in composition of fire and flint clays 303 3. Graph showing variation in composition of stoneware and terra cotta clays. 303 4. Graph showing relation of composition to fineness of grain 308 5. Graph showing relation of water for tempering to air shrinkage..; 313 6. Graph showing range of workability according to amount of water used

in tempering 317 7. Graph showing fusion temperatures 321 8. Graph showing intervals between incipient fusion, vitrification, and

viscosity 323 9. Graph showing composition arranged according to fusion temperatures... 324

10. Graph showing porosity of clays burned at different temperatures 327 11. Diagram showing temperatures at which clays for different purposes are

burned 328 12. Technology of fire clays and fire-clay refractories 1. 380 13. Graph showing effect of additions of K20, Na=0, CaO, and MgO 388 14. Ditto 389 15. Composition temperature diagram 395 16. Graph showing classification of fire clays 412 17-107. Graphs showing properties of clays sampled 491-534

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME TWELVE


1928

ILLUSTRATIONS Facing

page Plate I. Index map of northeastern Maryland showing the positions of

plates giving the location of feldspar quarries 96 II. Location of feldspar quarries in Cecil and Harford counties show-

ing conditions before Conowingo Dam erection 104 III. Location of feldspar quarries in part of Baltimore County and in *

Montgomery County 112 IV. Location of feldspar quarries in part of Baltimore County and in

Carroll and Howard counties 120 V. Map showing the locations of present and past flint mills, and posi-

tions of plates giving location of flint quarries 128 VI. Location of flint quarries in part of Harford County 136

VII. Location of flint quarries in part of Baltimore, Carroll, and Howard counties 144

VIII. View of Annapolis Rock White Flint deposit 152 IX. Map of northeastern Maryland showing areas of serpentine rock

and position of maps giving location of localities at which chrome ores have been produced 160

X. Map of a portion of Cecil County showing serpentine areas and localities at which chrome ores have been produced 168

XI. Map of a portion of Harford County showing serpentine areas and localities at which chrome ores have been produced 176

XII. Map of portions of Baltimore County showing serpentine areas and localities at which chrome ores have been produced 184

XIII. Map of a portion of Montgomery County showing locality at which chrome ores were mined 192

XIV. Fig. 1.—View of serpentine quarry and saw-mill at Cardiff 1901... 256 Fig. 2.—View of serpentine quarry at Cardiff 1928 256

XV. Fig. 1.—View of serpentine barrens at Broad Creek 264 Fig. 2.—View of serpentine barrens at Soldiers Delight 264

XVI. Map showing serpentine areas in Harford County and rock specimen numbers 280

Figure p0(,e 1. Profile of Pleistocene terraces showing deposition of molding sand

at the inner margin of the Wicomico terrace 44 2. Longitudinal section and plan of a buddle used in washing chrome

sands 166 3. Screen analysis curves of five sand chrome samples showing per-

centage of each mesh size 169 4. Screen analysis curves of five sand chrome samples showing per-

centage above indicated mesh size 169

Illustrations

Figure I'nge 5. Screen analysis of magnetic and non-magnetic portions of Sample 1. 170 6. Screen analysis of magnetic and non-magnetic portions of Sample

IV 173 7. Sketch of surface workings of the Reed Mine 181 8. Textures of serpentine formed by the alteration of 1. olivine,

2. amphibole, and 3. pyroxene respectively 247 9. Figure showing central cleavage lines of serpentine surrounded

by magnesite 275

MARYLAND

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

VOLUME THIRTEEN


1937

ILLUSTRATIONS Facing

Plate Page I. General map showing the areas described in this volume 34

II. Fig. 1.—Flowage folds in Baltimore gneiss, one-half mile east of Alberton 46

Fig. 2.—Shear fold in isoclinally-folded ribbon gneiss, A strong cleavage parallels the axial plane and dips gently north. South- east bay of Lake Roland 46

III. Fig. 1.—Combination of flow and shear folds in Baltimore gneiss. 50 Fig. 2.—Fracture cleavagc in Wissachickon schist, seven miles

north of Conowingo Dam, east side of Susquehanna River 50 IV. Fig. I.—Flow cleavage transecting bedding in Vintage Dolomite.

Burnt Mills, Pennsylvania 56 Fig. 2.—Flow cleavage in fan-like arrangement 56

V. Fig. 1.—Cleavage transecting bedding in Setters Formation, one- half mile northeast of Notch Cliff 60

Fig. 2.—Weathered Setters Quartzite showing vertical bedding, crossed by nearly horizontal fracture cleavage. Long Green Creek 60

VI. Figs. 1 -|- 2.—Photomicrographs of fracture cleavage in Wissahickon Schist, Prettyboy Dam 66

VII. Fig. 1.—Aligned blebs in volcanic rocks of Frederick County, Maryland 70

Fig. 2.—Elongated components in conglomerate of Conestoga Lime- stone, transected by cross fracture, Burnt Mills, Pennsylvania. . 70

VIII. Fig. 1.—Linear stretching in Setters quartzite, transected by cross fractures. Quarry on east side of Brice Run, north limb of Jew Bottom Anticline 74

Fig. 2.—Shear fractures produced artificially in clay 74 IX. Fig. 1.—Photomicrograph of Antietam mica schist. Same section

as Figs. 10-13 (Statistical diagrams). Road three miles north from Marticville, Pennsylvania 90

Fig. 2.—Oriented specimen used for statistical diagram in Figs. 10-13 <J0

X. Fig. 1.—Altered feldspar (center) in Port Deposit granodiorite. Photomicrograph X 13 116

Fig. 2.—Cataclastic structure in hornblende granodiorite. Photo- micrograph X 10 116

XL Inclusions and intrusive relationships on islands south-east of Cono- wingo Dam on the east side of the Susquehanna River 118

XII. Fig. 1.—Amphibole from an inclusion south of Conowingo Dam. Large central crystal with three stages of alteration from pyroxene to amphibole. Photomicrograph X 50 120

Fig. 2.—Calcite-chlorite-quartz schist from an inclusion south of Conowingo Dam. Photomicrograph X 31 122

19

Illustrations

Facing I'late Page

XIII. Fig. 1.—Quartzite from an inclusion south of Conowingo Dam. Photomicrograph X 30 130

Fig. 2.—Conglomerate from an inclusion south of Conowingo Dam. Photomicrograph X 12 130

XIV. Fig. 1.—Gabbro inclusions in granodiorite one and a half miles south of Darlington on Deer Creek. 134

Fig. 2.—Schist inclusions in quartz diorite below Conowingo Dam. Note fold in upper left. Scale—white object 2J inches 134

XV. Fig. 1.—Bedding, folding, flow cleavage, and fracture cleavage in the Glenarm series north of Conowingo Dam on the east side of the Susquehanna River 136

Fig. 2.—Foliation in Port Deposit granodiorite and displacement of an inclusion by movement along a cross joint. Port Deposit quarry 13(i

XVI. Fig. 1.—Flow lines in Port Deposit granodiorite. Dark patches are aggregates of biotite. Port Deposit quarry 138

Fig. 2.—Lense of granodiorite following cleavage and quartz dike cut and displaced by flow cleavage in schist one mile south of Darlington. Scale—white object 2| inches 13S

XVII. Joint map of the Port Deposit granite quarry with joint strike diagram representing 850 joints 140

XVIII. Fig. 1.—Longitudinal joints facing reader, regional tension joints and cross joints normal to them in the Port Deposit quarry 142

Fig. 2.—Gently dipping cross joints in the Susquehanna River bed south of Conowingo Dam 142

XIX. Fig. 1.—Contact between gabbro and granodiorite one-half mile south of Lapidum, looking down on cross joints. White scale equals 6 inches 144

Fig. 2.—Quartz dike parallel to bedding, both at an angle to foliation and displaced along foliation plane in schist one mile south of Darlington. Bedding exhibited by quartz pebbles seen just below white object. White object 2| inches 144

XX. Regional Foliation Map of the Port Deposit Granodiorite complex and its wall rocks In pocket

XXI. Regional Joint Map of the Port Deposit Granodiorite complex and its wall rocks In pocket

XXII. Fig. 1.—Fault breccia from Lake Roland, northwest of Baltimore. Photomicrograph 160

Fig. 2.—Foliation and gently dipping axes of folding in Baltimore gneiss. North Charles Street, one and a quarter miles southeast of Ruxton 160

XXIII. Fig. 1.—Cross joints intersecting linear structures at an angle of 90°, Western Maryland Railroad cut at Lyons Mill Road 168

Fig. 2.—Crinkled Setters schist showing axes (parallel to hammer handle) pitching gently west. Long Green Creek 168

XXIV. Fig. I.—Large isoclinal fold of Setters quartzite pitching gently west. Hammer handle parallels the axis of the fold; arrows in chalk indicate linear grooving. One and a quarter mile northeast of Marriottsville, Maryland 174

Illustrations 21

Facing Plate I'age

Fig. 2.—South limb of Jew Bottom anticline, looking east near Brice Run. The quartzite dips gently north. Cross joints (in shadow) strike N-S 174

XXV. Fig. 1.—Vertical bedding in Setters quartzite. Horizontal fracture cleavage parallel to hammer head. One and a half miles northeast of Warren 180

Fig. 2.—Inclusion of Baltimore gneiss in aplite granite. The banding in the gneiss xenolith parallels that in the adjacent gneiss. Three-eights mile northwest of Dorsey's Run 180

XXVT. Fig. 1.—Inclusion of Wissahickon schist in Woodstock granite. One-half mile southwest of Dorsey's Run 182

Fig. 2.—Strong linear parallelism in Baltimore gneiss. One-half mile east of Alberton 182

XXVI1. Structural contour lines drawn on the Setters quartzite in the Balti- more, Towson, Chattolanee, and Woodstock domes In pocket

XXV1I1. Foliation and bedding in the Woodstock anticlinorium In pocket XXIX. Foliation and bedding in the Baltimore, Chattolanee, Towson, and

Texas domes In pocket XXX. Joints and linear structures of the Woodstock anticlinorium.. In pocket

XXXI. Joints and linear structures of the Baltimore, Chattolanee, Towson, and Texas domes In pocket

XXXI1. Fourteen geologic cross sections through the gneiss domes near Baltimore In pocket

XXX1I1 Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of amygdaloidal structure in meta- andesite. Parallel nicols, specimen 145 196

Fig. 2. - Photomicrograph of schistose volcanics. Parallel nicols, specimen 9 196

Fig. 3.—Photomicrograph of basal sections of tremolite in granulose rock, parallel nicols, specimen 29 196

Fig. 4.—Photomicrograph of myrmekitic intergrowths in granite. Crossed nicols, specimen 17 196

Fig. 5.—Photomicrograph of porphyritic texture of contact phase in granite. Crossed nicols, specimen 46 196

Fig. 6.—Photomicrograph of linear structure in hornblende granite. Parallel nicols, specimen 125 196

XXXIV. Fig. 1.—Photomicrograph of porphyritic texture and zonal growth. Crossed nicols, specimen 57 202

Fig. 2.—Photomicrograph of bending in hornblende in massive gabbro. Parallel nichols 202

Fig. 3.—Photomicrograph of granite porphyry. Crossed nicols, specimen 5 202

Fig. 4.—Photomicrograph of cataclastic structures in sheared granite porphyry. The fractures in the large garnet crystal are walled by quartz. Crossed nicols, specimen 63 202

Fig. 5.—Photomicrograph of mylonitic granite porphyry. Parallel nicols, specimen 36 202

Fig. 6.—Photomicrograph of hornblende lamprophyre from south face of Keystone quarry. Parallel nicols 202

22 Illustrations

Facing Plate Page XXXV. Structure map of the area of volcanic rocks in Cecil County, Mary-

land In pocket XXXVI. Fig. 1.—Foliation cutting bands in the Baltimore gneiss. South

bluff of Lake Roland 220 Fig. 2.—Feathery serpentine, natural scale. One mile north of

Union Dam 220 XXXVII. Fig. la.—Specimen of chloritized amphibolite. Patapsco River

southeast of Hollofield 222 Fig. lb.—Honeycomb ironstone with residual serpentine. Cedar

Branch. Natural size 222 Fig. 2.—Gabbro pegmatite north of Union Dam 222

XXXVII1. Fig. 1.—Thin acid bands in amphibolite. Patapsco River one mile southeast of Hollofield 224

Fig. 2.—Joints refracted by banding, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, south of Hollofield 224

XXXIX. Fig. 1.—Banded ultrabasics. Northeast of Western Maryland Railroad and Gwynns Falls Parkway 228

Fig. 2.—Schistose zone in gabbro. Western Maryland Railroad at Sudbrook Park 228

XL. Fig. 1.—Sharply folded linear foliation of amphibolite. Specimen from south of Union Dam, Baltimore County. Natural size 2:j()

Fig. 2.—Cross jointing. Patapsco River, one mile southeast of Hollofield 2:50

XLI. Geologic map of the area underlain by the Baltimore gabbro showing the distribution of primary and secondary structures In pocket

XLII. Fig. 1.—The canal west of Summit Bridge, Delaware, before the recent dredging operations 244

Fig. 2.—The canal east of Summit Bridge, Delaware, during the recent dredging operations 244

XLIII. Fig. 1.—The Pleistocene overlying the Raritan formation 1200 feet east of Chesapeake City bridge. Station 76 + 400 N 266

Fig. 2.—Haiymenites major in Englishtown sand 50 feet east of the Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington Railroad bridge. Sta- tion 45 -j- 280 S 260

XL1V. Fig. 1.—The Englishtown-Marshalltown contact at station 52 150 S. The Englishtown contains Halymenites major 2BS

Fig. 2.—Halymenites major in Englishtown sand at above station .. 268 XLV. Fig. 1.—The irregular contact between the Magothy formation and

the Crosswicks clay, one mile west of Summit Bridge at station 57 + 480 N 270

Fig. 2.—The Englishtown-Marshalltown contact 100 feet west of the Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington Railroad bridge. Sta- tion 45 + 450 S 270

XLVI. Section A. Bank of canal approximately 1600 feet east of Mary- land-Delaware line (between stations 66 + 375 and 66 -f- 225). 276

Section B. Bank of canal approximately 2000 feet west of Summit Bridge (between stations 54 + 450 and 54 -j- 050) 276

Section C. Bank of canal approximately one and a half miles west of St. Georges Bridge (between stations 36 + 775 and 36 + 665 276

Section D. Bank of canal approximately one-quarter mile east of St. Georges Bridge (between stations 28 865 and 28 + 735 276

Illustrations 23

Figure Pane 1. Schematic block diagram showing the elements of a fold 52 2. Diagram of a fold which is located in a coordinate system of three

axes 54 3. Diagram showing a bent fold. Note consistent thickness of bedding

with reference to a center of curvature. Half arrows indicate relative direction of slippage. Full arrows indicate areas of tension and compression within the crest of the fold 56

4. Diagram of a shear fold which is the result of slippage on subparallel planes in the direction of the arrows 57

5. Diagram showing the relation between cleavage and bedding in a fold 65

6. Diagram showing axial plane cleavage in a shear fold 66 7. Folded quartz veins in Wissahiekon schist. Susquehanna River

section 67 8. Combination of bedding, flow cleavage, and fracture cleavage.

(Diagram) 68 9. Bedding in Conestoga limestone almost obliterated by slippage

along cleavage planes. Burnt Mills, Pennsylvania. Height of the exposure 10 feet 71

10 13. Statistical diagrams of mineral orientations in Antietam schist 90

10. Orientation of biotite cleavage, 200 grains. Contours; 1-2-3-4-5-6- 8-10-12 per cent. Solid black area from 1217 per cent 90

11. Orientation of muscovite cleavage. 300 grains. Contours: 1-2-3-4- 5-6-7-8-9-10 per cent 90

12. Orientation of inclusions in albite crystals. 160 inclusions. Con- tours: 2-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-18 per cent and over. Solid black over 18 per cent 90

13. Orientation of quartz axes (e). 200 grains. Contours: 1-1^-2-3-3^ per cent. Black area over 3^ per cent 90

14. Diagram showing directions of joints in Setters quartzite 96 15. The same joints shown in a projection of their poles in a spherical

equal area net 96 16. Sketch showing displacement of quartz dikes and joint along re-

gional tension joints. Displacements average two inches. Small closely spaced joints. Length of N-line equal 2 feet 141

17. Trend of the anticlinal axes of Baltimore gneiss domes in Maryland. 154 18. Diagram showing obliteration of the unconformity along the flanks

of domes and the types of folding 162 19-26 Statistical diagrams of the direction of jointing 19. Joints in Baltimore gneiss. Malvern Avenue, near Ruxton 171 20. Joints in Baltimore gneiss at Cromwell Bridge 171 21. Joints in Baltimore gneiss in the Stone quarry at Falls Road 172 22. Joints in Baltimore gneiss. Gwynns Falls and Hilton quarries.. . 172 23. Joints in Setters quartzite. Quarry one-quarter mile east of Tobin 177 24. Joints in quartzite. Waters quarry 177 25. Joints in quartzite. Rustic quarry 177 26. Joints in quartzite quarry at Cromwell Bridge 177 27. Structural elements in folded ribbon gneiss near Clarksville. The

horizontal plane is a cross joint 179

Illustrations

Figure I'age 28. Contact of amphibolite (G) with amphibolite schist (A). Forest

Park Avenue at Hillsdale 222 29. Section of mixed Wissahickon schist (W) and amphibolite (A).

Pennsylvania Railroad at Mount Washington 228 30. Amphibolite (G) in Wissahickon schist (W). Baltimore and Ohio

Railroad south of Hollofield 229 31. Relation of secondary structure to banding, one mile southeast

of Hollofield 230 32. Belt of Upper Cretaceous outcrops in the Chesapeake and Delaware

Canal Region 243 33. Section accompanying Plate XLIII, Fig. 1 26(5 34. Section accompanying Plate XLIII, Fig. 2 26(5 35. Section accompanying Plate XLIV, Fig. 1 268 36. Section accompanying Plate XLV, Fig. 2 268 37. Index map showing location of sections along the canal 275

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