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Architectural Aspects of Structural Masonry March 13, 2018

Masonry Institute of St. Louis 1

Architectural Aspects of Structural Masonry

1

Masonry Structural

Coalition

Presentation Outline…

Structural Masonry Options

Energy Conservation

Moisture Resistance

3D Modeling and Budgeting

Wrap-up & Questions

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Maximizing masonry

reduces steel tonnage

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…using masonry for the

building’s structural support

• Bearing walls

• Shear walls • Central Cores

• Hybrid Masonry

What is Structural Masonry?

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Following the Load Path…

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Bearing Wall

Shear Wall



CROSS BEARING WALLS

PLAN

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Load Bearing Wall Layout Options…

PLAN

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CROSS BEARING WALLS

LONGITUDUNAL BEARING WALLS

PLAN

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STRUCTURAL CORES

PLAN

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Elevator towers

Stair towers

Provides shear, worker safety

Tightens up overall job tolerances

More durable than stud shafts

CMU = “leave behind” forms

Structural Cores…

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Finite Element Analysis

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Structural Cores…



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Finite Element Analysis…

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Finite Element Analysis…

Hybrid Masonry…

15 16

Other Structural Masonry Options…

CMU Lintels Prefabrication

Foundations

Prefabricated CMU Walls

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Energy Conservation

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Brick Veneer

1 in. Air Space

Rigid Insulation

Flexible Copper Flashing

Weeps

Loadbearing CMU

Adjustable Anchor

Insulated Masonry Cavity Wall

Premier Wall 19

R-Value is the resistance

to heat flow

HEAT heat

HEAT heat

Thermal mass, or the heat

storage ability of the wall,

is not considered in the R-Value

A material that absorbs heat from a heat

source, and then releases it slowly

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Thermal Mass Materials

How Thermal Mass Works

6:00 am – 3:00 pm

interior conditioned air

3:00 pm – 9:00 pm

radiate heat / cool

Energy codes recognize the energy value from thermal mass

(6-hr thermal lag)

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3AM 6AM 9AM 12PM 3PM 6PM 9PM 12AM

HEAT

LOSSES

HEAT

GAINS

2-HR LAG

6-HR LAG

DA

MP

ING

Source: National Concrete Masonry Association

Thermal Lag

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Interior Thermal Mass

Absorbs excess heat from internal loads

• People

• Lights

• Equipment

mass

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Steel Stud 24” o/c Batt Insulation

Also openings, steel perimeter beams, edge of slabs

Effective R-Value (Thermal Bridging) Face Brick

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Effective R-Value (Thermal Bridging)

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Prescriptive Methods • “R-Value” Table (c.i. required)

• “U-Factor” Table (Assembly, thermal mass, single wythe CMU)

• Both can be assisted by COMcheck

Total Building Performance • More robust and project specific

(consultant?)

• Software: EnergyPlus, DOE-2

IECC COMPLIANCE OPTIONS

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Whole Building

Analysis… Univ. of

Louisville

Above Grade Wall Insulation

R Value Diminishing Returns

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Energy Savings and Payback in Typical Middle School* *Louisville, KY – other climates similar EUI – Energy Use Index (kBtu/SF)

Roof

Base R = 22 pitched, R 26.3 flat

%EUI Reduction from 132

Simple Payback (years)

R = 29.4 pitched, R

33.3 flat BUR 0.3% 160

R = 37.0 pitched, R

40 flat BUR 0.6% 189

Walls

Base R = 9.1 4” brick, 8” CMU



R = 13.3” 4” brick, 8” CMU

0.3% <1.0

R = 25, 4” brick, 8” CMU

0.6% 75.3

ICF R = 22, 4” brick

0.5% 335

BVSS R = R37 , 4” brick, 6 “ Steel

Stud

0.6%

Potential

lower initial

cost**

Windows

Base U = .54/.64 glass/frame

%EUI reduction from 132


Higher U=.67/.69 0.0%

Lower initial cost

Lower U=.23/.31 0.2% 39

Air Barriers

Base 0.5 Air change /hour



0.2 Air change/hour 0.7% 52

0.1 Air change/hour -0.1%

No return

For more details See: “Cost Effective Energy Efficient School Design” Report (McGinley 2011)

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Boilers

Base 80% %EUI Reduction from 132


90% 6.5% 0.2

Set backs

Base 64 and 80



Increase set backs to 55

and 90 18.7% No cost

HVAC Systems

Base VAV Chiller Boiler

%EUI reduction from 132


Water Source HP 69.8% 23.2

Ground Source HP 71.6% 22.8

HVAC Shut off

Run HVAC at Min Settings



Turn off HVAC fans/pump 7pm -6am except as needed for set

back temp

21.1% 2.8

Combination Conventional

Base – see report %EUI reduction from 132


Conventional VAV All- R 13 walls, Set backs Orientation,

Controls, etc.

58.5% 2.5

For more details See: “Cost Effective Energy Efficient School Design” Report (McGinley 2011)

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Hi-R CMU

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LEED

Up to 52 LEED points possible with masonry

Required Points

Certified: 40 to 49 Silver: 50 to 59 Gold: 60 to 79

Platinum: 80+

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New in 2012…

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Moisture Resistance

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Brick Veneer

1 in. Air Space

Rigid Insulation


Weeps

Loadbearing CMU

Adjustable Anchor

Insulated Masonry Cavity Wall

Premier Wall 35

Dew Point Analysis – CMU

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Dew Point Analysis – CMU

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Light Gage Steel Stud

Brick Veneer

2 in. Air Space

Building Wrap

Batt Insulation


Weeps

6”Light Gage Steel Studs 16 in. o/c

5/8 in. Dens-Glass Gold 5/8 in. Interior Drywall

6 mil. Vapor Barrier

Adjustable Anchor

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Dew Point Analysis – Steel Stud

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Dew Point Analysis – Steel Stud

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3D Modeling & Budgeting

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Masonry Model Collaboration

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Budgetary Collaboration

Real-time market budget numbers

Alternate comparisons

• Masonry to masonry

• Masonry to other systems

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Life Cycle Cost Reports

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www.bimformasonry.org

Free Revit

Guide

Free Masonry Unit Database

Free Revit

Tools

N E W !

Low Cost Powerful Revit Plugin

by

Relative Cost Study…

2016 using R. S. Means Concrete and Masonry Cost Data

Union wage data

Installing contractor prices

Adjusted for St. Louis, MO

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Loadbearing CMU vs…

Precast Concrete

Tilt-Up Concrete


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Loadbearing CMU &

Brick Veneer vs…

• Steel Stud & Brick Veneer


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Relative Cost - Loadbearing CMU

Single Wythe CMU (20’ tall x 25’ long wall)

• 8” Normal weight, mortar, joint reinforcement, tooled one side $10.03/SF • #5 vertical bars 32” o/c $ 0.75/SF

$10.78/SF • Top course bond beam $14.63/LF x 25 Ft ÷ 500 SF $ 0.73/SF • Vertical control joint $3.95/LF x 20 Ft ÷ 500 SF $ 0.16/SF

$11.67/SF

Source: 2016 Means Concrete and Masonry Cost Data 51

Relative Cost - Precast Concrete

Precast Concrete Wall Panels • 8’ x 16’ x 4” Thick (load bearing?)

• Smooth gray finish

• Includes crane use, low rise

• 50 mile delivery $31.56/SF

• Additions & Options - Exposed aggregate finish $0.77/SF

- Embedded thin brick $10.43/SF

- Granite faced, domestic $33.09/SF


Relative Cost - Tilt-Up Concrete

Tilt-up Concrete Wall Panels

• 5 ½” Panels cast on the building slab

$13.01/SF

• 7 ½” Panels cast on the building slab

$14.80/SF

• Reinforced, broom finish

Additions & Options

- Embedded thin brick $11.37/SF Source: 2016 Means Concrete and Masonry Cost Data 53

CMU - Tilt-Up - Precast Summary

Head to Head Comparison

• 8” CMU $11.67/SF

• Precast Concrete $31.56/SF

• 5 ½”Tilt-Up Concrete $13.01/SF

Floor Slab Considerations (Tilt-up)

• Floor slab MEP obstructions

• 6” slab vs. 4” thick building slab




Floor Slab Comparison (Tilt-Up)

Concrete slab on grade, light industrial, reinforced

• 4” thick $6.23/SF

• 6” thick $7.60/SF

• Difference +$1.37/SF

For a 100’ x 200’ x 20’ tall building

• 20,000 SF x $1.37/SF = +$27,400

• ÷ 12,000 SF = Equivalent Wall $ = +$2.28/SF Source: 2016 Means Concrete and Masonry Cost Data 55

After Footings In Place

CMU & Tilt-Up Scheduling

CMU finished CMU started

Tilt panel up

Cure tilt panel

Pour tilt panel

Cure slab

Pour slab

Prepare subgrade

CMU Can Exceed Tilt-Up Schedules 56

Masonry work can begin as soon as footings/foundations are installed

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Scheduling With Masonry...

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Scheduling With Masonry... Reduced Lead / Fabrication Time with Masonry

Brick Veneer

1 in. Air Space

Rigid Insulation


Weeps

Loadbearing CMU

Adjustable Anchor

CMU Back-up vs. Steel Stud

Premier Wall 59

Light Gage Steel Stud

Brick Veneer

2 in. Air Space

Building Wrap

Batt Insulation


Weeps

6”Light Gage Steel Studs 16 in. o/c

5/8 in. Dens-Glass Gold 5/8 in. Interior Drywall

6 mil. Vapor Barrier

Adjustable Anchor

60



CMU Back-Up…

Source: Masonry Institute of Michigan

15 ft. High x 30 ft. Long Wall Section

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Steel Stud Back-Up…

Source: Masonry Institute of Michigan

15 ft. High x 30 ft. Long Wall Section

Additional Concrete

Additional Steel

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CMU Vs. Steel Stud Back-Up

CMU: Total Cost $36.00/SF

Steel Stud: Total Cost $39.92/SF

Difference + $ 3.92/SF

Other Considerations (discussed earlier)

• Effective R Values

• Dew Point Analysis

63

Presentation Outline…


Energy Conservation

Moisture Resistance

3D Modeling and Budgeting

Wrap-up & Questions

64

Thanks for the Invite!

Documents

Masonry Structural Coalition · Free Revit Guide Free Masonry Unit Database Free Revit Tools N E W ! Low Cost Powerful Revit Plugin by Relative ost Study… 2016 using R. S. Means