Massachusetts Solar Jobs Census 2015

7/25/2019 Massachusetts Solar Jobs Census 2015

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2015MASSACHUSETTS

SOLAR JOBSCENSUS


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ABOUT THE SOLAR FOUNDATION

The Solar Foundation (TSF) is an independent 501(c)

(3) nonproit organization whose mission is to increaseunderstanding of solar energy through strategic research andeducation that transforms markets. TSF is considered thepremier research organization on the solar labor workforce,employer trends, and the economic impacts of solar. It hasprovided expert advice to leading organizations such asthe National Academies, the Inter-American DevelopmentBank, the U.S. Department of Energy, and others during atime of dynamic industry growth and policy and economicuncertainty.

While TSF recognizes that solar energy is a key part of ourenergy future, it is committed to excellence in its aim to helppeople fairly and objectively gauge the value and importanceof solar technologies.

ABOUT BW RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP

BW Research is widely regarded as the national leader inlabor market research for emerging industries and cleanenergy technologies. In addition to the Censusseries, BWResearch has conducted rigorous solar installation andwind industry labor market analysis for the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, wind energy and energyretroit studies for the Natural Resources Defense Council,a series of comprehensive clean energy workforce studies

for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Illinois, Vermont,Florida, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and California, as well asnumerous skills and gap analyses for community colleges,workforce investment boards, state agencies, and nonproitorganizations.

COVER IMAGE THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Solar Foundation (TSF) is a national 501(c)

(3) nonproit organization whose mission is toincrease understanding of solar energy throughstrategic research and education that transformmarkets. In 2010, TSF conducted its irst NationalSolar Jobs Census report, establishing the irstcredible solar jobs baseline and verifying thatthe solar industry is having a positive impacton the U.S. economy. Using the same rigorous,

peer-reviewed methodology, TSF has conductedan annual Census in each of the last six years totrack changes and analyze trends.

This Massachusetts Solar Jobs Census 2015

report is an offshoot of TSFs National SolarJobs Census 2015 effort. Research partnersfor the Census 2015 effort include the GeorgeWashington University Solar Institute forproviding assistance and support in reviewingand validating report results and analysis; the

Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) for

use of its National Solar Database and peerreview; and GTM Research/SEIA for providingsurvey respondents with the U.S. Solar MarketInsight: 2014 YIR report.

Sponsors of this years Census effort include:Energy Foundation, William and Flora HewlettFoundation, Tilia Fund, George WashingtonUniversity Solar Institute, SEIA, Recurrent,SolarCity, First Solar, Sol Systems, E.ON,

Trina Solar, State of Minnesota Departmentof Commerce, State of New Mexico EnergyMinerals and Natural Resources Department,Utah Governors Ofice of Energy Development,sPower, Standard Solar, CALSEIA, All EarthRenewables, and groSolar.

Finally, we want to thank all the Massachusettsemployers that participated in the survey. Yourresponses were critical in providing us withaccurate and timely data.

Andrea LueckePresident and Executive DirectorThe Solar Foundation

202-469-3750; [email protected]

Philip JordanPrincipal and Vice PresidentBW Research Partnership508-384-2471; [email protected]

For questions or comments about this report, please contact either:

Please cite this publication when referencing this material as Massachusetts Solar Jobs Census2015, The Solar Foundation, available at: www.TSFcensus.organd SolarStates.org
mailto:[email protected]://www.thesolarfoundation.org/mailto:[email protected]://www.bwresearch.com/http://www.tsfcensus.org/http://solarstates.org/http://solarstates.org/http://www.tsfcensus.org/http://www.bwresearch.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.thesolarfoundation.org/mailto:[email protected]


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W PV ARRAY AT THE KENNEDY SPACE CENTER

AGE COURTESY OF NASA/JIM GROSSMANN

Photo courtesy of Blackacre Design and Developmen


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1Massachusetts Solar Jobs Census 2015

INTRODUCTION

The U.S. solar industry experiencedyet another record-breaking year

in 2015, with more than 7,400

megawatts (MW) of domestic

photovoltaic (PV) capacity expected

to have been installed an 18.5%

increase over that of 2014 bringing

total U.S. solar capacity to nearly 27.5

gigawatts (GW).1

As the rate of capacity installation hasaccelerated, employers across the country havecontinued to expand the size of their payrolls.

This years sixth annual National Solar JobsCensus found that the U.S. solar industry

employed 208,859 workers as of November

2015, representing the addition of 35,052

jobs, and a 20.2% increase in employment

over November 2014. Since The Solar

Foundation began tracking these numbers in2010, employment in the industry has morethan doubled, growing by 123% and addingover 115,000 jobs. Employers nationwideexpect this growth trend to continue through

2016, projecting to add nearly 31,000 jobs tothe solar workforce over the course of the year.

Capacity Data Source: SEIA/GTM Research Solar Market Insight Q3 2015

93,502105,145

119,016

142,698

173,807

208,859

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015E

AddedCapacity(MW)

SolarJobs

U.S. PV Capacity Additions & Solar Jobs, 2010 - 2015E

PV Capacity Additions Solar Jobs


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The Massachusetts solar industry has lourishedin recent years. For decades, statewide solardeployment has been supported by a robust andgrowing policy commitment aimed at growinginvestment in solar energy. Though annualcapacity additions in 2015 are expected to have

decreased year-over-year for the irst timethis decade, the Massachusetts solar industryremains strong. At the end of 2015, the statescumulative installed solar photovoltaic (PV)capacity is expected to have exceeded 1,000megawatts (MW), making Massachusetts oneof only six states to have met or surpassedthis milestone (a list that also includes solarpowerhouses such as California, Arizona, NorthCarolina, New Jersey, and Nevada).2

Though the state ranks just outside the top ivein terms of total installed capacity, its focus onthe more labor-intensive residential and non-residential market segments (as comparedwith the utility-scale segment) has contributedto its ranking as 2nd in the nation in terms oftotal solar employment.3 As of November 2015,the Massachusetts solar industry supported15,095 solar workers.4Employers throughout

the state remain optimistic about growth,

expecting the Massachusetts solar workforce

to expand by 8.6% in the coming year,

representing the addition of nearly 1,300

solar workers and increasing the state solar

employment total to just under 16,400.5

While Massachusetts is not typically associatedwith a strong solar resource, a rooftop solar PVsystem installed in Boston produces just over90% of the electricity on an annual basis as acomparable system operating in Miami, Florida.6Coupled with some of the highest average retailelectricity rates in the contiguous United States(17.11 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), over 60%more than the national average of 10.51 centsper kWh), the Massachusetts solar resource

and its robust pro-solar state policies are morethan suficient for providing positive inancialreturns on an investment in solar.7

To date, Massachusetts solar growth has beenlargely driven by the non-residential marketsegment, including community shared solar,municipal, and commercial projects, whichrepresented nearly 70% of the states cumulativeinstalled solar capacity through 2015. While the

Source: SEIA/GTM Research Solar Market Insight Q3 2015

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015E

AddedCapacity(MW)

Massachusetts Solar Capacity Additions, 2010 - 2015E

Residential Non-Residential Utility


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irst quarter of the year was the strongest Q1ever for this market segment, capacity additionsbegan to slow in Q2 and Q3 as developers adaptto the more restrictive provisions of the SRECII incentive program and as parts of the state

reached net metering program caps.8

The Solar Renewable Energy Certiicate (SREC)II program is part of a broader state policy, theMassachusetts Renewable Portfolio standard,which requires 15% of each investor-ownedutility and retail electricity suppliers salesbe derived from new renewable sources by2020. Once this initial standard has been met,utilities and suppliers are required to obtain anadditional 1% of sales from renewables each

year thereafter. In 2010, the state included a solarcarve-out requirement that 400 megawatts(MW) of the 15% standard come from solarfacilities within the state. This requirementgave rise to a strong Solar Renewable EnergyCertiicate (SREC) market, which provided anadditional revenue stream for solar energysystem owners.

The 400 MW carve-out was achieved well aheadof schedule, spurring the state to increase the

requirement to 1,600 MW under the SREC IIprogram.9 In general, it is common for a singleSREC to be generated for each megawatt-hour(MWh) of solar electricity generated. Under theSREC II program, however, projects are dividedinto market sectors and assigned an SREC factorthat can increase the amount of solar electricgeneration required to produce a single SREC.For small-scale systems ( 25 kW), SRECs arestill generated for each MWh produced (anSREC factor of 1.0). Larger systems, those sitedon landills or brownields, and virtually net-metered projects (all of which fall under thenon-residential market segment) receive lowerSREC factors, ranging from 0.9 (i.e., 0.9 SRECsgenerated per MWh) down to 0.7.10

Further contributing to the under-performingnon-residential market segment in 2015 werethe constraints imposed by net energy metering

(NEM) caps in certain electric utility serviceterritories. During the year, National Grid, thestates largest investor-owned utility, reached itsstate-mandated net metering cap,11 effectivelyputting a halt to new non-residential projects in

nearly 200 municipalities throughout the state.Despite concerted efforts to arrive at a legislativesolution to the net metering issue, the year endedwithout these caps being raised.12 As a result ofthese factors, Massachusetts is expected to haveexperienced its irst-ever annual decline in thenon-residential market segments in 2015.

By contrast, residential solar remains relativelystrong in Massachusetts, with new capacityin this segment nearly equaling annual non-residential capacity additions for the irst timein the states history. One of the key reasonsfor this relative success is that the residentialmarket does not face the two major challengesthat have slowed non-residential growth. Smallrenewable energy systems are exempt fromutility NEM aggregate capacity limits,13 andthey generate one full SREC for each MWhof solar electricity produced.14 Third-partyownership of solar energy systems remains akey inancing tool for these systems, accountingfor around 70% of new residential installationseach quarter since mid-2014.15 The residentialmarket segment has also beneited from a small,

yet highly-visible statewide Solarize campaignthrough which communities across the statecompetitively select program installers andaggregate local residential demand for solar inexchange for discounted installation costs. Todate, around 17 MW of new residential solarcapacity has been installed under such programsin over 50 Massachusetts communities.16

As of November 2015,

the Massachusetts solar

industry supported 15,095solar workers.


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This report includes information about alltypes of Massachusetts companies engagedin the analysis, research and development,production, sales, installation, and use of all solartechnologies ranging from solar photovoltaics(PV), to concentrating solar power (CSP), tosolar water heating systems for the residential,commercial, industrial, and utility marketsegments.

The indings presented herein are based onrigorous survey efforts throughout the monthsof September, October, and November 2015 thatinclude telephone calls and emails to knownand potential solar establishments acrossMassachusetts. Unlike economic impact modelsthat generate employment estimates based oneconomic data or jobs-per-megawatt (or jobs-

per-dollar) assumptions, The Solar FoundationsSolar Jobs Census series provides statisticallyvalid and current data gathered from actualemployers. This analysis also purposefullyavoids artiicially inlating its results withquestionable multiplier effects often found inanalyses of other industries.

The number of establishments included in this

report include all businesses that conduct anysolar activity. This includes many businessesthat play a very small part in a solar project,or provide inancing, legal services, or othersupport services to solar irms. Employment,however, is only counted for workers that spendat least 50% of their time on solar.

A full explanation of this methodology can befound on page 19 of this report.

ABOUT THE MASSACHUSETTS SOLAR JOBS CENSUS 2015

Despite policy uncertainty affecting the statesperennially key non-residential market segment,Massachusetts remains one of the nationsstrongest solar states, with 2016 installedcapacity across all market segments projected to

exceed that expected by the end of 2015.17 Solaremployers in the state are optimistic thoughguardedly so about employment growth overthe next twelve months.

Photo courtesy of Mass. Ofice of Energy & Environmental Affairs


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Key Data Points

Projected Solar

Jobs Growth, 2016

1,298(8.6%)

Capacity Installed in

2015 thru Q3 (MW)19

193.3

MASSACHUSETTS

SOLAR JOBSTotal Solar Jobs, 2015

15,095Cumulative Installed

Capacity thru Q3 2015 (MW)18

944.5Detailed employment and demographic data for Massachusetts legislative districts, counties, and metropolitan statistical

areas can be found in the appendix of this report and on The Solar Foundations interactive jobs map at SolarStates.org.
http://solarstates.org/http://solarstates.org/


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WORKFORCEOVERVIEW

Sales & Distribution Jobs

901

Project Development Jobs

2,811

Other Jobs

544

Manufacturing Jobs

2,098

Installation Jobs

8,741The Massachusetts solar industry employs15,095 solar workers at 2,050 businessestablishments throughout the state, is ranked2nd nationally in terms of solar jobs, and5th in solar jobs as a share of the states totalemployment. Employers throughout the stateremain optimistic about future growth,

expecting the Massachusetts solar workforce

to expand by 8.6% or 1,300 workers in

the coming year, increasing the state solar

employment total to just under 16,400.

Over half of the state solar workforce is employedby installation firms (57.9%; very close to theproportion observed at the national level). Te next-largest employment sector is utility-scale projectdevelopment (companies that plan, design, andconstruct large solar energy projects), accountingfor 18.6% of the Massachusetts solar workforce.Manufacturing is the third largest sector (13.9%),followed by sales and distribution (6.0%) andother jobs (3.6%), including positions in researchand development, finance, government, nonprofits,and academia.

An overwhelming majority of Massachusettssolar irms (69.9%) report working primarilyon non-residential solar projects. The residen-tial market segment accounts for approximatelyone-third (29.2%) of employment. Only 1% orso of workers primarily work on utility-scalesolar PV projects. This distribution of employ-ment is in line with trends in state market ac-tivity; the non-residential market segment haslong accounted for the majority of new annualinstalled capacity, with residential projects rep-resenting a growing share (and utility-scale afalling share) of each years capacity additions.


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M

S

Wkf

M

O

E19

U.S. S

Wkf

W 22.4% 48.7% 23.8%

Af-A 1.9% 6.7% 5.1%

A Pf I 4.2% 6.7% 8.6%

L H 3.8% 8.5% 11.3%

O Wk (55+) 13.4% 24.2% 18.6%

U Mb 0.0% - 5.5%

V f U.S. A

F4.5% 4.9% 8.1%

The Massachusetts solar workforce is less di-verse than both the states workforce as a wholeand the solar industry nationwide. Every demo-graphic group studied is represented at low-er rates in the Massachusetts solar workforce.Some of the largest deviations from state overallworkforce and national solar workforce trendsare in employment rates of African-Americans(1.9% of the state solar workforce, comparedwith 6.7% of the overall Massachusetts work-

force and 5.2% of the national solar workforce),Latino/Hispanic workers (3.8% of the state so-lar workforce, versus 8.5% overall in Massachu-setts and 11.3% of U.S. solar workers), Asian orPaciic Islanders, and Veterans.

Veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces represent auniquely valuable source of human capital for

solar employers. With a proven work ethic andpracticed discipline, veterans bring a wealth ofreadily transferable skills and leadership acu-men to the industry. Through the Solar ReadyVets program, the U.S. Department of Energy ishelping the industry capitalize on this resourceby facilitating the transition from military ser-vice to employment in the civilian solar work-force.20Massachusetts solar irms have yet totake advantage of this value proposition to

the same extent as their counterparts across

the country, with veterans comprising only

4.5% of the states solar workforce, com-

pared to 4.9% of the states workforce as a

whole and 8.1% of the solar workforce na-

tionally.


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P MNw E D

M W

U.S.

M W

S I - $23.00 $21.00

S SR

- $24.04 $28.85

S S

D$26.02 $25.00 $26.92

S Ab

Wk- - $18.00

Little statistically signiicant state-speciic wagedata was obtained through the 2015 survey ef-

fort. The survey did reveal, however, that so-lar system designers in Massachusetts receivea higher median wage than their peers acrossthe states comprising the U.S. Census BureausNew England Division (though less than thosenationwide). New England solar installers gen-erally receive a higher wage than installers atthe national level, though sales representativesin the region are paid less than the national me-dian for the position.

Solar employers in Massachusetts experiencea similar level of dificulty on average inding

qualiied candidates to ill openings on theirpayrolls than other solar irms across the coun-try. These companies also have a slightly easi-er time inding and recruiting new talent thantheir peers in the region. Though employers inMassachusetts, New England, and at the nation-al level have similar levels of dificulty hiringoverall, far fewer Massachusetts solar compa-nies indicated inding new staff was very difi-cult (17.9%) compared with their regional and

national peers (25.0% and 24.2%, respectively).

24.2%

23.1%

23.9%

51.7%

51.9%

58.2%

24.2%

25.0%

17.9%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

National

New England

Massachusetts

Difficulty Hiring in Massachusetts

Not Difficult Somewhat Difficult Very Difficult


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Just under 54% of Massachusetts solar irms

reported that they receive all of their revenues

from solar activities, which is higher than the

national average of 48.2%, while 19.6% report-ed that they receive less than half of their reve-

nues from solar activities, compared to 28.5%

nationally. A smaller portion of the states solar

irms (56.1%) work primarily with in-state cus-

tomers than solar irms nationally (65.6%). A

larger portion (34.6%) work primarily with cus-

tomers in the United States but not in a border-

ing state than do solar irms nationally (27.0%).

As part of the 2015 Census effort, employers

were asked about the impacts of speciic ex-

isting, pending and proposed policies on their

business prospects. Massachusetts employers

overwhelmingly cite the federal investment

tax credit (ITC) as substantially contributing to

their irms success, with 67.5% of respondents

referring to it directly, much more than the

52.1% who pointed to this policy at the national

level. Renewable portfolio standards were thesecond most popular response by both state

and national respondents although nearly 70%

more solar irms in Massachusetts cited this

policy than those nationwide. Massachusetts

solar companies also see more potential impact

from the EPA Clean Power Plan than other tax

incentives or state or utility rebate programs.

The following pages include detailed break-

downs of workforce data by sector. While there

are a number of Massachusetts solar irms fo-

cused on manufacturing, these irms responded

to the survey in insuficient numbers to provide

statistically signiicant data for that sector.

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Net Metering

Grants and Loans

Utility Rebates

SRECs/ Solar Carve-Outs

Other Tax Exemptions, Credits, & Rebates

EPA Clean Power Plan

State Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)

Investment Tax Credit (ITC)

Businesses Citing Policies Contributing to Success

Massachusetts National


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INSTALLATION

The installation sector isthe largest sector of theU.S. solar industry and iscomposed of companiesthat primarily install

PV, solar water heating,and other solar energytechnologies.

The installation sector is the largest sector of boththe U.S. and Massachusetts solar industries andis composed of companies that primarily installPV, solar water heating, and other solar energy

technologies. This sector is responsible for57.9% of all solar employment in Massachusetts,employing 8,741 workers at 1,171 businessestablishments across the state.

Massachusetts installation irms report signiicantlygreater levels of dificulty inding qualiiedcandidates to ill openings on their payrollsthan irms in other sectors of the states solarindustry, as well as other irms in the installationsector nationwide. Though a similar proportion

of installation irms in the state found it verydificult to identify and recruit new employeesin 2015 than their peers at the national level, 70%of Massachusetts installers found it somewhatdificult to hire new staff, compared with only54.2% nationwide.

Establishments

1,171

Solar Installer

Median Wage

$23/hr

Percent of Solar Workfoce

57.9%

Sector Jobs

8,741


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A smaller percentage of Massachusettsinstallation irms (75.0%) work primarily within-state customers than their counterparts inthe installation sector nationwide (81.5%). Justover 60% of installation irms in the state arepure play solar businesses, receiving 100% of

their revenue from solar activities. However,only approximately 10% of Massachusetts solarinstallation irms derive less than half of theirincome from solar activities, compared with nearly19% at the national level.

11.7%

10.7%

7.2% 22.1%

28.6%

Pure Plays, 59.0%

Pure Plays, 60.7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. Installation

MA Installation

Installation Sector - % Revenues from Solar

1-24% 25-49% 50-99% Pure Plays

19.7%

5

.0%

54.2%

70.0%

26.0%

25.0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. Installation

MA Installation

Installation Sector - Difficulty Hiring



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SALES &DISTRIBUTION

Sales & distribution firmsprimarily sell (but notinstall) solar goods andservices to customersand/or warehouse anddistribute solar goods to/for installers.

The sales and distribution sector is responsible

for only a small portion of the Massachusetts

solar workforce, accounting for just over 900

solar workers at 189 business establishments.

Employers at sales and distribution irms report

having signiicantly less dificulty hiring new

staff than their counterparts nationwide. A full

third of companies in this sector found it not

dificult to identify and recruit new employees

in 2015, compared with just under one-quarterat sales and distribution irms at the national

level.

Establishments

189

Solar Sales Representative

Median Wage

$24.04/hr


6.0%

Sector Jobs

901


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A similar percentage of Massachusetts sales and

distribution companies (61.1%) work primarily

with in-state customers, as compared with their

counterparts in the sector nationwide (64.7%).

A signiicantly greater percentage of sales and

distribution irms in the state are pure play solar

businesses, receiving 100% of their revenue

from solar activities, than was observed in this

sector at the national level.

24.7%

33.3%

51.9%

50.0%

23.4%

16.7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. Sales & Distribution

MA Sales & Distribution

Sales & Distribution Sector - Difficulty Hiring


11.7%

11.8%

7.8% 27.6%

23.5%

Pure Plays, 52.9%

Pure Plays, 64.7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. Sales & Distribution

MA Sales & Distribution

Sales & Distribution Sector - % Revenues from Solar

1-24% 25-49% 50-99% Pure Plays


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PROJECTDEVELOPMENT

The project development

sector includes companies

that plan, design and build

large commercial- and

utility-scale solar projects.

Businesses in this sector are the second-

largest employers of solar workers in the

state (behind installation irms), accounting

for 18.6% of the state solar workforce

approximately 2,800 solar workers at nearly

200 business establishments throughout

Massachusetts.

Massachusetts project developers reportgreater levels of dificulty inding qualiied

candidates to ill openings on their payrolls

than many irms on average across the

states solar industry more broadly (with

the exception of the installation sector).

Employers at state irms also reported much

greater dificulty in identifying and recruiting

new staff than their peers at the national

level. Approximately 89% of Massachusetts

irms in this sector reported inding it either

very dificult or somewhat dificult to hire

qualiied new staff, compared with just under

79% of project development irms at the

national level.

Establishments

194

Solar System Designer

Median Wage

$26.02/hr


18.6%

Sector Jobs

2,811


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A slightly smaller percentage of Massachusetts

project development irms (72.2%) work

primarily with in-state customers than their

counterparts in the project development

sector nationwide (74.9%). The incidence of

project development irms that are pure play

solar businesses (receiving 100% of their

revenue from solar activities), is similar in

Massachusetts (55.6% of irms) as that seen at

the national level (54.6%).

21.4%

11.1%

54.1%

63.0%

24.5%

25.9%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. Project Development

MA Project Development

Project Development Sector - Difficulty Hiring


14.5%

11.1%

7.8%

5.6%

23.1%

27.8%

Pure Plays, 54.6%

Pure Plays, 55.6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. Project Development

MA Project Development

Project Development Sector - % Revenues from Solar

1-24% 25-49% 50-99% Pure Plays


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Percent of Solar Workforce

3.6%

Establishments

338

Sector Jobs

544 OTHER

Other firms active in

solar are primarily researchand development firms,nonprofits, governmentagencies, academicresearch centers, etc.

This sector employed 544 solar workers

in Massachusetts in 2015 at 338 business

establishments.

Compared with their peers at the national level,

Other irms in Massachusetts experience far

less dificulty in hiring new talent. Just over 40%

of Massachusetts irms in this sector cited hiring

was not dificult, compared with less than 30%

giving the same response nationwide.


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Approximately half (48.8%) of companies in this

sector primarily serve in-state clients, compared

with the national average for Other companies

of 54.5%. A larger percentage of Massachusetts

Other irms generate a majority of their

revenues from solar compared with similar irms

nationwide.

27.9%

40.9%

53.5%

50.0%

18.6%

9.1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. "Other"

MA "Other"

"Other" Sector - Difficulty Hiring


23.4%

7.7%

10.1%

17.9%

24.3%

25.6%

Pure Plays, 42.2%

Pure Plays, 48.7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

U.S. "Other"

MA "Other"

"Other" Sector - % Revenues from Solar

1-24% 25-49% 50-99% Pure Plays


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CONCLUSIONDespite the effect of current policy challenges onthe nonresidential market segment, the overall

outlook for the Massachusetts solar industryand its workforce remains positive. Thoughtotal annual installed capacity across all marketsegments is expected to have fallen year-over-year in 2015, current projections show new2016 capacity exceeding both that installedlast year and in 2014, putting the industry backon a positive growth trajectory. This optimisticoutlook is shared by employers throughoutthe state. By the end of 2016, Massachusettssolar employers expect solar workforce to

expand by 8.6%. Though anticipated growthis positive, this rate is much lower than the14.7% growth expected at the national levelover the same period, perhaps owing to theaforementioned state policy challenges. Shouldthe Massachusetts solar industry achieve itsprojected growth, it would result in the additionof nearly 1,300 solar workers, increasing thestate solar employment total to just under16,400.

In order to sustain this future growth, it isessential that Massachusetts employers have

ready access to quality talent and skilled labor orenhance their on-the-job training offerings. Toachieve this, more focused and comprehensivesolar training efforts in-house, in-state,and across the country must be suficientlyemphasized. These efforts would reduce theindustrys talent acquisition, training, andretention costs, increasing eficiency across thesolar value chain, and ultimately reducing costsfor Massachusetts solar customers.

This research shows that the Massachusettssolar industry is a source of economicopportunity, with the potential to create jobsthat pay living wages and are largely availableto individuals of different backgrounds fromacross the state. Only regular reexaminations ofthe states solar industry, its workforce, and theemployment opportunities presented hereinwill conirm this potential is realized in years tocome.

Photo courtesy of Green Mountain Power


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The Solar Jobs Censusmethodology is the mostclosely aligned with the Bureau of Labor Statis-tics (BLS) methodology for its Quarterly Censusof Employment and Wages (QCEW) and Cur-rent Employment Statistics (CES). Like BLS, thisstudy uses survey questionnaires and employ-er-reported data, though ours are administeredby phone and web, as opposed to mail.

Also like BLS, we develop a hierarchy of vari-ous categories that represent solar value chain

activities (within their broader NAICS frame-work), develop representative sample frames,and use statistical analysis and extrapolation ina very similar manner to BLS. We also constrainour universe of establishments by relying onthe most recent data from the BLS or the statedepartments of labor, depending on which iscollected most recently. We believe that the cat-egories that we have developed could be readi-ly adopted by BLS should it choose to begin toquantify solar employment in its QCEW and CES

series.

The results from the overall 2015 Censuseffortare based on rigorous survey efforts that include287,962 telephone calls and over 44,220 emailsto known and potential energy establishmentsacross the United States, resulting in a total of2,350 full completions for solar establishmentsin the U.S. Unlike economic impact models thatgenerate employment estimates based on eco-nomic data or jobs-per-megawatt (or jobs-per-

dollar) assumptions, the Solar Jobs Census se-ries provides statistically valid and current datagathered from actual employers.

The survey was administered to a known uni-verse of energy employers that includes 68,494establishments and is derived from the SolarEnergy Industry Associations National SolarDatabase, as well as other public and private

sources. Of these establishments, 2,118 identi-ied as solar and completed full or substantiallycompleted surveys.

The survey was also administered to a strati-ied, clustered, random sampling from variousindustries that are potentially energy-related(unknown universe) that include a total of ap-proximately 314,000 establishments nation-wide. After an extensive cleaning and de-dupli-cation process, a sampling plan was developed

that gathered information on the level of solaractivity (including none) from 12,765 establish-ments. Of these, 327 establishments qualiiedas solar establishments and completed full sur-veys. The sampling rigor in the known and un-known universes provides a margin of error forestablishment counts at +/-0.85% and employ-ment at +/-1.99% at a 95% conidence interval.

This level of national sampling rigor is mirroredat the state level. In addition to the known Cen-

sus, the clustered sampling in the unknownuniverse is representative relative to establish-ment totals by size in each of the 50 states andthe District of Columbia. This ensures that eachstates employment estimates are accurate witha maximum margin of error under +/-5% at a95% conidence interval.

Due to the number of qualifying responses,some smaller states have higher margins of er-ror for non-employment related questions, such

as workforce and policy related questions, dueto the small universe of solar establishments ineach state. As a result, some state-level, non-em-ployment data is reported using regional aver-ages or have footnotes denoting small responsesizes.

APPENDIX

STATE CENSUS METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES


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GEOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA

In addition to the statewide results detailed

herein, the Solar Jobs Census 2015 effort

compiled comprehensive information about the

distribution of solar workers across each state.The Solar Jobs Census 2015 companion website,

SolarStates.org,houses solar jobs data for each

state and the District of Columbia. Here, the

employment data have been broken out and

represented in map form at the state, federal

congressional district, state legislative district,

metropolitan statistical area, and county

levels. What follows are tables presentingthe employment counts and demographic

breakdowns of the workforce at each speciied

level of granularity previously mentioned.

DistrictTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

1 1,665 378 34 69 60 210 - 86

2 1,126 256 23 47 40 142 - 58

3 1,554 345 29 66 61 214 - 66

4 1,896 421 35 81 75 262 - 80

5 1,984 441 37 84 78 274 - 84

6 1,822 405 34 77 72 251 - 77

7 1,349 300 25 57 53 186 - 57

8 1,752 389 32 74 69 242 - 74

9 1,948 443 40 81 70 246 - 101

MASSACHUSETTS FEDERAL CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS

MASSACHUSETTS STATE SENATE

DistrictTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

1 356 79 7 15 14 49 - 15

2 326 72 6 14 13 45 - 14

3 394 89 8 16 14 50 - 20

4 470 107 10 19 17 59 - 24

5 340 77 7 14 12 43 - 18

6 448 102 9 19 16 57 - 23

7 219 50 4 9 8 28 - 11

8 176 40 4 7 6 22 - 9

9 264 60 5 11 9 33 - 14

10 328 74 7 14 12 41 - 17

11 151 34 3 6 5 19 - 8

12 149 34 3 6 5 19 - 8

13 215 48 4 9 8 30 - 9
http://solarstates.org/http://solarstates.org/


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14 824 183 15 35 32 114 - 35

15 570 127 11 24 22 79 - 24

16 652 145 12 28 26 90 - 27

17 408 91 8 17 16 56 - 17

18 362 80 7 15 14 50 - 15

19 398 88 7 17 16 55 - 17

20 527 117 10 22 21 73 - 22

21 437 97 8 19 17 60 - 18

22 165 37 3 7 7 23 - 7

23 688 153 13 29 27 95 - 29

24 247 55 5 10 10 34 - 10

25 251 56 5 11 10 35 - 11

26 563 125 10 24 22 78 - 24

27 896 199 17 38 35 124 - 38

28 86 19 2 4 3 12 - 429 310 69 6 13 12 43 - 13

30 213 47 4 9 8 29 - 9

31 230 51 4 10 9 32 - 10

32 400 89 7 17 16 55 - 17

33 423 94 8 18 17 58 - 18

34 267 59 5 11 11 37 - 11

35 166 37 3 7 7 23 - 7

36 367 82 7 16 14 51 - 15

37 434 99 9 18 16 55 - 22

38 228 52 5 9 8 29 - 1239 470 107 10 19 17 59 - 24

40 675 153 14 28 24 85 - 35

MASSACHUSETTS STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

DistrictTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

1st Barnstable 385 88 8 16 14 49 - 20

2nd Barnstable 64 15 1 3 2 8 - 3

3rd Barnstable 145 33 3 6 5 18 - 7

4th Barnstable 98 22 2 4 4 12 - 5

5th Barnstable 194 43 4 8 8 27 - 8

Barnstable,

Dukes &

Nantucket

192 44 4 8 7 24 - 10

1st Berkshire 237 54 5 10 8 30 - 12

2nd Berkshire 204 46 4 8 7 26 - 11

3rd Berkshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0


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DistrictTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

4th Berkshire 115 26 2 5 4 15 - 6

1st Bristol 108 24 2 4 4 14 - 6

2nd Bristol 83 19 2 3 3 10 - 4

3rd Bristol 209 47 4 9 8 26 - 11

4th Bristol 81 18 2 3 3 10 - 4

5th Bristol 24 5 0 1 1 3 - 1

6th Bristol 308 70 6 13 11 39 - 16

7th Bristol 13 3 0 1 0 2 - 1

8th Bristol 119 27 2 5 4 15 - 6

9th Bristol 94 21 2 4 3 12 - 5

10th Bristol 73 16 1 3 3 10 - 3

11th Bristol 19 4 0 1 1 2 - 1

12th Bristol 73 16 1 3 3 10 - 3

13th Bristol 11 3 0 0 0 1 - 1

14th Bristol 48 11 1 2 2 6 - 2

1st Essex 131 29 2 6 5 18 - 6

2nd Essex 139 31 3 6 5 19 - 6

3rd Essex 16 4 0 1 1 2 - 1

4th Essex 66 15 1 3 3 9 - 3

5th Essex 92 21 2 4 4 13 - 4

6th Essex 83 18 2 4 3 11 - 3

7th Essex 126 28 2 5 5 17 - 5

8th Essex 71 16 1 3 3 10 - 3

9th Essex 162 36 3 7 6 22 - 7

10th Essex 42 9 1 2 2 6 - 2

11th Essex 1 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

12th Essex 96 21 2 4 4 13 - 4

13th Essex 124 27 2 5 5 17 - 5

14th Essex 232 51 4 10 9 32 - 10

15th Essex 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

16th Essex 23 5 0 1 1 3 - 1

17th Essex 130 29 2 6 5 18 - 5

18th Essex 64 14 1 3 3 9 - 3

1st Franklin 135 31 3 6 5 17 - 7

2nd Franklin 70 16 1 3 3 9 - 4

1st Hampden 107 24 2 4 4 14 - 6

2nd Hampden 108 24 2 4 4 14 - 6

3rd Hampden 164 37 3 7 6 21 - 8

4th Hampden 105 24 2 4 4 13 - 5

5th Hampden 59 13 1 2 2 7 - 3


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DistrictTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

6th Hampden 157 36 3 6 6 20 - 8

7th Hampden 84 19 2 3 3 11 - 4

8th Hampden 1 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

9th Hampden 25 6 1 1 1 3 - 1

10th Hampden 168 38 3 7 6 21 - 9

11th Hampden 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

12th Hampden 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

1st Hampshire 147 33 3 6 5 19 - 8

2nd Hampshire 54 12 1 2 2 7 - 3

3rd Hampshire 9 2 0 0 0 1 - 0

1st Middlesex 78 17 1 3 3 11 - 3

2nd Middlesex 152 34 3 6 6 21 - 6

3rd Middlesex 94 21 2 4 4 13 - 44th Middlesex 499 111 9 21 20 69 - 21

5th Middlesex 204 45 4 9 8 28 - 9

6th Middlesex 87 19 2 4 3 12 - 4

7th Middlesex 73 16 1 3 3 10 - 3

8th Middlesex 207 46 4 9 8 29 - 9

9th Middlesex 377 84 7 16 15 52 - 16

10th Middlesex 115 26 2 5 5 16 - 5

11th Middlesex 175 39 3 7 7 24 - 7

12th Middlesex 9 2 0 0 0 1 - 0

13th Middlesex 41 9 1 2 2 6 - 2

14th Middlesex 117 26 2 5 5 16 - 5

15th Middlesex 269 60 5 11 11 37 - 11

16th Middlesex 79 18 1 3 3 11 - 3

17th Middlesex 29 7 1 1 1 4 - 1

18th Middlesex 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

19th Middlesex 281 62 5 12 11 39 - 12

20th Middlesex 87 19 2 4 3 12 - 4

21st Middlesex 134 30 2 6 5 19 - 6

22nd Middlesex 53 12 1 2 2 7 - 2

23rd Middlesex 287 64 5 12 11 40 - 12

24th Middlesex 188 42 3 8 7 26 - 8

25th Middlesex 109 24 2 5 4 15 - 5

26th Middlesex 193 43 4 8 8 27 - 8

27th Middlesex 23 5 0 1 1 3 - 1

28th Middlesex 80 18 1 3 3 11 - 3

29th Middlesex 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

30th Middlesex 36 8 1 2 1 5 - 2


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DistrictTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

31st Middlesex 42 9 1 2 2 6 - 2

32nd Middlesex 36 8 1 2 1 5 - 2

33rd Middlesex 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 034th Middlesex 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

35th Middlesex 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

36th Middlesex 74 16 1 3 3 10 - 3

37th Middlesex 88 20 2 4 3 11 - 5

1st Norfolk 215 48 4 9 8 30 - 9

2nd Norfolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

3rd Norfolk 103 23 2 4 4 14 - 4

4th Norfolk 50 11 1 2 2 7 - 2

5th Norfolk 96 21 2 4 4 13 - 4

6th Norfolk 144 32 3 6 6 20 - 6

7th Norfolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

8th Norfolk 59 13 1 2 2 8 - 2

9th Norfolk 87 19 2 4 3 12 - 4

10th Norfolk 81 18 2 3 3 11 - 3

11th Norfolk 110 24 2 5 4 15 - 5

12th Norfolk 71 16 1 3 3 10 - 3

13th Norfolk 100 22 2 4 4 14 - 4

14th Norfolk 135 30 2 6 5 19 - 6

15th Norfolk 93 21 2 4 4 13 - 4

1st Plymouth 1 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

2nd Plymouth 39 9 1 2 2 5 - 2

3rd Plymouth 61 14 1 3 2 8 - 3

4th Plymouth 46 10 1 2 2 6 - 2

5th Plymouth 270 60 5 11 11 37 - 11

6th Plymouth 68 15 1 3 3 9 - 3

7th Plymouth 54 12 1 2 2 7 - 2

8th Plymouth 50 11 1 2 2 7 - 2

9th Plymouth 101 22 2 4 4 14 - 4

10th Plymouth 26 6 0 1 1 4 - 111th Plymouth 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

12th Plymouth 41 9 1 2 2 6 - 2

1st Suffolk 73 16 1 3 3 10 - 3

2nd Suffolk 92 21 2 4 4 13 - 4

3rd Suffolk 1338 297 25 57 53 185 - 56

4th Suffolk 89 20 2 4 4 12 - 4

5th Suffolk 58 13 1 2 2 8 - 2

6th Suffolk 101 22 2 4 4 14 - 4


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DistrictTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

7th Suffolk 26 6 0 1 1 4 - 1

8th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

9th Suffolk 37 8 1 2 1 5 - 210th Suffolk 27 6 1 1 1 4 - 1

11th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

12th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

13th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

14th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

15th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

16th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

17th Suffolk 79 18 1 3 3 11 - 3

18th Suffolk 1 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

19th Suffolk 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

1st Worcester 59 13 1 2 2 7 - 3

2nd Worcester 56 13 1 2 2 7 - 3

3rd Worcester 17 4 0 1 1 2 - 1

4th Worcester 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0

5th Worcester 97 22 2 4 3 12 - 5

6th Worcester 38 9 1 2 1 5 - 2

7th Worcester 40 9 1 2 1 5 - 2

8th Worcester 92 21 2 4 3 12 - 5

9th Worcester 63 14 1 3 2 8 - 3

10th Worcester 78 18 2 3 3 10 - 4

11th Worcester 15 3 0 1 1 2 - 1

12th Worcester 35 8 1 1 1 4 - 2

13th Worcester 73 17 2 3 3 9 - 4

14th Worcester 92 21 2 4 3 12 - 5

15th Worcester 11 2 0 0 0 1 - 1

16th Worcester 81 18 2 3 3 10 - 4

17th Worcester 15 3 0 1 1 2 - 1

18th Worcester 8 2 0 0 0 1 - 0


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Metropolitan

Statistical Area

Total

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino

or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

Barnstable

Town, MA

847 192 17 35 30 107 - 44

Boston-

Cabridge-

Quincy, MA-NH

9,988 2,217 185 424 395 1,381 - 419

MA NONMETRO-

POLITAN AREA127 29 3 5 5 16 - 7

Pittsield, MA 365 83 7 15 13 46 - 19

Providence-New

Bedford-Fall

River, RI-MA

1,121 255 23 46 40 142 - 58

Springield, MA 1,555 353 32 64 56 197 - 80

Worcester, MA 1,092 248 22 45 39 138 - 56

CountyTotal

EmploymentWomen

African-

American

Asian or

Paciic

Islanders

Latino or

Hispanic

Older

Workers

(55+)

Union

Members

Veterans of

the US Armed

Forces

Barnstable 847 192 17 35 30 107 - 44

Berkshire 365 83 7 15 13 46 - 19

Bristol 1,121 255 23 46 40 142 - 58

Dukes 80 18 2 3 3 10 - 4

Essex 1,455 323 27 62 58 201 - 61Franklin 264 60 5 11 9 33 - 14

Hampden 974 221 20 40 35 123 - 50

Hampshire 318 72 7 13 11 40 - 16

Middlesex 4,212 935 78 179 166 582 - 177

Nantucket 47 11 1 2 2 6 - 2

Norfolk 1,367 303 25 58 54 189 - 57

Plymouth 1,014 225 19 43 40 140 - 43

Suffolk 1,937 430 36 82 77 268 - 81

Worcester 1,095 249 22 45 39 138 - 56

MASSACHUSETTS COUNTIES

MASSACHUSETTS METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS


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ENDNOTES

1. SEIA/GTM Research Solar Market Insight Q3 2015

2. Id.

3. The residential, non-residential, and utility-scale market segments are deined by SEIA based on the offtaker ofthe electricity their systems generate, though they can generally be used interchangeably with small-scale (i.e.

single-family household rooftop systems, no more than a handful of kilowatts), medium-scale (i.e. multi-unit,commercial, or government rooftop system), and large-scale (i.e. ground-mounted or very large rooftop systemsranging from several hundred kilowatts to several hundred megawatts in capacity).

4. The 2014 estimate of solar employment in Massachusetts was produced using a carefully developed dualmethodology one for installation and construction jobs and another for non-installation jobs (covering industrysectors such as manufacturing, sales & distribution, project development, and other occupations that supportthe solar industry). Method one used labor intensity multipliers developed internally and cross-checked withleading studies on the subject, while method two was based not only on a direct count of solar workers, butalso the average number of jobs per solar establishment and total number of establishments in the state. It isalso important to note that while the 2014 and 2015 methodologies differ, the results derived from the Censusapproach are statistically signiicant and, therefore, more credible. Details on the methodology can be found onpage 19.

5. It is important to note that these projections were based on employer-reported hiring plans for 2016 that may

have since changed in light of the extension of the federal investment tax credit in December of 2015.

6. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. PV Watts Calculator. http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php

7. EIA year-to-date Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State for all sectors,Sept. 30, 2015.


9. NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Eficiency, http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/479


11. Massachusetts System of Assurance of Net Metering Eligibility. Provisional Application Activity and RemainingCapacity. Retrieved February 1, 2016 from https://app.massaca.org/allocationreport/report.aspx

12. Lacey, S. (2015, November 19). Failure to Reach Net Metering Deal Could Kill 100MW of Commercial Solarin Mass. Next Year. Retrieved February 1, 2016 from http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/failed-compromise-on-net-metering-in-massachusetts

13. Net Metering. 220 CMR 18.07(5)



16. Massachusetts Clean Energy Center. Solarize Mass. Retrieved February 1, 2016 from http://www.masscec.com/get-clean-energy/residential/solarize-mass


18. Id.

19. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by state 2014Annual Averages and Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by state 2014 Annual Averages.Found at: http://www.bls.gov/

20. See, U.S. Department of Energy Solar Ready Vets. Available at: http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/solar-ready-vets

21. U.S Census Bureau, Geographic Terms and Concepts - Census Divisions and Census Regions. Found at: https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.html

COPYRIGHT NOTICEUnless otherwise noted, all design, text, graphics, and the selection and arrangement thereof are Copyright February 2016 by The Solar Foundationand BW Research Partnership. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Any use of materials in this report, including reproduction, modiication, distribution, orrepublication, without the prior written consent of The Solar Foundation and BW Research Partnership, is strictly prohibited.

For questions about this report, please contact Andrea Luecke at The Solar Foundation, [email protected].

The Solar Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonproit and relies on public support. To learn more about supporting The Solar Foundations work, go towww.TheSolarFoundation.org/donate/
http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.phphttp://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/479http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/479http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679https://app.massaca.org/allocationreport/report.aspxhttp://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/failed-compromise-on-net-metering-in-massachusettshttp://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/failed-compromise-on-net-metering-in-massachusettshttp://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679http://www.masscec.com/get-clean-energy/residential/solarize-masshttp://www.masscec.com/get-clean-energy/residential/solarize-masshttp://www.bls.gov/http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/solar-ready-vetshttp://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/solar-ready-vetshttps://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.htmlhttps://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.htmlmailto:[email protected]://www.thesolarfoundation.org/donate/http://www.thesolarfoundation.org/donate/mailto:[email protected]://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.htmlhttps://www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.htmlhttp://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/solar-ready-vetshttp://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/solar-ready-vetshttp://www.bls.gov/http://www.masscec.com/get-clean-energy/residential/solarize-masshttp://www.masscec.com/get-clean-energy/residential/solarize-masshttp://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/failed-compromise-on-net-metering-in-massachusettshttp://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/failed-compromise-on-net-metering-in-massachusettshttps://app.massaca.org/allocationreport/report.aspxhttp://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/5679http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/479http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/479http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php


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Massachusetts Solar Jobs Census 2015