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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Impact Assessment on Organic Materials in Selected
European Museums
IAQ, Padua, 10 - 12 Nov. 2004
Elin Dahlin and Terje GrøntoftNorwegian Institute for Air Research
Joel Taylor and Nigel Blades, UCLSara Rentmeister, ALU-FMF
Mihalis Lazaridis and Thodoros Glytsos, TU-Crete
Christopher Calnan, National Trust, Janusz Czop, National Museum Krakow, David Howell, Historic Royal Palaces, Anne Sommer-Larsen, Trøndelag Folk Museum, Christoph Pitzen, Würtembergisches Landesmuseum, John Azzopardi, Wignacourt Museum
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E.M. Dahlin: master-mal.ppt slide 2
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The MASTER ProjectEUK4-CT-2002-00093
”Preventive Conservation Strategies for Protection of Organic Objects in Museums, Historic Buildings and Archives”
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Impact assessment on organic material – problems to be solved
In museums and historic buildings all over Europe, objects made of organic materials are being affected either by display or by storage conditions because of unsuitable environmental conditions.
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
The Main Aim of the Project
To provide conservator staff of museums, historic buildings and archives with a new preventive conservation strategy for the protection of cultural property, based on an early warning system assessing the environmental impact on organic objects.
Up to now there has been no early warning tool for organic materials.
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
The Project partners
Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, (NO)
University College London, (UK)
Alberts-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, (DE)
Technical University of Crete, (GR)
National Museum in Krakow, (PL)
Historic Royal Palaces, (UK)
Trøndelag Folk Museum, (NO)
Subcontractors:• The National Trust, (UK)• The Consulting and Support Centre for the Museums of Baden Würtemberg, (DE)• Wignacourt Collegiate Museum, (ML)
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Questionnaire about decay of organic collections in European museums, archives and historic
buildings
Developed by the partner; University College London,
Centre for Sustainable Heritage
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Aims of questionnaire
Determine the kinds of monitoring carried out across Europe
Determine the perceived threats to organic collections
The motivations behind monitoring The kinds of damage found on organic
collections
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
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Target institutions and responses
European museums, historic houses and archives were sent questionnaires to approx. 100 institutions
31 institutions of varying size from 18 different countries responded, from Finland to Malta, and Portugal to Hungary
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
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Proportion of monitoring to institutions
0102030405060708090
100110
Parameters
Per
cent
age
of m
onito
ring
Museums (11)
Historic Houses (10)
Archives (7)
J. Taylor, 2004
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
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CT
-200
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093
Types of damage noted by institutions
0
2
46
8
10
12
1416
18
20
Risks
Fre
qu
ency
Number of institutions (26)
J. Taylor, 2004
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Development of an Early Warning System
Assessment of environmental factors not enough in order to understand the real effect on art objects
The knowledge of the actual reaction between the art object and the contaminant is crucial
Development of sensors which emulate the reaction between art objects and the contaminants and which give a measurable effect responce will be a useful Early Warning System
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
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CT
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Development of the Early Warning Sensor (EWO-sensor)
Different organic polymers have been tested The intention is to develop a sensor that can
indicate the rate of chemical change, or damage, that objects are likely to suffer in a particular storage or display environment.
The main processes of chemical deterioration for organic objects involve either oxidation or acidic processes, or possibly a combination of both.
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
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K4-
CT
-200
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The Early Warning Sensor (EWO-sensor)
The EWO sensor is manufactured by spin coating the polymer onto a glass carrier. The production of EWO sensors is made by the partner Freiburg Material Research Centre
Chemical deterioration of certain polymers has shown to be detectable by simple techniques such as uv-visible spectrometry.
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Field test sites The Museum of
Decorative Art & Design, Oslo, Norway
Trøndelag Folk Museum, Trondheim, Norway
Blickling Hall, Norfolk, UK Tower of London,
The Bloody Tower, London, UK
Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany
Schwarzwälder Trachtenmuseum, Haslach, Germany
The Jan Matejko House, Krakow, Poland
The Karol Szymanowski Museum “Atma”, MNK Department in Zakopane, Poland
Wignacourt Collegiate Museum, Rabat, Malta
The Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
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2-00
093
Field test exposure rack
EWO sensorsunshielded
EWO sensors,shielded
Passive gas samplers
Paper
Blue woolDosimeter
Silk
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
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Tasks:
1. Laboratory test: EWO response to controlled conc. of NO2, O3 and SO2. - Calibration
2. Field test: EWO response to measured conc. of NO2, O3 and SO2 in the museums.- Compare with lab. test. - Relate to real objects.
Laboratory and field testLaboratory and field test
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
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CT
-200
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093
Calibration curves
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0 50 100 150
Concentration (ppb)
Inc
rea
se
in
ab
so
rpti
on
fa
cto
r
NO2
O3
SO2
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0 50 100 150
Concentration (ppb)
Incre
ase i
n a
bso
rpti
on
facto
r
NO2
O3
SO2
NO2+O3
RH = 70 %
RH = 45 %
t = 21 daysT = 22oC
Laboratory test:
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
The field test programme
Duration 12 months 3 test sites in each museum:
Outdoor (A) In an open exhibition area (B) Inside a showcase (C)
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
1. EWO response
2. Environmental effect
a. Environmental parameter values
Passive gas samplers:
- NO2, SO2, O3, Org. Acids.
Logger data
- Temp, RH, Light (dust, number of visitors etc.)
b. Correlaton between environmental dose
(parameter values) and EWO response.
Results
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
EWO – response. All stations / locations.
EWO 1S (T) March + April + May
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
1-Osl
o
2-Tro
ndheim
3-Blic
klin
g Hal
l
4-Tower
of L
ondon
5-Stu
ttgar
t
6-Has
lach
7-Kra
kow
8-Zak
opane
9-W
ignac
ourt
10-C
rete
Ch
an
ge
in a
bs
.fac
tor
EWO1S A (T)
EWO 1S B (T)
EWO 1S C (T)
Field test:
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
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NO2 concentrations. Location A, B and C
MARCH
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
9-W
ignac
ourt
2-Tro
ndhe
im
3-Blic
kling
Hall
10-C
rete
8-Zak
opan
e
6-Has
lach
1-Oslo
7-Kra
kow
4-Tow
er o
f Lon
don
5-Stu
ttgar
t
NO
2 (
mik
rog
m3)
C
B
A
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
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CT
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093
O3 concentrations. Location A, B and C
MARCH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80O
3 (m
ikro
g m
3 )C
B
A
O3: Less variation in concentration than NO2
SO2: Very low concentrations
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Organic acid concentrations. Location C
MARCH
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Org
an
ic a
cid
(m
ikro
g m-3
)
StdevFormic AcidAcetic Acid
Correlates negatively with NO2
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
-200
2-00
093
Comparison between lab and field tests
y = 0.0003x + 0.001
R2 = 0.6150
0.01
0.02
0.03
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Dose NO2 (microg m-3)
EW
O a
bso
rptio
n r
esp
onse
(ch
ang
e in
a
bs f
acto
r)
March NO2, RH = 75 %
April NO2, RH = 45 %
May NO2+O3, RH = 45 %
Laboratory testField test
RH = 45 %
Trendline (linear regression)
y = 0.0003x + 0.001
R2 = 0.6150
0.01
0.02
0.03
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Dose NO2 (microg m-3)
EW
O a
bso
rptio
n r
esp
onse
(ch
ang
e in
a
bs f
acto
r)
March NO2, RH = 75 %
April NO2, RH = 45 %
May NO2+O3, RH = 45 %
Laboratory testField test
RH = 45 %
Trendline (linear regression)
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
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093
- Modelling of Indoor/outdoor (I/O)-ratio of NO2, O3 and SO2.
- Modelling of total flux of pollutants (NO2, O3 and SO2) to art objects exhibited indoors.
IMPACT - modellingIMPACT - modelling
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/impact/
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
EU
K4-
CT
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093
Input building parameters
brick
no material
synthetic carpet
plaster
no material
no material
no material
54
0
20
20
0
0
0
Wall mat 2
floor
ceiling
Surface 1
Surface 2
Surface 3
60 Internal volume m3
Wall mat 1 area (m2)
area (m2)
area (m2)
area (m2)
area (m2)
area (m2)
area (m2)
29%
Estimated indoorconcentration as % of outdoor
Pollutant deposition to materials (area weighted)
plaster 0.0207 #
synthetic 0.0239 #carpet
brick 0.0600 #
Pollutant indoor/oputdoor ratiovariation with air change rate
Pollutant gas •Input your environmental conditions
SO2 NO2 O3
Indoor temperature deg c
Air changes per hour
Outdoor temperature deg c
Air changes per day
•
22
54
1.0
1.0
10
9
Relative humidity %
Wind speecd m/s
Model output
brick
plaster
synthetic carpet
0
0.5
1
0.0 1.0 2.0
Air change rate per hour
I/O
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/impact/
IMPACT model estimating I/O concentrations
30Outdoor ppb
Materialvd(cm/s)
fluxgs-1
Total deposition
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
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093
Example: Naturally ventilated buildings Wignacourt Museum, Rabat, Malta
Measurements of Environment:
Indoor temp : 22 oCOutdoor temp : 7 oCIndoor rel. hum : 74 %Average wind speed: 5 m s-1
Outdoor NO2 : 8.5 ppbIndoor NO2 : 4.5 ppb
Art material Area (m2)
Embroidered vestments (inside showcases)
26
Paintings 3
Wooden furniture (polished)
8
Room surface material
Area (m2) Surface material
Wall material 1 35 Globigerina Limestone
Wall material 2. 35 Glass in window panes as showcase
Floor 40 Cement tiles
Ceiling 40 Globigerina Limestone slabs and iron beams
Volume (m3)186
Model input:
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E.Dahlin, T. Grøntoft, IAQ, Padua, 10-12 Nov.2004
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093
Model output:
Indoor NO2 = 5 ppb
Total fluxes to the room surface materials (g s-1):
Limestone (wall, ceiling)
: 0.127
Cloth (embroidered vestments)
: 0.046Fine concrete (cement floor tiles)
: 0.035Hard wood (furniture)
: 0.006Paintings
: 0.002Glass (window panes, showcase)
: 0.000
cloth concrete fine
wood, hard
paintings
limestone
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E.M. Dahlin: master-mal.ppt slide 29
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093
For updating of the project please visit our web page:
www.nilu.no/master