Mass Volume 3 Phases Liquid Gas Solid Element, Mixture or Compound Kinds of Mixtures Metal or Nonmetal Changes In matter Chemical physical Suspension Colloid

Mass

Volume

3 Phases

Liquid

Gas

Solid Element, Mixture or Compound

Kinds of MixturesMetal or Nonmeta

l

Changes

In

matter

Chemical

physical

Suspension Colloid SolutionMinerals

Identifying properties

Color Streak Luster

Cleavage

Hardness

Classifying Matter

Classifying Matter

Classify -

Classifying Matter

Classify – to organize objects into groups according to similar properties.

Classifying Matter


Properties -

Classifying Matter


Properties – things that describe how one kind of matter is different than another.

Classifying Matter



Substance – anything made of matter.

Classifying Matter




Matter – has two basic properties:

Classifying Matter




Matter – has two basic properties: 1. takes up space (has volume)

Classifying Matter




Matter – has two basic properties: 1. takes up space (has volume) 2. is affected by gravity (has mass)

Classifying Matter




Matter – has two basic properties: 1. takes up space (has volume) 2. is affected by gravity (has mass)

(The more mass something has, the more it is affected by gravity.)

Weight is how hard gravity pulls on it.

Mass is how much stuff is in it.

Objects on Earth would weigh

scale

180 lbs.

Objects on Earth would weigh ___ if you brought them to the moon.

scalescale

180 lbs.?

Objects on Earth would weigh less if you brought them to the moon (where there’s less gravity).

scalescale

180 lbs.30 lbs.


However, their mass won’t change because no matter where they are, the number of particles is still the same.357 g

?


However, their mass won’t change because no matter where they are, the number of particles is still the same.357 g

357 g

Matter is found in three different phases (or states).


Solids

Liquids

Gases


Solids –


Solids – can’t be easily penetrated



- have a definite shape




- have a definite volume





- sometimes are rigid


Liquids -


Liquids – can be easily penetrated



- have no definite shape



- have no definite shape (takes the shape of its container)




- can be poured




- can be poured



Gases -


Gases – can be penetrated very easily







- have no definite volume




- have no definite volume (will expand or contract to fill its container)





- can be poured





- can be poured

Liquids and gases are also called fluids.

Solids: the molecules are tightly packed & vibrating in place.

Solids: the molecules are tightly packed & vibrating in place (that’s why they have their own shape).

Solids: the molecules are tightly packed & vibrating in place (that’s why they have their own shape). Cohesion – the force of attraction between molecules – is strongest.


Liquids: cohesion has weakened because the molecules are moving faster;


Liquids: cohesion has weakened because the molecules are moving faster; the molecules move all around (material has no shape) but still stay near each other.


Liquids: cohesion has weakened because the molecules are moving faster; the molecules move all around (material has no shape) but still stay near each other.

Gases: cohesion is basically gone because the molecules are moving way too fast to attract one another. They spread out as much as possible.

Gas Molecules:

All matter can be classified into one of these three groups:


Elements


Elements

Compounds


Elements

Compounds

Mixtures


Elements – substances that can not be broken down into other substances



- each element is made of all the same kind of atom




- they are the “building blocks” for other substances




- they are the “building blocks” for other substances - there are over 100 known elements (e.g. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, gold)


Compounds – combinations of 2 or more elements that are

chemically united



chemically united - there is a definite chemical formula for each compound




Water is always H2O




Water is always H2O

H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide



chemically united - there is a definite chemical formula for each compound - compounds have properties that are different than the elements that

join to make them




join to make themHydrogen is explosive; fires need oxygen.




join to make themHydrogen is explosive; fires need oxygen.

Water puts out fires.




join to make them - they can only be made or unmade

by chemical reactions




join to make them - they can only be made or unmade

by chemical reactions e.g. sugar, water, salt,

carbon dioxide


Mixtures – 2 or more substances mixed together in any proportion



- can usually be separated more easily than compounds



- can usually be separated more easily than compounds (it does not take a chemical reaction)



- can usually be separated more easily than compounds (it does not take a chemical reaction)

e.g. air, soda, mud, salt water

Elements can be separated into two groups:


Metals


Metals

Nonmetals


Metals – have a metallic shine


Metals – have a metallic shine - can be bent or pounded into

shapes



shapes (are malleable)



shapes (are malleable) - are good conductors

of heat




of heat & electricity




of heat & electricity

e.g. gold, tin, silver, aluminum, lead, copper


Nonmetals – non-metallic shine


Nonmetals – non-metallic shine - usually not malleable



- poor conductors of heat & electricity



- poor conductors of heat & electricity (some are great insulators) e.g. carbon, sulfur, oxygen, helium

There are special kinds of mixtures:


Suspensions – chocolate milk, pulpy orange juice, muddy water, Italian salad dressing


Suspensions – chocolate milk, pulpy orange juice, muddy water, Italian salad dressing - they are cloudy


Suspensions – chocolate milk, pulpy orange juice, muddy water, Italian salad dressing - they are cloudy (usually a liquid mixed with small solid particles)



- the solids eventually separate out



- the solids eventually separate out - the solids can be filtered out



- the solids eventually separate out - the solids can be filtered out

- you need to shake it up or stir it to keep the solids from settling out


Colloid – e.g. milk, Mt. Dew, ranch dressing


Colloid – e.g. milk, Mt. Dew, ranch dressing- they are cloudy


Colloid – e.g. milk, Mt. Dew, ranch dressing- they are cloudy- the mixture does not separate

out on standing and filtering may not work


Solution – e.g. Sprite, air, salt water, honey


Solution – e.g. Sprite, air, salt water, honey- the mixture is clear


Solution – e.g. Sprite, air, salt water, honey- the mixture is clear- particles dissolve in the

fluid; they become so small that they can not be seen




- the mixture does not separate out by letting it stand or by filtering




- the mixture does not separate out by letting it stand or by filtering - the particles are evenly spread out




- the mixture does not separate out by letting it stand or by filtering - the particles are evenly spread out There are 2 parts to a solution:




- the mixture does not separate out by letting it stand or by filtering - the particles are evenly spread out There are 2 parts to a solution:Solute – the part that gets dissolved




- the mixture does not separate out by letting it stand or by filtering - the particles are evenly spread out There are 2 parts to a solution:Solute – the part that gets dissolved Solvent – the part that does the dissolving




- the mixture does not separate out by letting it stand or by filtering - the particles are evenly spread out There are 2 parts to a solution:Solute – the part that gets dissolved Solvent – the part that does the dissolvingWater is called the “universal solvent” because it dissolves so much.

Only a certain amount of solute can be dissolved in a certain amount of solvent at a certain temperature.


When you can’t get any more solute to dissolve we call it a saturated solution.



When it could hold more solute we call it an unsaturated solution.



When it could hold more solute we call it an unsaturated solution.

Sometimes a solution is supersaturated, which means that somehow it is holding more solute than it should be able to at that temperature.

Factors affecting dissolving rate:


1. Shaking or stirring (agitating) – brings more solvent in contact with the solute.



2. Grinding up the solute increases the overall surface area of the solute;



2. Grinding up the solute increases the overall surface area of the solute; dissolving happens at the surface of the particles.




3. Heating usually makes more solute dissolve.




3. Heating usually makes more solute dissolve.Gases are an exception to these rules.




3. Heating usually makes more solute dissolve.Gases are an exception to these rules. For example, cold water holds more dissolved oxygen.




3. Heating usually makes more solute dissolve.Gases are an exception to these rules. For example, cold water holds more dissolved oxygen. Shaking a can of soda makes the dissolved CO2 come out.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Water Temperature (oC)

Am

ou

nt

Bein

g D

isso

lved

(g

ram

s)

A

B

C

D




3. Heating usually makes more solute dissolve.Gases are an exception to these rules. For example, cold water holds more dissolved oxygen. Shaking a can of soda makes the dissolved CO2 come out.When a saturated solution is cooled, some solute

must come out of solution. We call this precipitation.

Mineral Properties

Mineral Properties

Minerals (the elements or compounds that make up the rocks in the Earth’s crust) can be identified by looking at a few properties:

Mineral Properties


COLOR -

Mineral Properties


COLOR – while some minerals have very distinct colors (e.g. sulfur is yellow,

sulfur

Mineral Properties


COLOR – while some minerals have very distinct colors (e.g. sulfur is yellow, olivine is green),

olivine

Mineral Properties


COLOR – while some minerals have very distinct colors (e.g. sulfur is yellow, olivine is green), most come in a variety of colors

Mineral Properties


COLOR – while some minerals have very distinct colors (e.g. sulfur is yellow, olivine is green), most come in a variety of colors (e.g. quartz can be clear, white, rose, gray, black, etc.).

Mineral Properties


COLOR – while some minerals have very distinct colors (e.g. sulfur is yellow, olivine is green), most come in a variety of colors (e.g. quartz can be clear, white, rose, gray, black, etc.).

Color is not a good way to identify a mineral because many different minerals may have the same color (e.g. white)

STREAK – is the color of the mineral in powdered form.

STREAK – is the color of the mineral in powdered form. You get the powder by rubbing the mineral against a porcelain plate.

STREAK – is the color of the mineral in powdered form. You get the powder by rubbing the mineral against a porcelain plate. The streak will be the same color, no matter what the mineral looks like.

STREAK – is the color of the mineral in powdered form. You get the powder by rubbing the mineral against a porcelain plate. The streak will be the same color, no matter what the mineral looks like.

LUSTER – is how the mineral reflects light.

LUSTER – is how the mineral reflects light. Two main categories of luster are metallic and nonmetallic.


These minerals have a metallic luster:

galena



galena

magnetite



galena

magnetite

pyrite



galena

magnetite

pyrite

hematite


These minerals have a nonmetallic luster:

Glassy - apatite



Glassy - apatite Glassy - amethyst



Glassy - apatite Glassy - amethyst

Dull - limonite



Dull - limonite

Earthy - hematite



Earthy - hematite

Silky – satin spar gypsum



Silky - ulexiteSilky – satin spar

gypsum



Silky - ulexiteSilky – satin spar

gypsum

dull

HARDNESS – how resistant the mineral is to being scratched.

HARDNESS – how resistant the mineral is to being scratched. There is a hardness scale that goes from 1 (the softest -

HARDNESS – how resistant the mineral is to being scratched. There is a hardness scale that goes from 1 (the softest – talc)

HARDNESS – how resistant the mineral is to being scratched. There is a hardness scale that goes from 1 (the softest – talc) to 10 (the hardest -

HARDNESS – how resistant the mineral is to being scratched. There is a hardness scale that goes from 1 (the softest – talc) to 10 (the hardest – diamond).

HARDNESS – how resistant the mineral is to being scratched. There is a hardness scale that goes from 1 (the softest – talc) to 10 (the hardest – diamond). Higher numbers scratch lower numbers.


What two minerals can

your fingernail scratch?


What two minerals can

scratch topaz?


What mineral can a knife blade

scratch, but a penny won’t

scratch?

CLEAVAGE / FRACTURE – some minerals break (“cleave”) along flat, smooth surfaces;

CLEAVAGE / FRACTURE – some minerals break (“cleave”) along flat, smooth surfaces; they are said to “show cleavage”.

CLEAVAGE / FRACTURE – some minerals break (“cleave”) along flat, smooth surfaces; they are said to “show cleavage”.

Selenite – cleavage in one direction.

Selenite – cleavage in one direction.

Halite – cleavage in 3 directions

Calcite – cleavage in 3 directions but not cubic

CLEAVAGE / FRACTURE – some minerals break (“cleave”) along flat, smooth surfaces; they are said to “show cleavage”. Others break in irregular ways and are said to fracture.

CLEAVAGE / FRACTURE – some minerals break (“cleave”) along flat, smooth surfaces; they are said to “show cleavage”. Others break in irregular ways and are said to fracture.

Obsidian (Conchoidal

fracture)

Quartz – also conchoidal fracture

Olivine – uneven fracture

Assorted fractures & parting

Rocks are classified as to how they were formed:


Igneous rocks formed as lava (or magma) cooled and solidified.


Sedimentary rocks formed from pieces of previously existing rock that weathered.


Metamorphic rocks formed as previously existing rocks became changed due to intense heat and pressure.


Metamorphic rocks formed as previously existing rocks became changed due to intense heat and pressure.

Since rocks are believed to have come from previously existing rocks, we believe there is a rock cycle:

Changes in Matter

Changes in Matter (2 types):


Physical Changes


Physical Changes – the substance stays the same, but may look different.


Physical Changes – the substance stays the same, but may look different. Usually you can easily change them back.



Chemical Changes



Chemical Changes – new substances are formed.



Chemical Changes – new substances are formed. A chemical reaction takes place.



Chemical Changes – new substances are formed. A chemical reaction takes place. Usually you can’t change them back very easily.

Types of physical changes:


1. Expanding and contracting due to temperature changes.


1. Expanding and contracting due to temperature changes. For most substances, when heat is added,


1. Expanding and contracting due to temperature changes. For most substances, when heat is added, the molecules gain energy, move faster


1. Expanding and contracting due to temperature changes. For most substances, when heat is added, the molecules gain energy, move faster and spread out.


1. Expanding and contracting due to temperature changes. For most substances, when heat is added, the molecules gain energy, move faster and spread out. This makes the substance expand.



THE MOLECULES THEMSELVES DO NOT GET BIGGER!



At night, the rails of the railroad are cool, and there are spaces between them.



But during the day, the sun warms them up, they expand and close up the gaps.

When most substances lose heat, the molecules lose the energy they had, making them

When most substances lose heat, the molecules lose the energy they had, making them slow down and move

When most substances lose heat, the molecules lose the energy they had, making them slow down and move closer together.

When most substances lose heat, the molecules lose the energy they had, making them slow down and move closer together. This makes the substance contract.

Long bridges would “buckle” in the summer if it weren’t for expansion joints.

Long bridges would “buckle” in the summer if it weren’t for expansion joints.

Long bridges would “buckle” in the summer if it weren’t for expansion joints. When cold, the joints separate, but the cars can still drive over them smoothly.

Long bridges would “buckle” in the summer if it weren’t for expansion joints. When cold, the joints separate, but the cars can still drive over them smoothly. But when they warm up, there is room for the pavement to expand.

2. Phase Changes:

2. Phase Changes:

ADD HEAT}Solid liquid =

2. Phase Changes:

ADD HEAT}Solid liquid = melting

Liquid gas =

2. Phase Changes:


Liquid gas = evaporating (boiling)

2. Phase Changes:



LOSE HEAT}

Gas liquid =

2. Phase Changes:



LOSE HEAT}

Gas liquid = condensing

Liquid solid =

2. Phase Changes:



LOSE HEAT}


Liquid solid = freezing

2. Phase Changes:



LOSE HEAT}


Liquid solid = freezing

( solid gas = sublimation )

Dissolving something in water can change some of its properties:


The freezing point of pure water =


The freezing point of pure water = 0oC The boiling point of pure water =


The freezing point of pure water = 0oC The boiling point of pure water = 100oC



The freezing point of salt water = -10oC



The freezing point of salt water = -10oC The boiling point of salt water = 110oC




Antifreeze keeps car radiators from freezing by ______ the freezing point.




Antifreeze keeps car radiators from freezing by lowering the freezing point.




Antifreeze keeps car radiators from freezing by lowering the freezing point. It also keeps them from boiling over by _____ the boiling point.




Antifreeze keeps car radiators from freezing by lowering the freezing point. It also keeps them from boiling over by raising the boiling point.

Chemical Change:

A new substance is formed with different properties.

Chemical Change:


Ways you can tell new substances are formed:

Chemical Change:



1. The color changes.

Chemical Change:




2. Gas bubbles are made.

Chemical Change:





3. A precipitate forms.

Chemical Change:





3. A precipitate forms. (Usually some solid stuff forms.)

Chemical Change:






4. Heat is given off …

Chemical Change:






4. Heat is given off or taken in.

Chemical Change:


Law of Conservation of Mass: when a chemical change takes place, the mass of the new

materials (“products”) equals

Chemical Change:



materials (“products”) equals the mass of the original materials (‘reactants’)

Chemical Change:



materials (“products”) equals the mass of the original materials (‘reactants’)H2O + CO2 H2CO3

Chemical Change:




(Water plus carbon dioxide yields carbonic acid)

Chemical Change:





9 g 2 g+ 11 g

Chemical Change:





9 g 2 g+ 11 g

Reactant + reactant yields product.

Documents

Mass Volume 3 Phases Liquid Gas Solid Element, Mixture or Compound Kinds of Mixtures Metal or Nonmetal Changes In matter Chemical physical Suspension Colloid